Microbiological environmental contamination in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit / Contaminação ambiental microbiológica em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica / Contaminación ambiental microbiológica en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos

Background and objectives: inanimate surfaces and equipment in the hospital environment are considered reservoirs of resistant and pathogenic microorganisms. In Pediatric Intensive Care Units, the risk of infection is also related to the severity of pathologies associated with the immaturity of the immune system of this population. This study aimed to investigate microbiological environmental contamination in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Method: this is an exploratory cross-sectional study, carried out in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of a highly complex university hospital, located in southern Brazil. To assess environmental contamination, sterile swabs were rubbed on surfaces corresponding to the patient unit and in the common area. Results: twenty-eight surfaces were analyzed, 12 of which were located in units occupied by patients at the time of collection and 16 surfaces in the common use area. In the total number of surfaces analyzed by microbiological cultures, the patient unit showed 66.67% contamination by microorganisms, while surfaces in the common area showed 56.25%. Regarding the microbiological profile, all isolated microorganisms were Gram-positive and showed resistance, namely Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Conclusion: there was evidence of a high frequency of contamination on inanimate surfaces and equipment near and far from patients, essentially by pathogenic and multi-resistant microorganisms to antimicrobials.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivos: superfícies e equipamentos inanimados no ambiente hospitalar são considerados reservatórios de microrganismos resistentes e patogênicos. Nas Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, o risco de infeção também está relacionado com a gravidade das patologias associadas à imaturidade do sistema imunitário desta população. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a contaminação microbiológica ambiental em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica. Método: trata-se de um estudo exploratório transversal, realizado em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica de um hospital universitário de alta complexidade, localizado no Sul do Brasil. Para avaliar a contaminação ambiental, foram esfregados swabs estéreis nas superfícies correspondentes à unidade do paciente e na área comum. Resultados: foram analisadas vinte e oito superfícies, sendo 12 localizadas em unidades ocupadas por pacientes no momento da coleta e 16 superfícies em área de uso comum. No total de superfícies analisadas por culturas microbiológicas, a unidade paciente apresentou 66,67% de contaminação por microrganismos, enquanto as superfícies da área comum apresentaram 56,25%. Quanto ao perfil microbiológico, todos os microrganismos isolados eram Gram-positivos e apresentavam resistência, nomeadamente Staphylococcus aureus e Staphylococcus coagulase-negativa. Conclusão: houve evidência de elevada frequência de contaminação em superfícies inanimadas e equipamentos próximos e distantes dos pacientes, essencialmente por microrganismos patogênicos e multirresistentes aos antimicrobianos.(AU)

Fundamento y objetivos: las superficies y equipos inanimados del ambiente hospitalario son considerados reservorios de microorganismos resistentes y patógenos. En las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos el riesgo de infección también se relaciona con la gravedad de patologías asociadas a la inmadurez del sistema inmunológico de esta población. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la contaminación ambiental microbiológica en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. Método: se trata de un estudio exploratorio transversal, realizado en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos de un hospital universitario de alta complejidad, ubicado en el sur de Brasil. Para evaluar la contaminación ambiental se frotaron hisopos estériles en las superficies correspondientes a la unidad de pacientes y en el área común. Resultados: se analizaron veintiocho superficies, 12 de las cuales estaban ubicadas en unidades ocupadas por los pacientes en el momento de la recogida y 16 superficies en el área de uso común. Del total de superficies analizadas por cultivos microbiológicos, la unidad de pacientes presentó un 66,67% de contaminación por microorganismos, mientras que las superficies del área común presentaron un 56,25%. En cuanto al perfil microbiológico, todos los microorganismos aislados fueron Gram positivos y presentaron resistencia, concretamente Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo. Conclusión: se evidenció alta frecuencia de contaminación en superficies inanimadas y equipos cercanos y lejanos de los pacientes, esencialmente por microorganismos patógenos y multirresistentes a los antimicrobianos.(AU)

Perfil da prevalência de infecções enterocócicas e de resistência bacteriana aos antimicrobianos em infecções urinárias comunitárias / Profile of the prevalence of enterococcal infections and bacterial resistance to antibiotics in public urinary infections

As infecções do trato urinário causadas por bactérias resistentes aos antimicrobiano são o terceiro tipo de infecção mais comum em humanos, descritas em todo o mundo. Trata-se de estudo de série temporal realizado a partir de registros de urocultura positiva, no período de 1º de janeiro de 2011 a 31 de dezembro de 2019, na região metropolitana do município de Goiânia, Centro-Oeste do Brasil, em pessoas de todas as idades e sexos, com objetivo de avaliar a prevalência as infeções urinárias, o padrão de resistência aos antimicrobianos e a tendência do crescimento da resistência em Enterococcus faecalis. A análise descritiva e o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson foram utilizados para avaliar o crescimento da prevalência da resistência aos antimicrobianos e a análise de correlação pelo método de Poisson foi usada para avaliar a tendência do crescimento da resistência bacteriana. De 22.034 registros de uroculturas positivas, 646 (2,9%) eram E. faecalis. Os achados demonstraram que as infeções urinárias são mais prevalentes em mulheres com idade superior a 19 anos. A prevalência da resistência foi elevada para as fluoroquinolonas e significante crescimento da resistência para Gentamicina (p=0,02%) e diminuição para Ampicilina (p<0,001) e Tobramicina (p<0,001). A tendência de crescimento positiva foi significante para a Gentamicina e negativa para Ampicilina e Tobramicina. Os achados demonstram que é necessária a criação de programas de vigilância que objetivam monitorar o crescimento do padrão de resistência nas ITUs comunitárias, levando em consideração o local de estudo.

Urinary tract infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria are the third most common type of infection in humans described worldwide. This is a time series study carried out from positive urine culture records, from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2019, in the metropolitan region of the municipality of Goiania, Midwest Brazil, in people of all ages and sexes. The aim was to assess the prevalence of urinary tract infections, the pattern of resistance to antibiotics, and the trend of increasing resistance in Enterococcus faecalis. Descriptive analysis and Pearson's chi-square test were used to assess the growth in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance, and a correlation analysis by the Poisson method was used to assess the trend in the growth of bacterial resistance. Of 22,034 positive urine cultures, 646 (2.9%) were of E. faecalis. The findings showed that urinary tract infections are more prevalent in women aged over 19 years old. The prevalence of resistance was high for the fluoroquinolone drugs and a significant increase in resistance against Gentamicin (p=0.02%) and a decrease toward Ampicillin (p<0.001) and Tobramycin (p<0.001). The increasing trend was significant for Gentamicin and negative for Ampicillin and Tobramycin. The findings demonstrate that it is necessary to create surveillance programs that aim to monitor the growth of the resistance patterns in public UTIs, while considering the study site.

Enfermedad celíaca, epilepsia y calcificaciones cerebrales / Celiac disease, epilepsy and cerebral calcifications

Resumen Varón de 33 años con antecedentes de convulsiones febriles y discapacidad intelectual moderada grave, inició a los 2 años convulsiones tanto focales como generalizadas atónicas diarias, que ocasionaron traumas faciales. Debido a la farmacorresistencia se implantó un estimulador del nervio vago, con respuesta parcial al mismo. Durante su seguimiento, se hizo diagnóstico de enfermedad celíaca. Al realizar una tomografía de encéfalo se evidenciaron calcificaciones piriformes occipitales bilaterales, estableciéndose el diagnostico de enfermedad celiaca, epilepsia y calcificaciones cerebrales. Se le indicó dieta libre de gluten y continuar el tratamiento farmacológico, logrando de esta manera una reducción de las crisis.

Abstract A 33-year-old man with a history of febrile seizures and moderate-severe intellectual disability began, at 2 years, both focal and generalized daily atonic seizures, which caused facial trauma. Due to drug resistance, a vagus nerve stimulator was implanted, with partial response to it. During his follow-up, he was diagnosed with celiac disease. When performing a brain tomography, bilateral occipital pyriform calcifications were evidenced, establishing the diagnosis of celiac disease, epilepsy and cerebral calcifications. A gluten-free diet was indicated and pharmacological treatment continued, thus achieving a reduction in seizures.

El tratamiento de la cistitis aguda no complicada de la mujer en la comunidad ¿es un problema resuelto en el país?

RESUMEN Introducción: la práctica de la Medicina enfrenta frecuentemente al manejo de pacientes del sexo femenino con infección de vías urinarias no complicada, en las que se necesita iniciar un tratamiento empírico para Escherichia coli, basado en la identificación de los llamados antibióticos de primera línea para dicho germen y en el conocimiento de la resistencia local a los mismos. Objetivos: analizar los textos de Medicina Interna, Nefrología, Microbiología, guías internacionales y otras publicaciones recientes para identificar los antibióticos como los de primera línea para el tratamiento de la cistitis aguda no complicada en la mujer: nitrofurantoína, fosfomicina, cotrimoxazol (trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol) y pivmecillinam. Resultados: de los antibióticos mencionados sólo están disponibles en el país la nitrofurantoína y el cotrimoxazol. En un estudio que hemos publicado recientemente se encontró que la resistencia de Escherichia coli a la nitrofurantoína fue 4% y al cotrimoxazol fue del 35%. Conclusión: de los antibióticos considerados de primera línea para el tratamiento empírico de la cistitis aguda no complicada en la mujer, solo tenemos disponible en el país la nitrofurantoína y el cotrimoxazol, siendo baja (4%) la resistencia local de Escherichia coli a la nitrofurantoina y elevada (35%) al cotrimoxazol.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The practice of medicine frequently faces the management of female patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infection, in which an empirical treatment for Escherichia coli is needed, based on the identification of the so-called first-line antibiotics for this germ and in the knowledge of local resistance to them. Objectives: To analyze the texts of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Microbiology, international guidelines and other recent publications to identify the following antibiotics as those of first line for the treatment of uncomplicated acute cystitis in women: nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin, cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim -sulfamethoxazole) and pivmecillinam. Results: Of the above mentioned antibiotics, only nitrofurantoin and cotrimoxazole are available in Paraguay. In a study we recently published it was found that the resistance of E. coli to nitrofurantoin was 4% and to cotrimoxazole 35%. Conclusion: Of the antibiotics considered as of first line for the empirical treatment of uncomplicated acute cystitis in women, only nitrofurantoin and cotrimoxazole are available in the country, being low (4%) the local resistance of E. coli to nitrofurantoin and high (35%) to cotrimoxazole.

Progress of pathogenesis and potential future implications of refractory epilepsy / 临床儿科杂志

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder of children. Research in recent years on the mechanism of refractable epilepsy has made some breakthrough. Four concepts have been put forward to explain the development of pharmacoresistance. The transporter hypothesis have become the focus, which contends that the expression or function of multidrug transporters in the brain is augmented, leading to impaired access of antiepileptic drugs to central nervous system targets. An emerging understanding of these underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms is likely to provide important impetus for the development of new pharmacological treatment strategies and clinical test facility.

Clinical Factors Related With Response to Anti-epileptics in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy With Hippocampal Sclerosis

BACKGROUNDS: Temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS) is not always intractable to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). To identify the responsiveness to AEDs and related clinical factors in TLE-HS, we performed this study. METHODS: Consecutive 100 (51 men, mean age=30.2+/-6.6, age range=19-50) patients with TLE-HS were divided into two groups by their responsiveness to AEDs. Intractable TLE-HS was defined if they had any seizures for the preceding year with at least two AEDs. Clinical factors were analyzed to find the association of the responsiveness to AEDs. RESULTS: Intractable TLE-HS was found in 68% of patients. The younger age of onset (12+/-4 vs. 31+/-8 years, p<0.0001), longer duration of epilepsy (17+/-6 vs. 2+/-1 years, p<0.0001), more than five tonic-clonic seizures (GTCs) with secondary generalization (29.4 vs. 6.3%, p=0.0009) and bilateral epileptiform abnormalities on EEG (30.9 vs 6.3%, p=0.0054) were significantly correlated with the intractable TLE-HS. According to multiple logistic regression analysis, bilateral epileptiform abnormalities on EEG (adjusted OR=9.4, 95% CI: 1.98~44.76) and more than five GTC (adjusted OR=7.7, 95% CI: 1.60~33.39) were independently related with poor responsiveness to AEDs in TLE-HS. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of hippocampal sclerosis does not necessarily mean intractability to AEDs. The clinical variables related with the poor response to ADEs in TLE-HS are more than five GTCs and bilateral epileptiform abnormalities on EEG.