Colletotrichum truncatum transmission via lima bean seeds

Anthracnose is the primary disease in Phaseolus lunatus cultures, causing severe losses. Inoculation techniques are vital for assessing genotype resistance and control methods at the early stages of seedling development. This study aimed to compare inoculation methods and exposure times of a lima bean seed variety to Colletotrichum truncatum using a completely randomized 4x5 factorial design with five replications. Seed inoculation methods by direct contact with mycelium, mannitol water restrictor, and sucrose water restrictor and immersion in conidia suspension were compared and submitted to substrates containing the developed pathogen or not at exposure times of 0, 36, 60, 84, and 108 hours. Evaluations were made by analyzing the severity, incidence, and disease index for anthracnose and seedling physiological quality under greenhouse conditions. The inoculation method by direct contact with sucrose solute for 36 hours was the most suitable for C. truncatum inoculation in lima bean seeds, providing a higher transmission rate but slightly affecting their physiological parameters. C. truncatum damage to lima bean seed performance increased with longer exposure times, regardless of the inoculation method.

Efeito da germinação e da desidratação no valor nutritivo, compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante de farinhas de leguminosas / Germination and dehydration effects on nutritional value, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of legume flours / Efectos de la germinación y la deshidratación sobre el valor nutritivo, los compuestos bioactivos y la actividad antioxidante de harinas de leguminosas

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o efeito da germinação no teor de macronutrientes e da desidratação em compostos bioativos, nutrientes e atividade antioxidante de farinhas das leguminosas Phaseolus lunatus L. e Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.) germinadas. As condições de germinação foram controladas em laboratório e as amostras foram submetidas à desidratação térmica (55°C) e liofilização. Foram realizadas as análises de composição centesimal, fenólicos totais flavonoides, atividade antioxidante (DPPH, FRAP), perfil de ácidos graxos (CG-FID) e de vitâmeros de tocoferol (HPLC- DAD). A germinação das leguminosas promoveu aumento de proteínas, lipídios e carboidratos. O processamento térmico para desidratação contribuiu para perdas de proteínas, lipídios, cinzas, e maior atividade antioxidantes em ambas as espécies. O perfil de ácidos graxos e vitâmeros de tocoferol mostraram-se com variações que dependem do tipo de leguminosa e condições de processamento, podendo ser positivas ou negativas. Farinhas de leguminosas germinadas pode ser uma alternativa para a inserção na dieta ou em formulações alimentícias e as condições de processamento devem ser monitoradas com intuito de otimiza propriedades nutritivas e funcionais.

The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effect of germination on macronutrient content and dehydration on bioactive compounds, nutrients and antioxidant activity of flours from germinated Phaseolus lunatus L. and Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.) legumes. The germination conditions were controlled in the laboratory and the samples were submitted to thermal dehydration (55°C) and lyophilization. Analyses were carried out for centesimal composition, total phenolic flavonoids, antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP), fatty acid profile (GC-FID) and tocopherol vitamers (HPLC-DAD). Germination of the legumes promoted an increase in proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Thermal processing for dehydration contributed to losses of proteins, lipids, ash, and higher antioxidant activity in both species. The profile of fatty acids and tocopherol vitamers showed variations that depend on the type of legume and processing conditions, and can be positive or negative. Sprouted legume flours can be an alternative for insertion in the diet or in food formulations and the processing conditions must be monitored in order to optimize nutritional and functional properties.

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron evaluar el efecto de la germinación sobre el contenido en macronutrientes y de la deshidratación sobre los compuestos bioactivos, los nutrientes y la actividad antioxidante de harinas de leguminosas germinadas de Phaseolus lunatus L. y Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.). Las condiciones de germinación se controlaron en el laboratorio y las muestras se sometieron a deshidratación térmica (55°C) y liofilización. Se realizaron análisis de composición centesimal, flavonoides fenólicos totales, actividad antioxidante (DPPH, FRAP), perfil de ácidos grasos (GC-FID) y vitaminas tocoferol (HPLC-DAD). La germinación de las leguminosas promovió un aumento de proteínas, lípidos y carbohidratos. El procesado térmico para la deshidratación contribuyó a pérdidas de proteínas, lípidos, cenizas y a una mayor actividad antioxidante en ambas especies. El perfil de ácidos grasos y vitaminas tocoferol mostró variaciones que dependen del tipo de legumbre y de las condiciones de procesado, pudiendo ser positivas o negativas. Las harinas de leguminosas germinadas pueden ser una alternativa para su inserción en la dieta o en formulaciones alimentarias y las condiciones de procesado deben ser monitorizadas para optimizar las propiedades nutricionales y funcionales.

Molecular Identification of Bacillus Species during Spontaneous Fermentation of Lima Bean Flour (Phaseolus lunatus)

Aims: Bacillus species is used as starter culture to improve quality of the fermented product. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify Bacillus species during the spontaneous fermentation of Phaseolus lunatus with prospective selection as starter cultures. Study Design: Spontaneous fermentation of Phaseolus lunatus flour was allowed to proceed at ambient temperature (29±2°C) for three days under anaerobic condition. Methodology: The Bacillus counts were determined and 100 isolates were identified by PCR and the sequencing of 16S rDNA domain. Results: In unfermented sample the Bacillus count was 3.14 log CFU/mL. During fermentation the count being between 2.68 and 2.88 log CFU/mL. Based on PCR and the sequencing of 16S rDNA domain, Bacillus isolates were assigned to four species Bacillus sp, Bacillus subtilis, Brevibacillus agri and Bacillus xiamensisis. Bacillus spp, Bacillus subtillis and Bacillus cereus were detected at all the fermentation times. Their frequencies were between 14.29 and 45.83%, 25 and 35.71%, 25 and 50% respectively. Conclusion: Among these species Bacillus subtillis could be used as starter culture to improve quality of the fermented product.

Seed size influences the promoting activity of rhizobia on plant growth, nodulation and N fixation in lima bean / O tamanho da semente influencia a atividade promotora dos rizóbios sobre o crescimento de plantas, nodulação e fixação de N em feijão-fava

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the activity of rhizobia isolates inoculated in large (18 mm) and small (11 mm) seeds on lima bean growth, nodulation and N fixation. Selected rhizobia isolates were compared with a reference strain CIAT899 and two controls without inoculation. Large seeds contributed for highest plant growth, nodulation and N fixation than small seeds. The isolates UFPI-59, UFPI-18 and UFPI-38 promoted the highest values of shoot and root dry weight, respectively. The isolates UFPI-32 promoted the highest values of nodule number, while UFPI-59 promoted the highest values of nodule dry weight. The isolates UFPI-38 and UFPI-59 promoted the highest accumulation of N. This study showed that seed size really influences lima bean growth, nodulation and BNF. Considering rhizobia isolates, UFPI-59, UFPI-38, and UFPI-18 contributed for plant growth, promoted better nodulation and effectiveness on biological N fixation.

RESUMO: Este estudo avaliou a atividade de isolados de rizóbios inoculados em sementes pequenas (11 mm) e grandes (18 mm) sobre o crescimento, nodulação e fixação de N de feijão-fava. Isolados selecionados de rizóbios foram comparados com uma estirpe de referência CIAT899 e dois controles sem inoculação. Sementes grandes contribuíram para maior crescimento de plantas, nodulação e fixação de N do que sementes pequenas. Os isolados UFPI-59, UFPI-18 e UFPI-38 promoveram os maiores valores de massa seca de parte aérea e raízes. Os isolados UFPI-32 e UFPI-59 promoveram os maiores valores de número e massa de nódulos, respectivamente. Os isolados UFPI-38 e UFPI-59 promoveram maior acúmulo de N. Este estudo mostrou que o tamanho de sementes influencia o crescimento, nodulação e fixação de N em feijão-fava. Considerando os isolados de rizóbios, UFPI-59, UFPI-38 e UFPI-18 contribuíram para o crescimento de plantas, promoveram melhor nodulação e eficiência na fixação de N.

Managing Acanthoscelides obtectus Say on Stored Phaseolus lunatus L. with Six Indigenous Botanical Powders

Telfairia occidentalis, Piper guineensis, Gmelina arborea, Bryophyllum pinnate, Amaranthus viridis, and Musanga ceropolides were separately assessed for insecticidal effects on Acanthoscelides obtectus Say, a pest of stored Phaseolus lunatus L. The plants were assessed in a completely randomized design for aduticidal and reproductive inhibition potential as well as effect on seed weight at three treatment doses (2%, 4%, 6% and 0 as the control). Results showed that at 144 hours post-treatment, P. guineensis at 6% dose had the highest significant (P=0.05) mortality (59.5%) of A. obtectus. This was followed by P. guineensis which had comparable effect 2% (50.9%) and 45 (54.9%). The least significant mortality was observed in control. At 4% and 6% A. viridis had similar mortality effect on A. obtectus as 6% G. arborea, while 2% A. viridis, 6% B. pinnate, 2% and 4% G. arborea had similar effect. The highest number of progeny emerged after 49 days were observed in control (345.33±8.84) while P. guineensis significantly (P=0.05) inhibited progeny followed by 6% G. arborea and 6% M. ceropolides. Phaseolus lunatus seeds treated with 6% P. guineensis also had the least significant weight loss while the control had the greatest weight loss of 32.56 g. Though all these test plants significantly (P=0.05) increased adult mortality, reduced progeny emergence and weight loss in seeds than the control. Piper guineensis however, exhibited the best insecticidal property. Piper guineensis and G. arborea were significantly more active in inhibiting A. obtectus reproduction and progeny emergence, but increased adult mortality leading to reduction in weight loss.

Induction of resistance to Colletotrichum truncatum in lima bean / Indução de resistência à Colletotrichum truncatum em feijão-fava

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum truncatum) is one of the major diseases of the lima bean culture, found in production fields, causing decrease in productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of abiotic and biotic inducers applied in lima bean plants to reduce anthracnose severity. Lima bean accessions were used and treated with: the abiotic inducers calcium silicate (Agrosilício Plus) and silicate clay (Rocksil), using the 3 g dose.L-1; the biotic inducer citric biomass extract (Ecolife), at the dose of 3 mL.L-1; and distilled water as control. To evaluate the resistance induction, the results of severity and degree of resistance of fava bean at 7, 11, 15, 19 and 23 days after inoculation were considered according to the scale of grades and classes of reactions. The design was a randomized block in a factorial arrangement 4 × 15 (treatments × hits) with four blocks. Resistance inducers Agrosilicon Plus, Ecolife and Rocksil have potential to be used in the management of anthracnose in fava bean. The studied accesses showed degree of resistance, being able to be explored in relation to obtaining anthracnose resistant cultivars in future breeding programs of this crop.(AU)

A antracnose é uma das principais doenças da cultura do feijão-fava (Phaseolus lunatus L.), sendo encontrada em campos de produção e com grande potencial de causar redução na produtividade. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o efeito de indutores abiótico e biótico aplicados em plantas de feijão-fava, a fim de diminuir a severidade da antracnose. Foram utilizados 15 acessos de feijão-fava, tratados com os indutores abióticos: silicato de cálcio (Agrosilício Plus) e argila silicatada (Rocksil), utilizando a dose de 3 g.L-1 para ambos os produtos; e o indutor biótico biomassa cítrica (Ecolife), na dose de 3 mL.L-1. Como testemunha, aplicou-se apenas água destilada. Para avaliar a indução de resistência, foram considerados os resultados de severidade e grau de resistência dos acessos de feijão-fava aos 7, 11, 15, 19 e 23 dias após a inoculação, de acordo com escala de notas e classes de reações. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial simples 4 × 15 (tratamentos × acessos) com quatro blocos. Os indutores de resistência Agrosilício Plus, Ecolife e Rocksil apresentaram potencial para serem utilizados no manejo da antracnose em feijão-fava. Os acessos estudados revelaram grau de resistência, podendo ser explorados quanto à obtenção de cultivares resistentes à antracnose em futuros programas de melhoramento genético dessa cultura.(AU)

Varieties of lima bean shows different growth responses when inoculated with Bacillus sp. a plant growth-promoting bacteria / Variedades de feijão-fava exibem diferentes respostas de crescimento quando inoculadas com Bacillus sp. uma bactéria promotora de crescimento em plantas

Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) comprise of soil microorganisms that cause positive effects on plant growth. The hypothesis according to which the inoculation of lima bean with PGPB Bacillus stimulates vegetative growth, which may result in a higher plant productivity, was tested. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of inoculation of two varieties of lima bean (branca and boca de moça) with Bacillus sp., UFPEDA 472 strain, based on plant growth responses. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design. Three treatments were applied separately to each lima bean variety: the first used inoculation with Bacillus, one was submitted to nitrogen supplementation, and one was the absolute control (non-inoculated plants). The following variables were evaluated: absolute and relative growth rate, root length, stem diameter, fresh and dry mass of shoots and roots, shoot:root ratio and total chlorophyll. The results showed that lima bean displayed better growth responses when inoculated with Bacillus sp. UFPEDA 472 in relation to the treatment with nitrogen and/or non-inoculated plants. When inoculated with PGPB Bacillus, the lima bean var. branca was superior to boca de moça in terms of root length and root dry mass. The lima bean var. boca de moça inoculated with Bacillus sp. UFPEDA 472 was superior to branca in terms of absolute growth rate, stem diameter, fresh and dry mass of shoot, shoot:root ratio and total chlorophyll. In general, the lima bean var. boca de moça inoculated with Bacillus shows a better growth performance. Our results suggest that growth responses of lima bean varieties branca and boca de moça are related with a positive interaction with the PGPB Bacillus.

Bactérias promotoras de crescimento em plantas (BPCP) compreendem microrganismos do solo que causam efeitos positivos no crescimento vegetal. A hipótese de que a inoculação de feijão-fava com BPCP Bacillus estimula o crescimento vegetativo, o qual pode resultar em uma maior produtividade vegetal, foi testado. Assim, este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da inoculação de duas variedades de feijão-fava (branca e boca de moça) com Bacillus sp., estirpe UFPEDA 472, baseado em respostas de crescimento vegetal. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação usando um delineamento completamente ao acaso. Três tratamentos foram aplicados separadamente à cada variedade de feijão-fava: o primeiro utilizou a inoculação com Bacillus sp. UFPEDA 472, um foi submetido à suplementação com nitrogênio e um foi o controle absoluto (plantas não inoculadas). As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas: taxa de crescimento absoluto e relativo, comprimento das raízes, diâmetro do caule, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e raízes, relação parte aérea:raiz e clorofila total. Os resultados mostram que o feijão-fava exibiu melhores respostas de crescimento quando inoculadas com Bacillus sp. UFPEDA 472 em relação ao tratamento com nitrogênio e/ou às plantas não inoculadas. Quando inoculado com Bacillus sp. UFPEDA 472, o feijão-fava var. branca foi superior à boca de moça em termos de comprimento e massa seca das raízes. O feijão-fava var. boca de moça inoculado com Bacillus sp. UFPEDA 472 foi superior à branca na taxa de crescimento absoluto, diâmetro do caule, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, relação

Antibiose e antixenose de feijão-fava a Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) / Antibiosis and antixenosis of lima bean to Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae)

O feijão-fava é uma importante fonte de proteínas e renda para muitas famílias do Nordeste do Brasil. O gorgulho Zabrotes subfasciatus é uma das principais pragas de feijão-fava armazenado, causando prejuízos quantitativos e qualitativos. A resistência genética é uma das formas mais promissoras para o controle de pragas. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de estudar e caracterizar os tipos e os níveis de resistência genética de oito acessos de feijão-fava ao ataque de Z. subfasciatus . Os ensaios foram realizados em laboratório com temperatura e luminosidade controladas, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, utilizando os acessos UFPI 230, UFPI 264, UFPI 271, UFPI 515, UFPI 468, UFPI 220, UFPI 280 e UFPI 134 como tratamentos. Foram realizados dois testes: sem chance de escolha e com livre chance de escolha. Houve diferenças significativas para número de ovos, insetos emergidos e mortalidade larval/pupal no teste com livre escolha por meio dos testes F e de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Os índices de atratividade e de preferência para oviposição revelaram que existem diferentes níveis de resistência do tipo não preferência para oviposição. Todos os acessos apresentaram um nível baixo de antibiose. Os acessos UFPI 220, UFPI 468, UFPI 264, UFPI 134 e UFPI 230 apresentaram resistência por antixenose quando comparados com UFPI 515. O acesso UFPI 515 foi o mais suscetível.(AU)

Lima bean is an important source of protein and income for many families in Northeast Brazil. Zabrotes subfasciatus is the main pest of stored lima bean, which is responsible for quantitative and qualitative losses. Genetic resistance is one of the most promising ways to control pests. Thus, this research aimed to study the genetic resistance of eight accessions of lima bean to Z. subfasciatus attack. Assays were performed in the laboratory with temperature and lighting controlled in a completely randomized design using the UFPI 230, UFPI 264, UFPI 271, UFPI 515, UFPI 468, UFPI 220, UFPI 280, and UFPI 134 accessions as treatments. No-choice and free-choice tests were performed. In the free-choice test significant differences were observed in the number of eggs, emerged insects and larval/pupal mortality using the F test and Scott-Knot, both at 5% of probability. The attractivity and preference indicators for oviposition have shown that there are different resistance levels of no preference type for oviposition. All accessions revealed a low antibiosis level. The UFPI 220, UFPI 468, UFPI264, UFPI 134, and UFPI 230 accessions presented antixenosis resistance when compared to the UFPI 515 accession. The UFPI 515 was the most susceptible.(AU)

Total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and antioxidant activity of lima beans conserved in a Brazilian Genebank / Fenólicos, flavonoides, taninos totais e atividade antioxidante de fava conservada em banco de germoplasma

The objective of this study was to characterize for the first time polyphenols and DPPH (2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical) antioxidant activity in commonly cultivated accessions of Phaseolus lunatus from an ex situ germplasm collection maintained by Embrapa, in Brazil. Furthermore, the study aimed to detect changes in total polyphenols, total flavonoids and condensed tannin for the same accessions after regeneration in a greenhouse. The results showed the diversity of the lima bean collection for phenolic compounds, which were strongly correlated with antioxidant activity. Lima beans accessions with the highest polyphenols and antioxidant activity were those with colored seeds. Conservation through cold storage of P. lunatus seeds in a cold chamber in the germplasm collection did not necessarily affect phenolic compounds. Variations observed in values after regeneration seeds may be mainly results of biotic and abiotic factors, including not only cultivar, but also environmental conditions. This study suggests that polyphenols in the lima beans present antioxidant activity, with possible beneficial effects for human health. It was expected that the potential of this tasty legume can be also used as a functional food crop and/or as a new ingredient in gastronomy.

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar, pela primeira vez, os polifenois totais e a atividade antioxidante por DPPH (2- difenil-1- picryhydrazyl radical) em acessos cultivados de Phaseolus lunatus L., provenientes de uma coleção de germoplasma mantida pela Embrapa, no Brasil, e detectar mudanças nos teores de polifenóis totais, flavonoides e taninos condensados, após a regeneração dos acessos em casa de vegetação. Os resultados mostraram a diversidade da coleção de fava para compostos fenólicos, que foram fortemente correlacionados com a atividade antioxidante. Os acessos de fava com os teores mais elevados de polifenóis e de atividade antioxidante foram aqueles com sementes coloridas. A conservação das sementes de P. lunatus na câmara fria da coleção de germoplasma não afetou, necessariamente, os polifenois, sendo que as variações após a regeneração das sementes parecem resultar principalmente de fatores bióticos e abióticos, incluindo não apenas cultivar, mas também condições ambientais. Este estudo sugeriu que os polifenóis da fava apresentam atividade antioxidante, com possíveis efeitos benéficos para a saúde humana. Esperamos que o potencial deste apetitoso legume também possa ser aplicado como alimento funcional e/ou como um novo ingrediente na gastronomia.

Emergência de plântulas de fava em função de posições e profundidades de semeadura / Emergence of lima bean seedlings as a function of position and depth of sowing

A fava, Phaseolus lunatus L., é cultivada em quase todo o território nacional, devido à sua importância econômica. No Nordeste do Brasil, tornou-se uma alternativa de renda e alimento para a população, pois seus grãos são consumidos maduros ou verdes. A pesquisa foi realizada em casa-de-vegetação, no Setor de Horticultura do Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, da Universidade Federal do Piauí, situado no município de Bom Jesus, Piauí, com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da posição e da profundidade de semeadura na emergência e no vigor de sementes de P. lunatus L. O delineamento utilizado foi DIC, em esquema fatorial 3X5, com quatro repetições de 25 sementes, onde os tratamentos foram 3 posições das sementes (HC, HB E HL) e 5 profundidades (1, 2, 3, 4, e 5 cm). Avaliaram-se a porcentagem de emergência, primeira contagem de emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimento e massa seca das plântulas. As sementes de P. lunatus devem ser semeadas com o hilo voltado para cima (HC) na profundidade de 3,3 cm.

Phaseolus lunatus L., is cultivated in almost all the national territory, due to its economic importance. In Northeastern Brazil, it has become an alternative source of income and food for native people because its grains are eaten mature or not. The research work was conducted in a net-house at the Horticulture Sector of Campus "Profa. Cinobelina Elvas", Federal University of Piaui, in Bom Jesus county, Piaui State, Brazil aiming to verify the effect of seed position and depth of sowing on seedling emergence and vigor of P. lunatus L. seeds. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 25 seeds each, and treatments were three seed positions of sowing (HB, HL and HC ) and five depths (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 cm). The percentage of emergence, emergence first count, emergence speed index, length and dry mass of seedlings were recorded. The P. lunatus seeds should be sown with the hilum facing up (HC) at a depth of 3.3 cm.

Bioatividade de extratos aquosos de plantas medicinais em sementes de feijão-fava / Behavioral and physiological health of lima bean seeds subjected to aqueous extract of medicinal plants

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a bioatividade de extratos aquosos de plantas medicinais em sementes de Phaseolus lunatus L. (feijão-fava) via comportamento fisiológico e fitossanitário. Foram utilizadas sementes de feijão-fava da variedade Anduzinha tratadas com seis extratos aquosos de plantas medicinais a 5% (Ocimun gratissimum, Plectranthus neachilus, Vernonia condensata, Cymbopogom citratus, Equisetum sp., e Piper aduncum L.), juntamente com a testemunha (água destilada). A bioatividade foi determinada pelo comportamento fisiológico e sanitário avaliados por meio dos testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento de raiz na primeira e última contagem, e teste de sanidade. Realizou-se a análise de variância e teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. O extrato aquoso de cavalinha (Equisetum sp.) promoveu a melhor qualidade fisiológica das sementes de feijão-fava. Houve maior incidência de fungos nas sementes de feijão-fava que receberam o extrato de boldinho (Plectranthus neachilus).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactivitt of medicinal lants aqueous extracts in Phaseolus lunatus L. (lima bean) s via through physiological and behavioral health. We the llima bean seeds of the variety Anduzinha ins of medicinal lants aqueous extracs ato 5% (Ocimun gratissimum, Plectranthus neachilus, Vernonia condensata, Cymbopogom citratus, Equisetum sp. and Piper aduncum L.) together with the control (distilled water). The bioactivity was determined by physiological and sanitary qutyies reviews through germination, first counting of germination, speed of germination, root length in the first and last counting, and sanity check. We carried out the analysis of variance and the Tukey test at 5% probability. The aqueous extract of Equisetum sp. promoted beseed physiological quality of the lima bean seed. There was a higher incidence of fungs of lima bean sract that received the extract of Plectranthus neacilus).

Repelência e atividade inseticida de pós vegetais sobre Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman em feijão-fava armazenado / Repellency and insecticidal activity of plant powders on Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh. ) on stored lima beans

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o potencial inseticida de Piper nigrum L. (pimenta do reino), Ruta graveolens L. (arruda), Laurus nobilis L. (louro), Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry (cravo da índia), Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (mastruz), Piper tuberculatum Jaqc. (pimenta de macaco), Tagetes erecta L. (cravo de defunto), Cymbopogon nardus L. (citronela) e Melissa officinalis L. (erva cidreira) sobre Z. subfasciatus Boh. através dos testes de confinamento, onde os insetos foram confinados durante cinco dias em um recipiente contendo dez grãos de feijão-fava com 0,3 g do pó da planta a ser testada, e, com chance de escolha por meio de uma arena circular, os insetos tiveram a possibilidade de escolha entre grãos com os pós e a testemunha, grãos sem pó das plantas. Observou-se que houve plantas que atuaram como inseticida, outras que repeliram o inseto e não causaram a morte, e outras, que além de repelir também mataram os insetos quando em contato (cravo da índia e matruz). Concluímos que: P. nigrum, P. tuberculatum, S. aromaticum e C. ambrosioides são tóxicas à Z. subfasciatus causando-lhes a morte, L. nobilis, T. erecta, e C. nardus não apresentaram efeito tóxico sobre Z. subfasciatus, C. ambrosioides, S. aromaticum, e C. nardus são repelentes à Z. subfasciatus; P. nigrum, P. tuberculatum, e T. erecta são neutras, e que M. officinalis não apresentou nenhum efeito sobre Z. subfasciatus em relação aos parâmetros avaliados.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the insecticidal potential of Piper nigrum L., Ruta graveolens L., Laurus nobilis L., Syzygium aromaticum Merr. & L.M.Perry., Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Piper tuberculatum Jaqc., Tagetes erecta L., Cymbopogon nardus L. and Melissa officinalis L. against Zabrotes subfasciatus by free choice, in which, by means of a circular arena, insects had a choice, treatments with or without powder and no choice tests, where insects were confined for five days in a container containing ten grains of lima beans with 0.3 g of powder to be tested. It was observed that some plants have killed the insect while others just repelled the insect, causing no harm to it. Also, one of the studied plants repelled and killed the insects (S. aromaticum, C. ambrosioides and P. tuberculatum). We can conclude that: P. nigrum, P. tuberculatum, S. aromaticum e C. ambrosioides are toxic to the Z. subfasciatus, causing its death. L. nobilis, T. erecta e C. nardus do not present any toxic effect over Z. subfasciatus. C. ambrosioides, S. aromaticum e C. nardus are repellent to Z. subfasciatus. P. nigrum, P. tuberculatum e T. erecta are neutral and M. officinalis have presented no effects over Z. subfasciatus in relation to the parameters evaluated.

A comparative study on the chemical composition of wild and cultivated germplasm of phaseolus lunatus l.

Wild Lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.) were compared with cultivated seed sample (LBS.1) in proximate composition, seed protein fractions, amino acid profiles of total seed proteins, mineral composition, in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) and certain anti-nutritional factors. The wild beans contained more protein (22.84% vs. 20.05%), ash (3.42 vs. 2.91%), crude fiber (5.48% vs. 4.54%), crude lipid (2.63% vs. 2.55%), less carbohydrates (NFE) (65.63% vs. 69.95%) and the energy level of the seed (1576.60 vs. 1599.14 kJ100g-1 DM) than the cultivated seeds. Globulins formed the major bulk of seed proteins in both the seed samples. The essential amino acid profile of total seed proteins compared favorably with FAO/WHO (1991) requirement pattern, except that there were deficiencies of sulphur containing amino acids in the varieties. Wild seeds were found to be a rich source of potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. The wild seed samples presented a less free phenolics (0.66 %), tannins (0.90%), higher content of L-DOPA (0.91 %), and less trypsin inhibitor activity (17.80 TIU mg-1 protein) than the cultivated seeds. Lower levels of phytohaemagglutinating activity for human erythrocytes of “O” blood group than for “A” and “B” blood groups were found. From the chemical point of view, domestication seems to be positive; however, the better protein nutritive quality of the wild beans should be further confirmed by biological assays.

The impact of local extinction on genetic structure of wild populations of lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) in the Central Valley of Costa Rica: consequences for the conservation of plant genetic resources

Plant populations may experience local extinction and at the same time new populations may appear in nearby suitable locations. Species may also colonize the same site on multiple occasions. Here, we examined the impact of local extinction and recolonization on the genetic structure of wild populations of lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) in the Central valley of Costa Rica. We compared genetic diversity from the samples taken from the populations before and after extinction at 13 locations using microsatellite markers. Locations were classified according to the occurrence of extinction episodes during the previous five years into three groups: 1) populations that experienced extinction for more than one year, and were later recolonized (recolonized), 2) populations that did not experience local extinction (control), and 3) populations that did not experience local extinction during the study, but were cut to experimentally simulate extinction (experimental). Our data did not show a clear tendency in variation in allele frequencies, expected heterozygosity, and effective number of alleles within and between groups of populations. However, we found that the level of genetic differentiation between samples collected at different times at the same location was different in the three groups of populations. Recolonized locations showed the highest level of genetic differentiation (mean Fst= 0.2769), followed by control locations (mean Fst= 0.0576) and experimental locations (mean Fst= 0.0189). Similar findings were observed for Nei’s genetic distance between samples (di,j= 0.1786, 0.0400, and 0.0037, respectively). Our results indicate that genetic change in lima beans depends on the duration and frequency of local extinction episodes. These findings also showed that control populations are not in equilibrium. Implications of these results for the establishment of conservation strategies of genetic resources of lima beans are discussed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1023-1041. Epub 2008 September 30.

Las poblaciones de plantas pueden experimentar extinción local, y al mismo tiempo, pueden surgir a sus alrededores nuevas poblaciones. Algunas especies pueden colonizar el mismo sitio en múltiples ocasiones. Aquí examinamos el impacto de la extinción local y recolonización en la estructura genética de poblaciones silvestres del frijol lima (Phaseolus lunatus) en el valle Central de Costa Rica. Comparamos la diversidad genética de muestras tomadas en poblaciones, antes y después de la extinción, en 13 sitios, usando marcadores de microsatélite. Según los episodios de extinción durante los cinco años previos, clasificamos los sitios así: 1) poblaciones que han experimentado extinción por más de un año, y después han recolonizado (recolonizado), 2) poblaciones que no han experimentado extinción local (control), y 3) poblaciones que no han experimentado extinción local durante el estudio, pero fueron cortadas experimentalmente, simulando una extinción (experimental). Nuestros datos no mostraron una clara tendencia en la variación de las frecuencias alélicas, heterozigosidad, o número efectivo de alelos en y entre grupos de poblaciones. Los niveles de diferenciación genética entre muestras recolectadas en diferentes momentos en el mismo sitio fueron diferentes en los tres grupos de poblaciones. Los sitios recolonizados mostraron el mayor nivel de diferenciación genética (Fst = 0.2769), seguidos de los sitios control (Fst= 0.0576) y sitios experimentales (Fst= 0.0189). Obtuvimos resultados similares en la distancia genética Neis entre muestras (d i,j = 0.1786, 0.0400, y 0.0037, respectivamente). Los cambios genéticos en los frijoles lima dependen de la duración y frecuencia de los episodios de extinción local. Las poblaciones "control" no están en equilibrio. Las implicaciones de estos resultados para el establecimiento de estrategias de conservación de los recursos genéticos de habas se encuentran en discusión.