Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 18 de 18
Filter
1.
Saúde Soc ; 33(1): e220461pt, 2024. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1536869

ABSTRACT

Resumo A covid-19 jogou luz sobre o impacto negativo da propriedade intelectual na saúde e deu nova relevância à Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade 5529/DF, que, acatada pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal em 2021, culminou na extinção da extensão automática de patentes no Brasil. Este estudo busca analisar o efeito do julgamento histórico da ADI 5529/DF sobre pedidos de patente e as patentes de interesse das Parcerias para Desenvolvimento Produtivo (PDP). Trata-se de um estudo com base em uma pesquisa documental de análise do andamento, até 31 de dezembro de 2020, de 90 pedidos de patente relacionados a 15 medicamentos objetos de PDP. Nos sites do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial, do Ministério da Saúde, da Anvisa e da Câmara de Regulação do Mercado de Medicamentos, foram pesquisadas variáveis para comparar o cenário patentário dos medicamentos com o das PDP. De 88 pedidos válidos, 28 patentes foram concedidas, das quais dezessete foram estendidas para mais de vinte anos (média de 24 anos e nove meses). A decisão do STF resultou em mais de 68 anos de monopólio perdidos, potencialmente desanuviando alternativas para a produção de genéricos no país. Neste momento de retomada das PDP, estratégias para a superação de barreiras patentárias deveriam ser incorporadas à política.


Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has shed light on the negative impact of intellectual property on health and has given new relevance to the Direct Action of Unconstitutionality 5529/DF, which was ruled by the Supreme Court in 2021, resulting in the extinction of automatic patent extensions in Brazil. This documentary case study analyzes the effects of the judicial decision on patent applications and patents of interest for Productive Development Partnerships (PDP), investigating the progress of 90 patent applications related to 15 PDPs drugs of interest until Decembre 31, 2020. Variables for comparing the drug patent scenario with that of the PDPs were researched on the websites of the National Institute of Industrial Property, the Ministry of Health, ANVISA, and the Brazilian Medicines Market Regulation Chamber. Of 88 valid applications, 28 patents were granted, 17 of which had been extended to more than 20 years (24 years and 09 months average). The court decision resulted in a loss of over 68 years of monopoly, potentially opening alternatives for generic production. This resumption of the PDP policy should incorporate strategies to overcome patent barriers.

2.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1535463

ABSTRACT

Colombia depende de la importación de medicamentos, así como de gran parte de los materiales (principios activos y excipientes) requeridos para su elaboración; problemática que genera consecuencias sanitarias y macroeconómicas, las cuales se agudizan en el contexto de desindustrialización nacional y de disrupción tecnológica. De esta manera, se acepta que la disponibilidad y acceso a medicamentos y otras tecnologías sanitarias esenciales son un requisito fundamental para alcanzar la autonomía sanitaria de un país. Por lo tanto, resulta imprescindible coordinar esfuerzos entre diversos sectores sociales para desarrollar una agenda pública enfocada a la creación de condiciones que fortalezcan las capacidades científicas y tecnológicas de la industria farmacéutica local, y con ello, mejorar el suministro farmacéutico del país. En el presente documento se presentan conceptos teóricos y prácticos que deberían ser considerados en la definición y materialización de una política pública encaminada a fortalecer la industria farmacéutica y favorecer la autonomía sanitaria de Colombia.


Colombia has a notorious dependency on the importation of medicines, as well as a large part of the materials (active ingredients and excipients) required for their manufacture. This problem generates health and macroeconomic consequences, which are exacerbated in the context of national deindustrialization and technological disruption. In this way, it is accepted that the availability and access to medicines and other essential health technologies are a fundamental requirement to achieve the health autonomy of a country. Therefore, it is crucial to coordinate efforts between several social sectors to develop a public agenda focused on creating conditions that allow strengthening the scientific and technological capabilities of the local pharmaceutical industry, thereby, improving the country's pharmaceutical supply. This document presents conceptual and practical topics that should be considered to defining and materializing a public policy aimed at strengthening the local pharmaceutical industry and favoring Colombia's sanitary autonomy.

3.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 39(3): e00090022, 2023. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1430068

ABSTRACT

Buscando compreender como as epidemias de zika e chikungunya incitaram o desenvolvimento tecnológico, este estudo realizou levantamento de dados epidemiológicos e prospecção tecnológica, utilizando dados do Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI) e do Orbit Intelligence. Ainda, analisou produtos desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento a nível mundial e aqueles registrados no Brasil por meio da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa). No ano de 2016, observou-se o maior número de casos totais para ambas as doenças. A prospecção tecnológica nacional revelou que há interesse global em desenvolver tecnologias para essas doenças e depositar suas patentes no Brasil, tendo as empresas como principais depositantes. Por sua vez, a prospecção tecnológica global mostrou que o ano de 2016 configura-se como importante marco na evolução do número de patentes para zika e chikungunya, sugerindo que as epidemias brasileiras estimularam o mundo no desenvolvimento de novos insumos para a saúde. Os Estados Unidos e a China são as principais jurisdições, tendo as universidades como maiores depositantes. A análise de produtos a nível global revelou que apenas dois chegaram ao mercado para zika e um para chikungunya, e as vacinas estão na categoria principal. A busca na Anvisa revelou que há mais produtos registrados para zika do que em comparação à chikungunya. Os principais fabricantes legais são empresas brasileiras, com pedidos de registro realizados principalmente pelas empresas DiaSorin S.p.A., ECO Diagnóstica Ltda. e Chembio Diagnostics Brazil Ltda. Apesar do visível estímulo à pesquisa, desenvolvimento e patenteamento gerado pelas epidemias de zika e chikungunya no Brasil, isso não garantiu a chegada de novos produtos ao mercado nem acesso da população a eles.


This study aims to understand how the zika and chikungunya epidemics incited technological development. We surveyed epidemiological data and technological prospecting, using data from Brazilian National Institute of Industry Property (INPI) and Orbit Intelligence, and analyzed products developed/under development worldwide and products registered in Brazil by Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Anvisa). In 2016, the highest number of total cases was observed for both diseases. Brazil's technological prospection revealed the existence of a global interest in developing technologies for these diseases and filing their patents in Brazil, with companies as the main depositors. Global technological prospecting showed that 2016 is an important milestone in the evolution of the number of patents for zika and chikungunya, suggesting that Brazilian epidemics stimulated the world in the development of new health inputs. The United States and China are the main jurisdictions, with universities as the largest depositors. Global product analysis revealed that only two products reached the market for zika and one for chikungunya, and vaccines are in the top category. A research in Anvisa revealed more products registered for zika compared to chikungunya. The main legal manufacturers are Brazilian companies, with DiaSorin S.p.A., Eco Diagnóstica Ltda., and Chembio Diagnostics Brazil Ltda. leading the registration requests. Despite the visible stimulus to research, development, and patenting generated by the zika and chikungunya epidemics in Brazil, such stimulus did not guarantee the arrival of new products on the market and population access to these products.


Con el fin de comprender cómo las epidemias de zika y chikunguña estimularon el desarrollo tecnológico, este estudio realizó la recopilación de datos epidemiológicos y la prospección tecnológica, utilizando datos del Instituto Nacional de la Propiedad Industrial (INPI) y Orbit Intelligence, y analizó los productos desarrollados y en desarrollo en todo el mundo y productos registrados en Brasil por la Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria (Anvisa). En 2016 se observó el mayor número de casos para ambas enfermedades. La prospección tecnológica nacional reveló que existe un interés mundial por desarrollar tecnologías para estas enfermedades y depositar sus patentes en Brasil, con las empresas como los principales depositantes. La prospección tecnológica mundial mostró que 2016 fue un hito importante en la evolución del número de patentes de zika y chikunguña, lo que sugiere que las epidemias brasileñas estimularon el desarrollo mundial de nuevos insumos para la salud. EE.UU. y China son las principales jurisdicciones, con las universidades como las mayores depositantes. El análisis global de productos reveló que solo 2 han llegado al mercado para zika y 1 para chikunguña, y las vacunas están en la categoría superior. La búsqueda en Anvisa reveló la existencia de más productos registrados para zika que para chikunguña. Los principales fabricantes legales son empresas brasileñas, con las solicitudes de registro realizadas principalmente por DiaSorin S.p.A., Eco Diagnóstica Ltda. y Chembio Diagnostics Brazil Ltda. Aunque hubo una notable promoción a la investigación, desarrollo y patentamiento generado por las epidemias de zika y chikunguña en Brasil, esto no implicó la llegada de nuevos productos al mercado y el acceso a ellos por parte de la población.

4.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis ; (6): 480-489, 2021.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-908767

ABSTRACT

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and confocal Raman microscopy are applied to investigate the structure and the molecular arrangement of sub-micron furosemide and polyvinylpyrrolidone(furosemide/PVP) particles produced by spray flash evaporation (SFE).Morphology,size and crystallinity of furosemide/PVP particles are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD).Far-field Raman spectra and confocal far-field Raman maps of furosemide/PVP par-ticles are interpreted based on the far-field Raman spectra of pure furosemide and PVP precursors.Confocal far-field Raman microscopy shows that furosemide/PVP particles feature an intermixture of furosemide and PVP molecules at the sub-micron scale.SERS and surface-enhanced confocal Raman microscopy (SECoRM) are performed on furosemide,PVP and furosemide/PVP composite particles sputtered with silver (40 nm).SERS and SECoRM maps reveal that furosemide/PVP particle surfaces mainly consist of PVP molecules.The combination of surface and bulk sensitive analyses reveal that furosemide/PVP sub-micron particles are formed by the agglomeration of primary furosemide nano-crystals embedded in a thin PVP matrix.Interestingly,both far-field Raman microscopy and SECoRM provide molecular information on a statistically-relevant amount of sub-micron particles in a single microscopic map;this combination is thus an effective and time-saving tool for investigating organic sub-micron composites.

5.
Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae ; (24): 216-223, 2019.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-802222

ABSTRACT

The surface and interface,as the transition region between two phases,belongs to the category of physical chemistry.At present,it is widely used in materials and other scientific fields.Meanwhile,this property also plays an important role in pharmaceutical research.The interface layer involved in the progress of pharmaceutical preparations is connected with the two-phase or three-phase between gas,liquid and solid closely.The interface effect will affect the final shaping of pharmaceutical preparations and the dissolution and absorption of drugs in the human body.In this paper,the surface and interface characteristics(specific surface area,surfacial and interfacial tension and surface Gibbs free energy) were compared,and the application of interface phenomena(wetting,solubilization and emulsification) in pharmaceutical research were introduced.From the points of view of the progress control of pharmaceutical preparations and the effectiveness of their products,the article expounds the important role of properties of surface and interface in the field of pharmaceutical preparations.Therefore,it is necessary to pay attention to the properties of surface and interface,one of the key physical properties of drugs,and to apply them in the pharmaceutical research.

6.
Health Sciences Journal ; : 127-131, 2019.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-961173

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION@#This study aimed to determine if using Angelica keiskei (ashitaba) tablets as adjuvant therapy to the usual medications for patients with type II diabetes mellitus would result in significant lowering of blood sugar.@*METHODS@#The antidiabetic effect of Angelica keiskei was evaluated in diabetic Filipino patients as an adjuvant treatment to antidiabetic medications through a randomized single-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Patients recruited from select barangays in Quezon City and San Juan City were randomly assigned to either ashitaba or placebo group. The effect was measured by obtaining and comparing fasting blood sugar pre- and post-treatment.@*RESULTS@#There was no significant change in FBS from the baseline in the ashitaba (p = 0.174) and placebo (p = 0.128) groups after two weeks. There was a significant increase in the systolic BP of the ashitaba group (p= 0.014) but not in the placebo group. There were no significant changes in the diastolic BP of either group. @*CONCLUSION@#Dietary supplementation of 500 mg ashitaba capsules thrice daily for two weeks did not exhibit any glucose-lowering effects among type II diabetic patients maintained on oral anti-diabetic medications.

7.
Med. crít. (Col. Mex. Med. Crít.) ; 32(2): 61-65, mar.-abr. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1056699

ABSTRACT

Resumen: Introducción: El error de medicación es toda desviación en el proceso del uso de medicamentos que son administrados al paciente. Los errores de medicación son una causa frecuente de eventos adversos en el paciente. Objetivo: Identificar la relación del seguimiento farmacoterapéutico en la detección de errores de medicación con el incremento del número de intervenciones para la prevención de eventos adversos en pacientes de la unidad de terapia intensiva (UTI). Material y método: Se determinó la tasa de errores de medicación con el fin de obtener el valor basal (periodo 1), posteriormente se evaluó un segundo periodo (periodo 2), en el cual el seguimiento farmacoterapéutico se incrementó con la búsqueda intencionada de los errores de medicación. La identificación, clasificación y registro se llevó a cabo de acuerdo con la taxonomía de NCC MERP con ayuda del seguimiento farmacoterapéutico en cada uno de los pacientes. Resultados: En el periodo 1 se identificó un total de 107 errores de medicación, mismos que representaron una tasa de errores de 514.42 por 1,000 días/paciente, con una tasa de intervenciones de 52.88 por 1,000 días/paciente. En el periodo 2 se observó una tasa de 950.76 por 1,000 días/paciente, con una tasa de intervenciones de 132.58 por 1,000 días/paciente. En ninguno de los dos periodos se identificaron errores que produjeran daño en los pacientes. Conclusiones: La búsqueda intencionada de errores de medicación e intervenciones farmacéuticas favorecen la seguridad del uso de medicamentos, lo que ayuda a prevenir los eventos adversos asociados en pacientes de la unidad de terapia intensiva.


Abstract: Introduction: Medication error is all deviation in the process of using medications that are administered to the patient; the medication errors are a frequent cause of adverse events in the patient. Objective: To identify the relationship of pharmacotherapeutic monitoring in the detection of medication errors with the increase in the number of interventions for the prevention of adverse events in patients of the Intensive Care Unit. Material and method: The medication error rate was determined in order to obtain the baseline value (period 1), then a second period (period 2) was evaluated in which the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up was increased with the intentional search for medication errors. The identification, classification and registration were carried out according to the NCC MERP taxonomy with the help of the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up to each of the patients. Results: In period 1, a total of 107 medication errors were identified, representing an error rate of 514.42 per 1,000 days/patient, with a rate of interventions of 52.88 per 1,000 days/patient. For period 2 a rate of 950.76 per 1,000 days/patient was found, with a rate of interventions of 132.58 per 1,000 days/patient. In either period, an error was identified that caused damage in the patients. Conclusions: The intentional search for medication errors and pharmaceutical interventions favor the safety in the use of the drugs helping to prevent the adverse events associated with its use in patients of the intensive care unit.


Resumo: Introdução: O erro de medicação é qualquer desvio no processo de utilização de medicamentos que são administrados aos pacientes, os erros de medicação são uma causa comum de eventos adversos no paciente. Objetivo: Identificar a relação do seguimento farmacoterapêutico na detecção de erros de medicação com o aumento do número de intervenções para a prevenção de eventos adversos em pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva. Material e método: Determinou-se a taxa de erros de medicação a fim de obter a linha de base (período 1), avaliou-se posteriormente um segundo período (período 2) em que o acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico aumentou com a busca deliberada de erros de medicação. A identificação, classificação e registo foram realizados de acordo com a taxonomia do NCC MERP com ajuda do seguimento farmacoterapêutico para cada um dos pacientes. Resultados: No período 1, identificamos um total de 107 erros de medicação, o que representou uma taxa de 514.42 erros por 1,000 dias/paciente, com uma taxa intervenção de 52.88 por 1,000 dias/paciente. Para o período 2 foi encontrada 950.76 para 1,000 dias/paciente, com uma taxa de intervenção de 132.58 por 1,000 dias/pacientes. Não identificamos em nenhum dos dois períodos um erro que produzisse danos aos pacientes. Conclusões: A busca intencional por erros de medicação e intervenções farmacêuticas favorecem a segurança no uso de medicamentos, ajudando a prevenir os eventos adversos associados ao seu uso em pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva.

8.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 33(8): e00206516, Aug. 2017. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1039365

ABSTRACT

Resumo: O backlog na análise de pedidos de patentes é um problema que persiste desde a promulgação da Lei nº 9.279/1996, quando o Brasil passou a conceder patentes para medicamentos novamente. Os órgãos responsáveis pela concessão dessas patentes, Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI) e Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa), alegam motivos técnico-administrativos para justificar o atraso. No entanto, os impactos econômicos para a saúde devido à ineficiência do sistema de patentes brasileiro ainda foram pouco investigados. Assim sendo, este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para estimar o quanto as compras públicas de medicamentos são oneradas em função da morosidade na análise dos pedidos de patentes no país. Os resultados mostram que mais de R$ 14 milhões são gastos desnecessariamente anualmente pelo Governo Federal com apenas um medicamento antirretroviral por causa da extensão da vigência das patentes. Conclui-se que medidas governamentais de controle dessa situação são prementes no âmbito dos Três Poderes. Dentre elas, destacam-se a contratação de servidores para o INPI, análise dos projetos de lei que tramitam na Câmara dos Deputados e Senado Federal para a alteração da Lei da Propriedade Industrial, e julgamento das Ações Diretas de Inconstitucionalidade para a supressão do dispositivo legal que possibilita a extensão da vigência das patentes.


Abstract: The backlog in processing patent applications in Brazil has persisted since the enactment of Law 9,279/1996, when the country resumed granting patents on drugs. The agencies responsible for granting such patents, namely the Brazilian National Patent and Trademark Office (INPI) and the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa) cite technical and administrative reasons for the backlog. However, little research has focused on the economic impacts for health due to the inefficiency of the Brazilian patent system. The current study thus proposes a methodology to estimate the extent to which government procurement of medicines is burdened by the backlog in drug patent applications. According to the results, a total of more than BRL 14 million (USD 4.5 million) is spent unnecessarily per year by the Federal Government on just one antiretroviral drug due to the extension of the respective patent's life. Measures to resolve this situation are urgently needed in the three branches of government. These include hiring more staff for the INPI, analysis of bills of law under review in the two houses of the Brazilian Congress to amend the Industrial Property Law, and ruling on direct class action claims of unconstitutionality to suppress the legal mechanisms that allow extending the life of patents.


Resumen: El atraso en el procesamiento de solicitudes de patentes en Brasil ha persistido desde la promulgación de la Ley 9.279/1996, cuando el país reanudó la concesión de patentes sobre drogas. Los organismos encargados de otorgar las patentes, a saber, la Oficina Nacional de Patentes y Marcas (INPI) y la Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria (Anvisa), alegan motivos técnico-administrativos para justificar el retraso. Sin embargo, poca investigación se ha centrado en los impactos económicos para la salud debido a la ineficiencia del sistema brasileño de patentes. El presente estudio propone una metodología para estimar el grado en que la contratación pública de medicamentos está cargada con el atraso en las solicitudes de patente de medicamentos. De acuerdo con los resultados, el gobierno federal gasta innecesariamente un total de más de BRL 14 millones (USD 4.5 millones) por un solo medicamento antirretroviral debido a la extensión de la vida de la respectiva patente. Las medidas para resolver esta situación son urgentemente necesarias en las tres ramas del gobierno. Estos incluyen la contratación de más personal para la INPI, el análisis de los proyectos de ley en revisión en las dos cámaras del Congreso brasileño para enmendar la Ley de Propiedad Industrial, y la decisión sobre demandas de acción colectiva directa de inconstitucionalidad para suprimir los mecanismos legales que permiten extender la vida de las patentes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Patents as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Drugs, Generic/economics , Drug Industry/economics , Organophosphates/economics , Sulfonamides/economics , Brazil , Carbamates/economics , Anti-Retroviral Agents/economics , Drug Industry/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Services Accessibility
9.
International Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine ; (6): 580-582, 2017.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-620172

ABSTRACT

The national essential drug system is designed to solve the problem of covering hospital expenses with medicine revenue, and the problem of difficulty and high expense to see a doctor. This paper investigated whether the national essential drug system worked in three public community hospitals in Beijing. The result showed that the implementation of the program was now well underway, but left some problems. This paper put forward some suggestion for bidding of essential drug, improving the enthusiasm of the medical staff and improving the function of community hospitals.

10.
China Pharmacy ; (12): 4890-4893, 2017.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-663582

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for standardizing the names and definitions for the processing methods of"gener-al principles for processing"in reprinted Chinese Pharmacopoeia. METHODS:Comparing with the Processing of Chinese Mate-ria,Beijing Processing Specification for TCM Decoction Pieces,Shennong Bencaojing and National Processing Specification for Chinese Herbal Medicine,parts of the name and definition problems for processing methods of"general principles for processing"in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition,Vol Ⅳ) were analyzed,and suggestions were put forward. RESULTS:The definitions of partial items in the"general principles for processing"in Chinese Pharmacopoeia remained to be normalized and operability re-mained to be improved. For example,the definitions of stir-frying,stir-frying with wine,stir-frying with vinegar,stir-frying with salt and stir-frying with honey were not accurate,so as the steaming. The name of the processing method under the term of decoc-tion pieces was not identified,there was deviation in the scope of crystallizing definition,and amount of pharmaceutic adjuvant was not worthy to be generalized. CONCLUSIONS:When generalizing and defining the processing methods for all TCM decoction pieces,Chinese Pharmacopoeia should give consideration to the popularity,accuracy and universality.

11.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 32(11): e00113815, 2016. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-828386

ABSTRACT

Resumo: Desde 1996, com a consolidação da oferta do tratamento antirretroviral (ARV) às pessoas vivendo com HIV no Brasil, o governo tem como desafio assegurar a sustentabilidade desta oferta num contexto de incorporação de medicamentos patenteados. O artigo teve como objetivo analisar a série histórica do preço do lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) no Brasil e no mercado internacional à luz de iniciativas de enfrentamento da barreira patentária no período de 2001 a 2012. A metodologia consistiu em mapeamento de iniciativas de enfrentamento da barreira patentária para o LPV/r e análise da série histórica do preço no Brasil e no mercado internacional. Os resultados encontrados apontam que, entre 2001 e 2003, identificaram-se esforços de ameaça de licença compulsória. De 2005 a 2007, identificaram-se iniciativas por diferentes atores: declaração de interesse público, subsídios ao exame e ação civil pública. De 2006 e 2008, iniciativas internacionais de licença compulsória resultaram na redução do preço no Brasil. Entre 2009 e 2012, observa-se uma redução do preço de aquisição pelo Brasil de 30%.


Resumen: Desde 1996, con la consolidación de la oferta de tratamiento antirretroviral (ARV) para las personas viviendo con VIH, el Gobierno de Brasil tiene el desafío de asegurar la sostenibilidad de dicha oferta en un contexto de incorporación de medicamentos patentados. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la serie histórica del precio del lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) en Brasil y en el mercado internacional, a la luz de iniciativas para enfrentar la barrera patentaria durante el período de 2001 a 2012. La metodología consistió en un mapeo de iniciativas para hacer frente a la barrera patentaria del LPV/r y el análisis de la serie histórica de sus precios de adquisición por el SUS y en el mercado internacional. Entre 2001 y 2003 se identificaron esfuerzos por obtener reducciones de precio de LPV/r, mediante la amenaza de expedición de licencia obligatoria. De 2005 a 2007, se identificaron varias iniciativas de diferentes actores, tales como, la expedición de declaración de interés público, preseentación de subsidios para el examen de solicitudes de patente de este medicamento y la interpesición de acción civil pública. Entre 2006 y 2008, la expedición de licencias obligatorias en el marco de iniciativas internacionales, propiciaron reducciones de precio de LPV/r en Brasil. La reducción promedio del precio de adquisición por parte SUS fue de 30% entre 2009 y 2012.


Abstract: Since 1996, when antiretroviral (ARV) treatments started being guaranteed to people living with HIV in Brazil, the government has faced the challenge of ensuring sustainability of this policy within a context of incorporating patented medicines. This article sought to analyze the historical series of the price of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) in Brazil and in the international market also considering the initiatives to challenge patent barriers between 2001 and 2012. The methods used were mapping initiatives to challenge LPV/r patent barriers and the analysis of historical series of its price in Brazil and in the international market. Results show that, between 2001 and 2003, there were efforts to use compulsory licensing as a threat. From 2005 to 2007, initiatives by different satkeholders were identified: declaration of public interest, pre-grant opposition ("support to examination") and civil action. From 2006 to 2008, compulsory licensing initiatives in other countries resulted in a price reduction in Brazil. Between 2009 and 2012, there was a 30% reduction in the Brazilian purchasing price.


Subject(s)
Humans , Patents as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Drug Costs/statistics & numerical data , Ritonavir/economics , Anti-HIV Agents/economics , Lopinavir/economics , Brazil , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Longitudinal Studies , Drug Costs/legislation & jurisprudence , Ritonavir/supply & distribution , Anti-HIV Agents/supply & distribution , Lopinavir/supply & distribution , Government Programs
12.
Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin ; (12): 1643-1647, 2016.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-506665

ABSTRACT

Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge (Dan shen in Chinese)is extracted from dried roots and rhizomes of Labiatae Salvia.Tan-shinones are the main lipid-soluble components in Salvia,each has specific pharmacological activity.This review focuses on the research progress of Tanshinones on cardiovascular diseases,an-ti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, anti-tumor effect,hepatocyte protection and neuroprotective effects.Thera-peutic effects and mechanisms of Tanshinones on diverse disea-ses are summarized,pharmacokinetics and pharmaceutic evalua-tion were concluded.This review provides a global understand-ing about Tanshinones as a class of effective and promising can-didates for further studies,and lays a foundation for developing new Tanshinone-based agents according to the characteristics of Tanshinones.

13.
Rev. saúde pública ; 46(5): 791-799, out. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-655030

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Analisar as decisões do sistema jurídico sobre acesso da população a medicamentos no Sistema Único de Saúde por via judicial quanto a critérios de decisão e eventuais pressões políticas e econômicas. MÉTODOS: Estudo documental descritivo e retrospectivo de abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada na Superintendência Estadual de Assistência Farmacêutica de Pernambuco, utilizando-se como fontes de dados 105 ações judiciais e relatórios administrativos de janeiro a junho de 2009. Verificaram-se os medicamentos com pedido ou carta patente no banco de dados do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial para identificar a frequência das patentes nas ações judiciais. Os dados obtidos foram classificados conforme o Sistema Anatômico Terapêutico Químico. Para análise das decisões judiciais, foi utilizada a teoria dos sistemas sociais autopoiéticos. RESULTADOS: As ações judiciais somaram 134 medicamentos com valor estimado de R$ 4,5 milhões para atender aos tratamentos solicitados; 70,9% dos medicamentos estavam com carta patente ou pedido e se concentraram em três classes terapêuticas: antineoplásicos e moduladores imunológicos, aparelho digestório e metabolismo, órgãos dos sentidos. Foram identificadas seis ideias centrais com os critérios de decisão dos magistrados (Constituição Federal e prescrição médica) e as pressões entre os sistemas do direito, da economia e da política quanto ao acesso a medicamentos. CONCLUSÕES: A análise das decisões judiciais fundamentadas na teoria dos sistemas sociais autopoiéticos permitiu identificar as estimulações mútuas (dependências) entre o sistema do direito e demais sistemas sociais em relação à questão do acesso dos cidadãos aos medicamentos. Essas dependências foram representadas pela Constituição Federal e pela propriedade intelectual. A Constituição Federal e a prescrição médica foram identificadas como critério de decisão nas ações judiciais. A propriedade intelectual representou eventuais pressões políticas e econômicas, especialmente nos casos de lançamento de medicamentos no mercado.


OBJECTIVE: To analyze decisions from the legal system concerning the population's access to medicines within the Brazilian Public Health System through judicial channels, with regard to decision-making criteria and possible political and economic pressure. METHODS: This was a descriptive retrospective study on documents with a quantitative and qualitative approach. Data were gathered from the State of Pernambuco Superintendency for Pharmaceutical Care, and the data sources used were 105 lawsuits and administrative reports between January and June 2009. It was ascertained which medications have a patent or patent request in the database of the Brazilian Patent Office (INPI), in order to identify the frequency with which patents feature in lawsuits. The data obtained were classified according to Anatomical and Therapeutic Chemical System. To analyze the judicial decisions, the theory of autopoietic social systems was used. RESULTS: There were lawsuits involving 134 medications, with an estimated value of R$ 4.5 million for attending the treatments requested. 70.9% of the medications had a patent or a patent request and they were concentrated in three therapeutic classes: antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents; digestive tract and metabolism; and sensory organs. Six central ideas within judges' decision-making criteria were identified (the federal constitution and medical prescriptions), along with pressure between the legal, economic and political systems concerning access to medications. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis on judicial decisions based on the theory of autopoietic social systems made it possible to identify mutual stimulation (dependency) between the legal system and other social systems in relation to the issue of citizens' access to medications. This dependency was represented by the federal constitution and intellectual property. The federal constitution and medical prescription were identified as decision-making criteria in lawsuits. Intellectual property represented possible political and economic pressure, especially in cases of launching medications into the market.


OBJETIVO: Analizar las decisiones del sistema jurídico sobre el acceso de la población a medicamentos en el Sistema Nacional de Salud de Brasil por vía judicial con relación a criterios de decisión y eventuales presiones políticas y económicas. MÉTODOS: Estudio documentado descriptivo y retrospectivo de abordaje cualitativo y cuantitativo. La colecta de datos fue realizada en la Superintendencia Estatal de Asistencia Farmacéutica de Pernambuco, utilizándose como fuentes de datos 105 acciones judiciales e informes administrativos de enero a junio de 2009. Se verificaron los medicamentos con pedido o Patente en el banco de datos del Instituto Nacional de Propiedad Industrial para identificar la frecuencia de las patentes en las acciones judiciales. Los datos obtenidos se clasificaron de acuerdo al Sistema Anatómico y Terapéutico Químico. Para análisis de las decisiones judiciales, se utilizó la teoría de los sistemas sociales autopoiéticos. RESULTADOS: Las acciones judiciales totalizaron 134 medicamentos con valor estimado de R$ 4,5 millones para atender a los tratamientos solicitados; 70,9% de los medicamentos estaban con Patente o pedido y se concentraron en tres clases terapéuticas: antineoplásicos y moduladores inmunológicos, aparato digestivo y metabolismo, órganos de los sentidos. Se identificaron seis ideas centrales con los criterios de decisión de los magistrados (Constitución Federal y prescripción médica) y las presiones entre los sistemas de derecho, de la economía y de la política con relación al acceso a medicamentos. CONCLUSIONES: El análisis de las decisiones judiciales fundamentadas en la teoría de los sistemas sociales autopoiéticos permitió identificar las estimulaciones mutuas (dependencias) entre el sistema de derecho y demás sistemas sociales con relación al asunto del acceso de los ciudadanos a los medicamentos. Esas dependencias fueron representadas por la Constitución Federal y por la propiedad intelectual. La Constitución Federal y la prescripción médica fueron identificadas como criterio de decisión en las acciones judiciales. La propiedad intelectual representó eventuales presiones políticas y económicas, especialmente, en los casos de lanzamiento de medicamentos en el mercado.


Subject(s)
Humans , Coverage Equity , Drugs, Essential/supply & distribution , Health Services Accessibility/legislation & jurisprudence , Judicial Decisions , National Health Programs/legislation & jurisprudence , Brazil , Health Services Accessibility/economics , National Health Programs/economics , Patient Rights/legislation & jurisprudence , Pharmaceutical Services/economics , Pharmaceutical Services/legislation & jurisprudence , Retrospective Studies , Social Justice
14.
HU rev ; 37(1): 63-68, jan.-mar. 2011.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-602463

ABSTRACT

Excipientes são substâncias auxiliares que compõem as formas farmacêuticas e, normalmente, são consideradas inertes. No entanto, mesmo em baixas concentrações, esses constituintes podem desencadear efeitos indesejáveis que podem comprometer a terapêutica medicamentosa. Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar possíveis excipientes indutores de reação adversa contidos em medicamentos para uso oral pediátrico. Para realização desta pesquisa, foi adotada a técnica de análise de documentos a partir de bulas de medicamentos de formulações líquidas pediátricas constantes no Dicionário de Especialidades Farmacêuticas. Acebrofilina, dimeticona, dipirona e paracetamol foram os medicamentos selecionados para identificação dos excipientes. Em 40 apresentações farmacêuticas pesquisadas, foram identificados 23 excipientes dos quais seis foram considerados como possíveis causadores de reações adversas. Das formulações analisadas, 97,5% continham excipientes de risco que foram relacionados da seguinte forma: 24 continham metilparabeno, 20 propilparabeno, 11 sorbitol, nove benzoato de sódio, cinco tartrazina e dois bissulfito de sódio. Esses excipientes podem ocasionar urticária, asma brônquica, transtornos gastrointestinais, náuseas, vômitos, entre outros efeitos. Portanto, os excipientes têm um papel importante no aparecimento dos efeitos adversos, especialmente na Pediatria.


Excipients are auxiliary substances involved in the composition of pharmaceuticals. Although excipients are defined as inert substances, this definition has been proved inadequate. Most excipients are used in low concentrations, although they can lead to untoward effects. In clinical practice, such reactions are wrongly attributed to the active drug, leaving out of account the fact that excipients are considered responsible for adverse effects. The objective of the present study was identify the presence of excipients which can possibly induce adverse reactions, present in drugs marketed for pediatric use in Brazil. This qualitative and exploratory study used the technique of document analysis to assess drug labels of liquid formulations listed in the Pharmaceutical Dictionary and directed at the pediatric population. Four pharmaceuticals were selected: acebrophylline, dimethicone, dipyrone and paracetamol. The excipients cited in the literature as possible inducers of adverse reactions were selected for this study from their identification in the pharmaceutical formulations studied. In 40 presentations assessed, 23 excipients were identified as possible inducers of adverse reactions. The presence of a risk excipient was identified in 97.5% of the formulations assessed, according to the following distribution: 24 contained methyl paraben, 20 propyl paraben, 11 sorbitol, 9 sodium benzoate, 5 tartrazine and 2 sodium bisulfite. Pediatric patients are exposed to adverse effects such as urticaria, bronchial asthma, gastrointestinal upset, nausea, vomiting and others, due to the presence of the excipients methylparaben and propylparaben, sodium benzoate, sulfites in general, tartrazine yellow dye and sorbitol, in most liquid formulations assessed, most of them marketed as over-the-counter drugs.


Subject(s)
Pediatrics , Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Medicine Package Inserts
15.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 26(4): 530-536, oct.-dic. 2009.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-564545

ABSTRACT

A través de los tratados de libre comercio las economías de Estados Unidos de Norteamérica (EEUU) y la Unión Europea (UE) vienen consiguiendo un estándar más elevado de protección de los derechos de propiedad intelectual que amplíanindebidamente los derechos monopólicos de la gran industria farmacéutica, restringiendo la competencia y limitando el acceso a nuevos medicamentos genéricos. El Perú no ha sido ajeno a este proceso, suscribiendo un tratado de libre comercio con EEUU denominado Acuerdo de Promoción Comercial (APC) que involucró el capítulo de propiedadintelectual, así mismo, está negociando un segundo tratado comercial con la UE. En ambos casos las propuestaspresentadas han sido lesivas para el acceso a medicamentos, expresadas en cláusulas de Aspectos de PropiedadIntelectual Relacionados con el Comercio Plus (ADPIC Plus). Para algunos analistas, existe cierta complementariedad entre las pretensiones de EEUU y la UE, mientras que el primero consigue aumentar los estándares sustantivos comola protección de datos de prueba (conseguido en el APC), la UE conseguiría fortalecer la observancia asegurando la aplicación de las obligaciones contraídas. Esto resultaría en una escalada de la industria farmacéutica por ampliar losderechos de protección de la propiedad intelectual. El Estado Peruano debe asegurar el acceso a medicamentos através de políticas públicas que promuevan la competencia asegurando la introducción de genéricos al mercado. Para ello, es necesario prevenir nuevas obligaciones que atenten contra el acceso a éstos, no aceptando nuevos mecanismos de protección de los derechos de propiedad intelectual dentro de los tratados de libre comercio.


Through Free Trade Agreements, the economies of the United States of America (USA) and the European Union(EU) have been achieving a higher standard of protection of the intellectual property rights. This increases unduly the monopolist rights of the industry, restricting competition and limiting the access of new generic drugs. Peru has not been the exception to this process, subscribing a free trade agreement with the USA called Agreement of Commercial Promotion (APC) that involved the chapter of intellectual property, and in the same line, is now negotiating a second commercialagreement with the EU. In both cases, the presented proposals have been harmful for drug access, expressed in theclauses of the Aspects of Intellectual Property Related to the Commerce (ADPIC Plus). For some experts, there are certain complementarities between the goals of USA and those of the EU, while the first gets to increase the substantive standards such as the protection of testing data (achieved in the APC), the EU would strengthen the monitoring, thus ensuring the application of the obligations that have been acquired. This would result in a climbing of the pharmaceutical industry due to the widening of the intellectual property protection rights. The Peruvian State must guarantee the access to drugs through public policies that promote competition, ensuring the introduction of generics to the market. For this, it is necessary to prevent new obligations that attempt against access to these, by refusing new mechanisms of protectionof the intellectual property rights in the free trade agreements.


Subject(s)
International Acts , Pharmaceutical Trade , Drugs, Generic , Intellectual Property of Pharmaceutic Products and Process , Peru
16.
São Paulo; s.n; 2009. [109] p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-554442

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: A cetamina por via regional ou sistêmica melhora a analgesia pós-operatória. A hipótese testada nesse estudo foi a de que o uso profilático da cetamina S(+) por via peridural é melhor que a cetamina S(+) administrada por via venosa durante toda a anestesia, para o controle da dor pós-operatória em crianças submetidas a operações ortopédicas. MÉTODOS: 60 pacientes pediátricos foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos de 30 pacientes. Os pacientes do grupo I receberam por via peridural 1 ml.kg-1 de ropivacaína a 0,2%, acrescida de 0,5 mg.kg-1 de cetamina S(+). Os pacientes do grupo II receberam por via peridural a mesma dose de ropivacaína, e antes da incisão cirúrgica receberam por via venosa infusão contínua de cetamina S(+) na dose de 0,2 mg.kg-1.h-1, interrompida ao final da sutura da pele. A mesma técnica anestésica geral complementar foi utilizada para os dois grupos. A dor foi avaliada pela escala Oucher de faces. Também foi avaliado o tempo para a primeira dose do analgésico de resgate e o consumo de morfina nas primeiras 24 h. Os resultados receberam tratamento estatístico pelo teste t de Student, não pareado, para comparação entre os dados demográficos dos grupos, tempo de duração do ato cirúrgico e tempo para recuperação, o teste do Qui quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher para análise de dados não paramétricos, e o teste de análise de variância, para comparar os valores da pressão arterial e da frequência cardíaca. RESULTADOS: Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas quanto à intensidade da dor, o tempo para a primeira dose de analgésico de resgate e o consumo de morfina entre os grupos. O valor da frequência cardíaca foi estatisticamente maior no grupo II do que no grupo I. CONCLUSÕES: A intensidade da dor pós-operatória, o tempo para a primeira dose de analgésico de resgate e o consumo de morfina foi semelhante com o uso da cetamina S(+) por via peridural ou sistêmica. A incidência de efeitos adversos foi semelhante...


INTRODUCTION: Ketamine by neuroaxial as well as intravenousroute could improve postoperative analgesia. The hypothesis to be tested here was that the prophylactic epidural use the S(+) ketamine, added to a local anesthetic solution, would improve postoperative pain control after orthopedic surgical procedures in pediatric patients, when compared to intravenous administration. METHODS: 60 pediatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups of 30 patients each named I, and II. Before the surgical incision the patients of group I, received by epidural route 1 ml.kg-1 0.2% ropivacaine and 0.5 mg. kg-1 S(+) ketamine. Patients of group II received by epidural route the same ropivacaine dose and 0.2 mg.kg-1h-1 S(+) ketamine IV infusion through all surgical procedure long suspended after the skin suture. The same complement anesthesia technique was provided to all patients. The pain was assessed by Oucher scale, time elicited to first rescue analgesia and 24 h morphine consumption. All data were statistically managed as follow: t test for demographics, surgical procedure duration and time to postoperative recovery; square CHI and Fisher test for nonparametric data and ANOVA for comparing the values of arterial pressure and heart rate. RESULTS: there were no statistical differences on time elicited to the first rescue analgesia, degree of pain complaint or morphine consumption when compared groups I and II. Mild tachycardia was observed for group II with statistical differences when compared to group I (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: the time elicited to the first rescue analgesia, degree of pain complaint and morphine consumption were similar with S(+) ketamine, by epidural and intravenous either. The adverse effects incidence was similar except for the heart rate statistically higher for the group where S(+) ketamine was employed by continuous intravenous route.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Anesthesia, Conduction , Anesthesia, Epidural , Child , Pain, Postoperative , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
17.
Rev. cienc. med. Pinar Rio ; 11(5): 93-98, dic. 2007.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-739987

ABSTRACT

Este glosario se confeccionó con el objetivo de brindarles a los estudiantes de Ciencias Médicas y a los profesionales de la salud en general, información acerca de los medicamentos de mayor uso, mostrando su nombre en español e inglés, la correcta pronunciación, sus indicaciones y tratamiento. Este compila 142 medicamentos, ordenados alfabéticamente con una traducción al español de sus correspondientes categorías y aplicaciones. Algunos de los medicamentos compilados en este folleto fueron impartidos en las clases de inglés con fines médicos en 4to año de la carrera de Medicina durante este curso, y ha sido de gran interés y utilidad para los futuros profesionales. Se concluye que el folleto es de gran utilidad porque no solo puede servir de referencia a los estudiantes de Ciencias Médicas, sino también a todo el personal de la salud o a cualquier persona interesada en el tema, incluyendo a profesores de inglés de la institución.


Aimed at providing medical students and health professionals information about the most used medications showing their names in Spanish and English as well as the correct pronunciation, indications and treatment, a glossary of pharmacological terms was made. This compiles 142 medications in alphabetical order having a translation into Spanish of their corresponding categories and applications. Some of the medications compiled in this pamphlet were taught in the English lessons with medical purposes in the 4th academic year of the medical major during this course, being of great interest and usefulness for the future health professionals. Concluding that this glossary can be a tool of reference for medical students and for all health personnel or any other people interested in the topic, including professors of English in the institution.

18.
Journal of Korean Medical Science ; : 733-737, 2003.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-221847

ABSTRACT

According to the three step-ladder analgesics in patients with cancer pain, adjuvant drugs are required for pain relief according to the pain character and also to reduce side effects of opioids. Pain clinicians sometimes want to decide to jump directly from naive and mild opioid to transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) fentanyl with less side effects. We investigated the safety, efficacy, and satisfaction of the patients of TTS fentanyl converting from opioid-naive and mild-opioid with adjuvant drug medications in related to dose cascade of TTS fentanyl. Both opioid-naive (n=3) and opioid-using (n=34) patients started with TTS fentanyl in the lowest available delivery rate (25 microgram/hr) with rescue medication. A numeric rating scale (NRS, from 0=no pain to 10=worst pain imaginable), satisfaction of the patients with the transdermal therapy and side effects were recorded everyday during 29 days. Average reductions of NRS scores were 1.79 and 2.77, and the mean doses were 35.14 and 44.12 microgram/hr on the 15th and 29th day, respectively. Reported level of satisfaction with the transdermal patch and generalized pain management were 'completely satisfied' and 'satisfied'. Frequent side effects were nausea, vomiting, and constipation. In conclusion, initial application of TTS fentanyl with proper adjuvant medications is effective, safe, and well tolerated.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Administration, Cutaneous , Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Fentanyl/therapeutic use , Logistic Models , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Pain/drug therapy , Pain Measurement , Time Factors
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL