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Objective To perform the pharmacognostic identification of Anoectochilus lylei and establish the foundation for its accurate identification and further development. Methods The macroscopic identification and microscopic identification methods were used to identify A. lylei. Results A. lylei has ovate leaf shape, possessing red reticulated veins. Inverted flowers have Y-shaped and white lip. The anterior part of lip is two-lobed, and the lobes are linear-oblong. There are 1 to 3 shorts serrations on each side of the middle part of lip. Microscopic characteristics mainly show as follows: the cortex is broad in the transverse section of roots and stems; 1-5 and 1-7 vascular bundles in the xylem of transverse section of roots and stem, respectively. Collateral vascular bundle in the main veins of transverse section of leaves. There are multitudinous types of stomas in the leaf abaxial epidermis, most of which are anomocytic. Conclusion These characteristics could provide reference for the correct identification of A. lylei.
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Pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation are necessary for drug authentication and for prediction and confirmation of pharmacological activities of any plant part. Cosmostigma racemosum (Roxb.) Wight, a traditional and folklore drug in Kerala with many reputed usages, locally called as Vaattuvalli, is a shrubby twiner of Apocynaceae family. Leaves are the most used plant part. As no scientific data regarding its standards were available, preliminary pharmacognostic, physico-chemical and phytochemical evaluation of the leaves were done as per the guidelines of Ayurveda Pharmacopoiea of India and WHO. The study revealed that leaves of Cosmostigma racemosum (Roxb.)Wight are simple, opposite, exstipulate, apex caudate, base cordate and with a characteristic chilly odour. Microscopic examination of leaves revealed the presence of characteristic features such as lacticifers, secreting cells, absence of stomata on the upper epidermis, presence of paracytic stomata on the lower epidermis and presence of calcium oxalate crystals especially druse crystals. The preliminary phytochemical evaluation revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, steroids, saponins which indicates the wide range of pharmacological activities of the plant. The 13 peaks in the HPTLC profile indicate a wide pharmacological prospect of the leaves. The ICP-MS analysis confirmed that heavy metals like Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb and As present in the leaves are within permissible limits. Physicochemical parameters such as moisture content, different ash values, volatile oil content, different extractive values, ph, fibre content, and sugar content were also determined. All these findings can serve as standards for assuring the safety, quality and purity of the drug.
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Objective To identify the crude drugs of Anoectochilus burmannicus, and clarify its original plant pharmacognostical and microscopic characteristics. Methods The pharmacognostical identification method was used to observe the original plant, tissue structure and microscopic characteristics of A. burmannicus. Results Leaves were ovate or ovate elliptic with golden-red veins. Non-inverted yellow flowers had Y-shaped and yellow labellum, which were anteriorly enlarged and 2-lobed. The lobes were narrowly oblong or narrowly oblanceolate. The middle part of labellum was narrow to form a 10 mm long structure with margin narrowly winged. In the microscopic structure, the cortex is obvious in the cross sections of root and stem, together with needle crystals of calcium oxalate and mucous cells. The upper epidermal cells on the cross section of the leaves were papilloid in shape, whereas diverse stomas existed among the lower epidermal cells, with anomocytic stomas as the major type. Needle crystals of calcium oxalate and conduits can be found in the powder. Conclusion These data provide a reference for the identification and resource development and utilization of A. burmannicus.
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Objectives: In this study, systematic pharmacognostic study and preliminary phytochemical screening of the bark of Cascabela thevetia L. were carried out. Methods: The selected plant part was collected, processed and stored in an airtight container. From the bark different pharmacognostic studies like macroscopic and microscopic evaluation, physicochemical parameters, fluorescence analysis were done. Powdered bark was successively extracted by petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol using a Soxhlet apparatus and finally macerated with the hydro-alcoholic solvent system (30:70). The preliminary phytochemical analysis and thin layer chromatography of the extracts were done to find the nature and number of the different phytoconstituents present. Results: Transverse microscopy reveals the presence of crystal oxalate, cork cell, starch granules, vascular bundle, phloem fiber, parenchyma cells, and collenchyma cells. Powder microscopy also showed the presence of cork cell, fiber and calcium oxalate crystal. Results obtained in different physicochemical analysis like total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, alcohol-soluble extractive, water-soluble extractive, and moisture content were 8.67%, 0.83%, 5.33%, 4.53%, 12.27%, and 7.83% respectively. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, triterpenoid, phytosterol, tannin, saponin, anthraquinone, carbohydrate and fatty acid in the different extracts. TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) study revealed 4 spots in petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts and 3 spots in the Hydro-alcoholic extract with different solvent systems. Conclusion: The results obtained from the study will provide a reliable basis for identification, purity, and quality of the plant.
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Now days, one of the major lacunae in the Ayurvedic system of medicine is adulteration of medicinal plant species i.e. raw drug. Drug sellers for their financial gains adulterate the raw drugs with cheap, similar looking drugs or other substances. So, it has become necessary for the Ayurvedic physicians and pharmaceuticals to identify the raw drug before its clinical use. There is a need to set the standards for proper identification of the raw drug. So, this study was designed to establish various pharmacognostical standards which can help in ensuring identification of Katuka, a well known herb in Ayurvedic medicine. Botanically, the drug Katuka is Picrorhiza kurroa Royal ex. Benth belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae. Katuka is a valuable bitter tonic and is mainly used in Ayurveda for its hepatoprotective action. Its rhizome is used for medicinal purpose. So, macroscopical and microscopical characters of intact and powdered rhizome were studied. Macroscopic study of rhizome and its powder indicated the organoleptic characters like size, shape, colour, odour, taste and texture. Microscopic study of T.S. of rhizome showed the presence of cork, cortex, vascular cambium, xylem, phloem, pith and pith ray. Microscopic study of powder of rhizome showed the presence of starch grain, cork cells, xylem vessels, and pith cell with pitted wall thickenings, tracheid and lignified fiber. Pharmacognostical characters of rhizome of Katuka revealed from this study will help in standardization of this raw drug and preventing adulteration in the herbal raw drug market.
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Aims: The anticonceptive effect of the diethyl ether extract of Ricinus communis Linn (RICOM 1013-1) was studied in rats alongside pharmacognostic properties, amino acids content and elemental analysis. Study Design and Methodology: 20 adult female albino Wistar rats were randomized into four experimental groups of five rats each. The first, second and third groups received 3, 10 and 20 mg/kg of diethyl ether extract administered subcutaneously (SC) in divided doses over two days, respectively. The fourth group received 0.1 ml of corn oil for two days and served as control. They were then mated with proven fertile males in a ratio of 3:1 and followed for three gestation periods. The first day of mating was termed day 0 of pregnancy. In addition, amino acid and elemental analyses were undertaken as well as a phytochemical screening of the seed of RICOM-1013-J. Results: At doses of 3, 10 and 20 mg/kg, RICOM-1013-J produced dose-dependent inhibition of pregnancy in female albino Wistar rats over three gestation periods. The total ash value obtained was 3.13 ± 0.26%, while the acid-insoluble and water-soluble ash values were 0.30 ± 0.003% and 0.20±0.003%, respectively. The yield to ethanol was much higher than the water-soluble extract. Essential and non-essential amino acids were not detected. K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were present in high concentrations in the following order: defatted undecorticated>undecorticated>decorticated samples. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of steroids and alkaloids whereas, triterpenes, tannins and flavonoids were absent. Conclusion: The pharmacognostic parameters, including elemental values, provide some preliminary data for identification of this species among many varieties reported in the literature.
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Context: The stem bark of Cirabilwa (Holoptelea integrifolia Planch.) is used for treating various disease conditions including Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Colic, Helminthiasis, Vomiting, Skin diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Haemorrhoids and Rheumatism in traditional system of medicine since ancient times. As a part of a proposed clinical study, sufficient quantity of the plant drug was required to evaluate the antidyslipidemic effects, which was procured from market. Aim: This study was designed to identify and compare the pharmacognostical features of the genuine hand collected samples and market samples of the stem bark of this medicinal plant, so as to prove the genuinity of the market samples before using it for clinical study. Materials and Methods: Macroscopic and microscopic methods were applied to determine the diagnostic features of the shade dried samples of the intact stem bark of both samples of the drug and was compared with the available data. Results: The shape, color, thickness, odour, consistency, fracture and surface characteristics were determined. Compound microscope images showed the presence of ray cells, stone cells, starch grains, rhomboidal crystals in both the samples. Conclusion: The study confirmed the identity of both genuine and market samples. Comparable results were obtained which proved the genuinity of the market samples of the stem bark of Cirabilwa (Holoptelea integrifolia Planch).
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Geo-authentic habitats of Angelica Sinensis can be deduced from antiquity herbal literature's point of view. To provide basis for quality evaluation of Angelica Sinensis, this article summarized modern achievements in scientific research. To conclude genuine habitats of Angelica Sinensis, the related description of Geo-authentic habitats in ancient materia were reviewed and tested. Professional search strategy on traits and chemical characteristics of Angelica Sinensis were made to retrieve relevant literature in the CNKI database, and then the date on pharmacognostic characteristics and chemical component of crude drug from different origins were refined, and at last the date were comprehensively evaluated by Analysis of Variance, principal component and cluster analysis. and Conclusion Fourteen ancient books and one book of recent time were looked up on Herbalogical study. On this basis, twenty-six ancient origins were refined.Eight corresponding modern origins were finded through locating the place these medicines of dynasties in modern map.Combined with Frequency statistical results of modern origins and the related description of Geo-authentic habitats in ancient materia, genuine habitats of Angelica Sinensis were concluded. They are Gansu and Sichuan provinces. 75 literatures on traits and 1949 literatures on chemical characteristics of Angelica Sinensis were retrieved. The pharmacognostic characteristics of Angelica Sinensis were sumerized according to the traits. date. The results of ANOVA indicate that there exists significant difference in the quality of the samples in Gansu and Yunnan provinces among 6 different origins of Angelica Sinensis. Three principal components whose accumulated variance contribution rate was over90.641％ were obtained. Based on these principal components, samples of Angelica Sinensis from the different planting areas were clustered into three groups by within-groups linkage cluster methods. The results show that Gansu province was the best among 10 habitats. Sichuan, Yunnan Hubei, and Hubei Province were better than others habitats. The result is quite consistent with the genuine habitats of Angelica Sinensis, which is obtained from the textual research on ancient materia. The results obtained in this study can be used as references for evaluating the quality of Dao-di herbs Angelica Sinensis scientifically.
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ABSTRACT Limonium brasiliense (Boiss.) Kuntze, Plumbaginaceae, is a plant from the southern coast of Brazilian that is used for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome, menstrual disorders and genito-urinary infections. The aim of the present study was to determine the quality control parameters for rhizomes collected during different periods by pharmacopoeial and non-pharmacopoeial methods, and to develop and validate a HPLC-DAD method for quantitative control of marker substances. The measured parameters were: granulometric analysis (d50 = 0.21–0.48 mm), loss on drying (11.1–12.4%), total ash (4.9–5.7%), dry residue by extraction with acetone:water (7:3, v/v) (30.6–39.5%), total polyphenol content (8.5–15.8%), and chromatographic fingerprint by HPLC and TLC. Besides, the acetone:water (7:3, v/v) extraction solvent in combination with a turbo-extractor, yielded the crude extract with a significant increase in tannins (F4,20 = 37.0, p < 0.001). The antioxidant potential of the crude acetone:water (7:3, v/v) extract, as well as the ethyl acetate and water fractions obtained after the partition process was evaluated by DPPH and the results were, respectively: IC50 6.87, 5.91, and 6.92 µg/ml. The validation parameters for the HPLC-DAD method showed adequate specificity, precision and accuracy. The gallo- and epigallocatechin contents were, respectively, 0.8–2.7% and 1.2–2.2%. These data contribute to analysis of the pharmacognostic quality control of the commonly used part from this species.
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Microscopical investigation was carried out on leaves of Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) Ding Hou belongs to family celastraceae, is an evergreen tree that tolerates various types of stresses of the desert, locally known as “Kankero” in Hindi, “Thorny staff tree” in English. Literature survey revealed that not much work has been done on this plant, especially on leaves. So we have taken its detailed microscopical studies to prove its appropriate identification. Microscopical study provide information that the lamina is dorsiventaral and 380µm thick. The Lamina is amphistomatic, the stomata being distributed both on the adaxial and abaxial sides. Calcium oxalate crystals of druses are fairly abundant in the mesophyll tissue. The stomata are cyclocytic type. The venation is densely reticulate. The terminations are either simple or more commonly forked into deuse clusters. Powder Microscopy show that the sclereids are fiber like in shape and size. The sclereids are 500 µm long and 30 µm thick. Long or short, cylindrical mesophyll cells are common with powder. They have dense tannin contents. The cells have thin wall and the cells are up to 200 µm long and 60 µm wide. Calciumoxlate druses are quite abundant in the power. They are spherical bodies with spiny surface. The druses are 30 µm in diameters. The above studies provide useful information in regard to its correct identity, evaluation and help to differentiate from the closely related other species of Maytenus Emarginata (Willd.)Ding Hou
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OBJECTIVE: To identify a Yunnan herbal medicine-Corydalis Taliensis Herb. METHODS: Pharmacognostic methods have been used on the original plant, macroscopic characteristics, microscopic tissue structure and powder characteristics of Corydalis Taliensis Herb. RESULTS: Corydalis Taliensis Herb is the dried herb of Corydalis taliensis. Its stems five prism, leaves 2-to 3-ternate divided, flowers, spurred, purple, violet or pink, starchy and bitter. The size of epidermal cells are not the same, and some of cell outer wall papillate; stone cells visiblly, fibres with various shapes. CONCLUSION: Experimental results can be used for authenticity identification and quality control of Corydalis Taliensis Herb.
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OBJECTIVE:To establish the quality standard for Mian medicine Indigofera stachyoides. METHODS:Medicinal properties and microscopic characteristics were identified;TLC was used for the qualitative identification;HPLC was conducted for content determination of epicatechin and 2α,3α-epoxy-5,7,3′,4′-tetra-hydroxy-flavan-(4β→8)-epicatechin(reference A):the col-umn was Comatex TM C18 with mobile phase of acetonitrile- water at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min,and detection wavelength was 210 nm,column temperature was 30 ℃,injection volume was 5 μl. RESULTS:It showed clear microscopic identification map. I. stachyoides TLC had clear spots and well separated. The linear range was 0.274 5-4.392 0 μg (r=0.999 6) for epicatechin,and 0.103 0-1.648 3 μg for reference A(r=0.999 4),RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were lower than 3%,recov-eries were 99.76%-104.82%(RSD=2.42%,n=6) and 97.98%-104.99%(RSD=2.75%,n=6) respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The established standard can be used for the quality control of I. stachyoides.
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The pharmacognostic analysis of Artemisia frigida Willd. (from Buryatia, Zabaikailsky krai and Qinghai-Tibet plateau) was studied in this research. Macro- and microscopic characteristics of three samples were mostly the same. Purity tests and identification of main biologically active substances in A. frigida Willd were carried out using standard identity tests. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation method, qualitative and quantitative composition was studied by GC-MS. The main components of the essential oils in three samples are camphor, 1,8 – cineol, endo-borneol and borneol, terpinen-4ol and others. Keywords: Artemisia frigida Willd., pharmacognostic analysis, essential oils, chemical composition, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes. Artemisia frigida Willd. is a valuable medicinal plant which is widely spread on the territory of Republic of Buryatia. It is also used in a Tibetan medicine for the treatment of injuries, tuberculosis, deficiency disease and neurological disturbance [1]. Pharmacological activity is associated with the presence of different biologically active substances, especially, essential oils, which demonstrate anti-bacterial, antifungal and anthelmintic activities [2]. The aim of this work is to make a Pharmacognostic analysis of herba Artemisiae frigidae which was collected on the territory of Russia and China. To achieve this goal we should make the following tasks: 1) to do macro- and microscopic analysis; 2) to make purity tests of plant materials; 3) to identify the presence of main biologically active substances; 4) to make a qualitative composition and chemical assay of essential oils by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For the research we used herba Artemisiae frigidae which was collected in 2014, in such regions like Ivolginsky region (Russia), Zabaikailsky krai (Russia) and Qinghai-Tibet plateau (China) in a flowering stage. Purity tests and the presence of main biologically active substances were identified by using standard identity tests [3,4].The essential oil from the whole aerial part of Artemisia frigida was obtained by hydrodistillation method and was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC– MS) to determine its chemical composition and assay [5,6]. Macroscopic analysis revealed that plant material is presented by numerous caules with a high around 8-40 sm, woody roots. Lower part of leaves are gray colored and on the top they are light green. Flower anthodes are large, spherical, droop and combined in a raceme and has characteristic aromatic odour. Microscopic analysis revealed that the main diagnostic features in 3 samples are the same: flexuous cells of the top epidermis, abaxial and adaxial stoma (anomocytic stomata), sword-like fuzzes and internal secretion glands on two sides of leaves [7]. Also, we made purity tests and identified such characteristics as moisture, total ash, 10% chlorohydric acid-insoluble ash, and we found out that 70% ethanol as a solvent is more suitable for the extraction. In this material we found out the presence of polysaccharides, essential oils, fatty acids, tannins and flavonoids using standard identity tests [8]. According to the quantitative analysis of essential oils in three samples of herba Artemisiae frigidae, made by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), it contains 1,00% of light green essential oil in the raw material from Zabaikailsky krai (Russia). The major components of this essential oil were presented by sesquiterpenes (50.33%), such as germacrene D, caryophyllene, α-zingiberene and bicyclogermacrene; among monoterpenes - camphor, 1,8-cineol, endo-borneol, terpinen-4ol, α-terpineol. Chemical assay of the essential oil of A.frigida collected in Buryatia (Russia) is around 0,97%. There were detected about 63 components in this essential oil and, mostly, they are monoterpenes (87.67%), such as camphor, 1,8 – cineol, endo-borneol, myrtenol, α-terpineol acetate. What concerns the raw material from Qinghai-Tibet plateau (China), it contains 0,67% of essential oils. The major components were presented by monoterpenes like in Buryatian sample (93.85%): camphor, 1,8 – cineol, borneol, terpinen-4-ol and bornyl acetate. Thus, the most chemical assay of the essential oil of A.frigida was from the raw material collected in Zabaikailsky krai (Russia) – 1,00%. But the macro components of the essential oils in three samples are presented by monoterpenes, like camphor, 1,8 – cineol, endo-borneol and borneol, terpinen-4-ol and others. Thus, pharmacognostic analysis of three samples of herba Artemisiae frigidae revealed that macro- and microscopic characteristics are mostly the same. And purity tests and identification of main biologically active substances in A. frigida Willd has been carried out using standard identity tests. The quantitative composition of essential oils is different depending on growing conditions, but the chemical composition of the main components is constant and presented, mostly, by monoterpenes. So this research shows that Artemisia frigida Willd. can be used as a valuable raw material for the medicine. References: 1. Batorova S.M., Ubasheev I.O. Medical herbs of Zabaikalye, using in Tibetan medicine for wound healing // Resources of Zabaikalyan plant formation and its using. - Ulan-Ude, 1991. P. 169-182. 2. Mikhailova T.N. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of some species of Artemisia in Siberian flora // some aspects of pharmacognosy and cultivated plants of Siberia. – Tomsk, 1969. P.32-39. 3. State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. Ed. XI (part 2). Common methods of analysis. Medical plant material / USSR Ministry of Health. - 11th ed., Ext. - Moscow: Medicine, 1990. - 400 p. 4. Grinkevich N.I., Safronich L.N. Chemical analysis of medical plants. -Moscow: Higher school, 1983.-176p. 5. Chemical composition of essential oils of Artemisia frigid Willd. from Buryatian flora / S.V. Zhigzhitzhapova and others // Vestnik of Buryat State University. – 2013. - №3. P.71-74. 6. Chemical composition of essential oils of Artemisia frigid Willd., collected in Zabaikalye / N.V. Bodoev and others // Chemistry of plant materials. – 2000. – №3. P.41-44. 7. Macroscopic, microscopic and phytochemical analysis of medicinal plants: teaching aids / S.V. Zhigzhitzhapova, T.E. Randalova, L.D. Radnaeva - Ulan -Ude: Publishing Buryat Scientific Center. - 2014. 93 p. 8. Plant resources of USSR. Flowering plants, its chemical composition, using. Genus Asteraceae. St.Petersburg: Nauka, 1993. 352 P.
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INTRODUCCIÓN: Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (Rutaceae) es empleada tradicionalmente en nuestro país para el alivio del dolor y la inflamación asociados a enfermedades osteomioarticulares, pero no se reportan estudios que profundicen en elementos tan importantes como lo constituyen su calidad y seguridad. En el presente trabajo se evalúa su potencialidad para ser empleado como alternativa terapéutica. MÉTODOS: la droga vegetal (hojas frescas de M. paniculata), y su derivado galénico (tintura), fueron sometidas a un estudio farmacognóstico que incluyó la evaluación macromorfológica de las hojas de la especie, así como la determinación de sus índices numéricos de calidad y el tamizaje fitoquímico. Asimismo la tintura obtenida fue sometida a la evaluación de sus requisitos organolépticos, índices numéricos de calidad, análisis capilar, tamizaje fitoquímico y cromatografía en capa delgada; desde el punto de vista preclínico, fue evaluada su seguridad a través de un estudio de toxicidad aguda dérmica y su capacidad antioxidante mediante las técnicas FRAP y DPPH. RESULTADOS: los parámetros de calidad establecidos fueron incluidos en la Guía de fitofármacos y apifármacos. Los resultados preclínicos obtenidos en la evaluación de la tintura fueron satisfactorios, ya que no generó efectos tóxicos, el análisis cualitativo DPPH evidenció su capacidad antioxidante y el análisis por FRAP mostró un poder antioxidante similar al de la vitamina C. CONCLUSIONES: los resultados alcanzados permiten garantizar que M. paniculata sea una alternativa segura y eficaz para el uso en la terapéutica, como parte del arsenal de nuestro sistema de salud en Medicina Natural y Tradicional.
INTRODUCTION: Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (Rutaceae) has been traditionally used in our country to treat pain and inflammation caused by osteoarticular disorders. However, there are no reports of studies about such important topics as its quality and safety. The present paper evaluates the potential use of M. paniculata as a therapeutic alternative. METHODS: a pharmacognostic study was conducted of the plant drug (fresh leaves of M. paniculata) and its galenic derivative (tincture) which included a macromorphological evaluation of the leaves, determination of numerical indices of quality and phytochemical screening. The tincture obtained was evaluated for organoleptic requirements and numerical indices of quality, and underwent capillary analysis, phytochemical screening and thin-layer chromatography. Preclinical safety was assessed in an acute dermal toxicity study. Antioxidant capacity was examined by FRAP and DPPH. RESULTS: the quality parameters obtained were included in the Guide of Phytomedicines and Apimedicines. Preclinical evaluation of the tincture was satisfactory, since no toxic effects were found. Qualitative DPPH analysis revealed antioxidant capacity and FRAP found an antioxidant power similar to that of vitamin C. CONCLUSIONS: results confirm the status of M. paniculata as a safe, effective therapeutic alternative within the natural and traditional medicine stock of our country's health system.
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Humans , Plants, Medicinal , Clinical Trials as Topic/standards , Antioxidants/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Objective: To establish the pharmacognostic characters for the correct identification and quality control of Hilleria latifolia (H. latifolia), an important herb in Ghanaian folklore medicine, for the treatment of infections, pain and inflammation. Methods: The macro-morphological, qualitative and quantitative microscopic features, physicochemical and phytochemical features of the medicinally used parts of H. latifolia were evaluated using standard methods. Results: The plant has simple, alternate leaves with entire margin. The lamina is ovate to broadly lanceolate with an acuminate apex. It is hypostomatic with anomocytic stomata. The plant contains abundant prismatic crystals in all parts. Starch grains abound in the roots. The quantitative indices of the leaf and physicochemical parameters have also been established. Conclusions: The pharmacognostic features established in this study may be used as part of the pharmacopoeial standard for the correct identification and quality control of H. latifolia.
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Objective: To evaluate the pharmacognostic characters of Limonia acidissima L. (L. acidissima) leaf and stem, an important traditional medicinal plant. Methods: The present study provides pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical details of leaf and stem of L. acidissima. Micro and macroscopic characters were analyzed. WHO recommended parameters were followed in the entire study. Results: The macroscopic study showed that the leaf was alternate, imparipinnately compound leaf with entire margin, long petiole, apex obtuse and base decurrent, with surface appearance and txture glabrous. The inflorescence was lateral and terminal panicles. The microscopic study of leaf revealed the presence of actinocytic stomata, multicellular trichome, prismatic calcium oxalate crystals, vascular bundles, etc. The powder microscopy also revealed prism like calcium oxalate crystals, multicellular trichome and actinocytic stomata. Physiochemical analysis of dried leaf powder showed total ash, water soluble ash and acid insoluble ash as 9.33%, 1.83% and 1.16% w/w respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of maximum amount of flavonoids and tannins. The main microscopic characteristic of stem was 2-3 layers of phellem, phellogen 2-3 layered followed by 7-8 layered phelloderm. Among other microscopic components were presence of xylem parenchyma, xylem vessels, xylem fibres and tracheids. The powder microscopy also revealed presence of annular, spiral vessel, prism crystals and multicellular trichome. Physiochemical analysis of dried stem powder showed total ash, water soluble ash and acid insoluble ash as 3.16%, 0.66% and 0.66% w/w respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of maximum amount of only flavonoids. Conclusions: Various pharmacognostical characters observed in this study will help in botanical identification and standardization of leaf and stem of L. acidissima and will also help in quality control and formulation development.
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OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the pharmacognostic characters of Limonia acidissima L. (L. acidissima) leaf and stem, an important traditional medicinal plant.@*METHODS@#The present study provides pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical details of leaf and stem of L. acidissima. Micro and macroscopic characters were analyzed. WHO recommended parameters were followed in the entire study.@*RESULTS@#The macroscopic study showed that the leaf was alternate, imparipinnately compound leaf with entire margin, long petiole, apex obtuse and base decurrent, with surface appearance and txture glabrous. The inflorescence was lateral and terminal panicles. The microscopic study of leaf revealed the presence of actinocytic stomata, multicellular trichome, prismatic calcium oxalate crystals, vascular bundles, etc. The powder microscopy also revealed prism like calcium oxalate crystals, multicellular trichome and actinocytic stomata. Physiochemical analysis of dried leaf powder showed total ash, water soluble ash and acid insoluble ash as 9.33%, 1.83% and 1.16% w/w respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of maximum amount of flavonoids and tannins. The main microscopic characteristic of stem was 2-3 layers of phellem, phellogen 2-3 layered followed by 7-8 layered phelloderm. Among other microscopic components were presence of xylem parenchyma, xylem vessels, xylem fibres and tracheids. The powder microscopy also revealed presence of annular, spiral vessel, prism crystals and multicellular trichome. Physiochemical analysis of dried stem powder showed total ash, water soluble ash and acid insoluble ash as 3.16%, 0.66% and 0.66% w/w respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of maximum amount of only flavonoids.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Various pharmacognostical characters observed in this study will help in botanical identification and standardization of leaf and stem of L. acidissima and will also help in quality control and formulation development.
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Objective:To study the detailed pharmacognostic profile of galls of Quercus infectoria Olivier (Q. infectoria olivier) (Fagaceae), an important medicinal plant used in the Indian system of medicine. Methods: Samples of galls of Q. infectoria were studied by macroscopical, microscopical, physiochemical, phytochemical, fluorescence analysis and othjer methods for standardization as recommended by WHO. Results:Macroscopically, the crude drug is globose with horny appearances on external surface (1.4-2.3 cm in length and 1-1.5 cm in diameter), with greyish-brown to brownish-black in colour externally and dark brown buff colored. Surface is smooth with numerous horny protuberances giving rough touch, and with unpleasant odour. Microscopically, a wide zone of radially elongated parenchyma cells between upper and lower epidermis were found. The vascular strands were present at all places and radially elongated sclerides touched the lower epidermis. In physico-chemical studies, the moisture, total ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble, water soluble, petroleum ether, chloroform extractive value and tannin content were found to be 2.790, 5.020, 0.110, 38.780, 41.210, 0.402, 1.590 and 49.200 percentage respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes, tannins, saponins and alkaloids. Conclusions:The results of the present study serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identification of this medicinally important plant drug material for future investigations and applications.
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To establish the pharmacognostic characters for the correct identification and quality control of Hilleria latifolia (H. latifolia), an important herb in Ghanaian folklore medicine, for the treatment of infections, pain and inflammation. Methods: The macro-morphological, qualitative and quantitative microscopic features, physicochemical and phytochemical features of the medicinally used parts of H. latifolia were evaluated using standard methods. Results: The plant has simple, alternate leaves with entire margin. The lamina is ovate to broadly lanceolate with an acuminate apex. It is hypostomatic with anomocytic stomata. The plant contains abundant prismatic crystals in all parts. Starch grains abound in the roots. The quantitative indices of the leaf and physicochemical parameters have also been established. Conclusions: The pharmacognostic features established in this study may be used as part of the pharmacopoeial standard for the correct identification and quality control of H. latifolia.
ABSTRACT
Objective To provide scientific evidence for the identification and development of fructus psoraleae through its pharmacognostical study.Methods To identify fructus psoraleae by paraffin section and powder method,meanwhile,morphological identification and physical and chemical identification were also adopted.Results The morphological and microscopic characteristics of transverse section and powder of fructus psoraleae were described; fluorescent speckles of the same color were found in the same place of test samples and psoralen and isopsoralen reference by thin layer chromatography; results of water and ash determination all complied with Chinese pharmacopoeia specification,water and 70％ ethanol extractives were 21.93～39.68％,22.03～31.77％,respectively.Conclusion The established method was simple and practical with reliable results,and suitable for the identification of fructus psoraleae.