ABSTRACT
To investigate the role of cow dung in soil reclamation and bio assimilation along with bio accumulation of heavy metals in earthworm (P. posthuma) (N=900) earthworms were used and treatment groups of CD-soil mixture of different proportion of cow dung were designed. Nonlethal doses of lead acetate and cadmium chloride were added in treatment groups. Mature P. posthuma were released in each experimental pot maintaining the favorable conditions. The pH, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, exchangeable cations, and heavy metal level of each mixture was evaluated. The results indicated that bio-assimilation of Pb and Cd by P. posthuma were significantly (P ˂ 0.01) higher in different soil-CD treatments compared to control. Highest bio-assimilation of both metals was observed in T¹ of both groups (Pb = 563.8 mg/kg and Cd = 42.95 mg/kg). The contents of both metals were significantly (P ˂ 0.05) lowered in casting. The nutrient concentration in the final castings of all soil-CD treatments were also equally transformed from less or insoluble to more soluble and available for plants, except for carbon level which increased with CD proportion. It is concluded that cow dung as organic matter has a positive effect on soil reclamation and bio-assimilation of metals by P. posthuma.
Para investigar o papel do esterco de vaca na recuperação do solo e bioassimilação, juntamente com a bioacumulação de metais pesados em minhocas (P. posthuma) (N = 900), minhocas foram usadas e grupos de tratamento de mistura CD-solo de diferentes proporções de esterco de vaca foram projetados. Doses não letais de acetato de chumbo e cloreto de cádmio foram adicionadas aos grupos de tratamento. P. posthuma maduros foram liberados em cada vaso experimental, mantendo as condições favoráveis. Foram avaliados o pH, carbono, nitrogênio, fósforo, cátions trocáveis e nível de metais pesados de cada mistura. Os resultados indicaram que a bioassimilação de Pb e Cd por P. posthuma foi significativamente (P ˂ 0,01) maior em diferentes tratamentos de solo-CD em relação ao controle. A maior bioassimilação de ambos os metais foi observada em T1 de ambos os grupos (Pb = 563,8 mg / kg e Cd = 42,95 mg / kg). O conteúdo de ambos os metais foi significativamente (P ˂ 0,05) reduzido na fundição. A concentração de nutrientes nas fundições finais de todos os tratamentos de solo-CD também foi igualmente transformada de menos ou insolúvel para mais solúvel e disponível para as plantas, exceto o nível de carbono que aumenta com a proporção de CD. Conclui-se que o esterco de vaca como matéria orgânica tem um efeito positivo na recuperação do solo e na bioassimilação de metais por P. posthuma.
Subject(s)
Lead/administration & dosage , Cadmium/administration & dosage , Manure/analysis , Oligochaeta , Soil Treatment/methodsABSTRACT
Abstract To investigate the role of cow dung in soil reclamation and bio assimilation along with bio accumulation of heavy metals in earthworm (P. posthuma) (N=900) earthworms were used and treatment groups of CD-soil mixture of different proportion of cow dung were designed. Nonlethal doses of lead acetate and cadmium chloride were added in treatment groups. Mature P. posthuma were released in each experimental pot maintaining the favorable conditions. The pH, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, exchangeable cations, and heavy metal level of each mixture was evaluated. The results indicated that bio-assimilation of Pb and Cd by P. posthuma were significantly (P 0.01) higher in different soil-CD treatments compared to control. Highest bio-assimilation of both metals was observed in T1 of both groups (Pb = 563.8 mg/kg and Cd = 42.95 mg/kg). The contents of both metals were significantly (P 0.05) lowered in casting. The nutrient concentration in the final castings of all soil-CD treatments were also equally transformed from less or insoluble to more soluble and available for plants, except for carbon level which increased with CD proportion. It is concluded that cow dung as organic matter has a positive effect on soil reclamation and bio-assimilation of metals by P. posthuma.
RESUMO Para investigar o papel do esterco de vaca na recuperação do solo e bioassimilação, juntamente com a bioacumulação de metais pesados em minhocas (P. posthuma) (N = 900), minhocas foram usadas e grupos de tratamento de mistura CD-solo de diferentes proporções de esterco de vaca foram projetados. Doses não letais de acetato de chumbo e cloreto de cádmio foram adicionadas aos grupos de tratamento. P. posthuma maduros foram liberados em cada vaso experimental, mantendo as condições favoráveis. Foram avaliados o pH, carbono, nitrogênio, fósforo, cátions trocáveis e nível de metais pesados de cada mistura. Os resultados indicaram que a bioassimilação de Pb e Cd por P. posthuma foi significativamente (P 0,01) maior em diferentes tratamentos de solo-CD em relação ao controle. A maior bioassimilação de ambos os metais foi observada em T1 de ambos os grupos (Pb = 563,8 mg / kg e Cd = 42,95 mg / kg). O conteúdo de ambos os metais foi significativamente (P 0,05) reduzido na fundição. A concentração de nutrientes nas fundições finais de todos os tratamentos de solo-CD também foi igualmente transformada de menos ou insolúvel para mais solúvel e disponível para as plantas, exceto o nível de carbono que aumenta com a proporção de CD. Conclui-se que o esterco de vaca como matéria orgânica tem um efeito positivo na recuperação do solo e na bioassimilação de metais por P. posthuma.
ABSTRACT
Abstract To investigate the role of cow dung in soil reclamation and bio assimilation along with bio accumulation of heavy metals in earthworm (P. posthuma) (N=900) earthworms were used and treatment groups of CD-soil mixture of different proportion of cow dung were designed. Nonlethal doses of lead acetate and cadmium chloride were added in treatment groups. Mature P. posthuma were released in each experimental pot maintaining the favorable conditions. The pH, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, exchangeable cations, and heavy metal level of each mixture was evaluated. The results indicated that bio-assimilation of Pb and Cd by P. posthuma were significantly (P ˂ 0.01) higher in different soil-CD treatments compared to control. Highest bio-assimilation of both metals was observed in T1 of both groups (Pb = 563.8 mg/kg and Cd = 42.95 mg/kg). The contents of both metals were significantly (P ˂ 0.05) lowered in casting. The nutrient concentration in the final castings of all soil-CD treatments were also equally transformed from less or insoluble to more soluble and available for plants, except for carbon level which increased with CD proportion. It is concluded that cow dung as organic matter has a positive effect on soil reclamation and bio-assimilation of metals by P. posthuma.
RESUMO Para investigar o papel do esterco de vaca na recuperação do solo e bioassimilação, juntamente com a bioacumulação de metais pesados em minhocas (P. posthuma) (N = 900), minhocas foram usadas e grupos de tratamento de mistura CD-solo de diferentes proporções de esterco de vaca foram projetados. Doses não letais de acetato de chumbo e cloreto de cádmio foram adicionadas aos grupos de tratamento. P. posthuma maduros foram liberados em cada vaso experimental, mantendo as condições favoráveis. Foram avaliados o pH, carbono, nitrogênio, fósforo, cátions trocáveis e nível de metais pesados de cada mistura. Os resultados indicaram que a bioassimilação de Pb e Cd por P. posthuma foi significativamente (P ˂ 0,01) maior em diferentes tratamentos de solo-CD em relação ao controle. A maior bioassimilação de ambos os metais foi observada em T1 de ambos os grupos (Pb = 563,8 mg / kg e Cd = 42,95 mg / kg). O conteúdo de ambos os metais foi significativamente (P ˂ 0,05) reduzido na fundição. A concentração de nutrientes nas fundições finais de todos os tratamentos de solo-CD também foi igualmente transformada de menos ou insolúvel para mais solúvel e disponível para as plantas, exceto o nível de carbono que aumenta com a proporção de CD. Conclui-se que o esterco de vaca como matéria orgânica tem um efeito positivo na recuperação do solo e na bioassimilação de metais por P. posthuma.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Oligochaeta , Soil Pollutants , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Soil , Cadmium , Cattle , BioaccumulationABSTRACT
Background: The development of anthelmintic resistance and the high cost of conventional anthelmintic drugs led to the evaluation of medicinal plants as an alternative source of anthelmintics. In the current study, in- vitro experiments were conducted to determine the possible anthelmintic effects of crude aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the resins of Boswellia serrata and leaves of Aloe barbadensis on adult Indian earthworm (Pheretima posthuma).Methods: Various concentrations (50, 100, 150 mg/ml) of each extracts were tested and results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time for death of worms. The activities are well compared with the standard drug Albendazole as a positive control and saline water as negative control.Results: Anthelmintic activity was observed as dose dependent manner. It was found that alcoholic extract exhibited maximum anthelmintic activity at concentration 100 and 150 mg/ml compared to standard drug Albendazole (10mg/ml) while aqueous extract show modest significant activity at concentration 150 mg/ml against worm Pheretima posthuma. All results was statistically analysed by using ‘Dunnett’s test’ one- way ANOVA; the p<0.001 were significant when compared with control and standard group.Conclusions: The present study proves the potential of combination of B. serrata and A. barbadensis as an anthelmintic drugs. Further studies are necessary to isolate and reveal the active compounds and to establish the mechanism of action.
ABSTRACT
Aims: To evaluate the anthelminthic activity of Annona reticulata seeds extracts against Pheretima posthuma. Study Design: Helminth infections have tormented humans and animals for thousands of years. The indiscriminate uses of the anthelminthic drugs have lead to the emergence of resistant helminths against many anthelminthic agents. Thus the need for the treatment of helminthic infections and the prevention of the emergence of resistant strains has led to the screening medicinal plants for their anthelminthic activity. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biotechnology, The Oxford College of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, between January 2012 and March 2012. Methodology: The main aim of the present exploratory study is to evaluate the anthelminthic activity of A. reticulata seeds extracts. The in vitro studies revealed that the anthelminthic effects of crude chloroform and ethanolic extracts of A. reticulata on Pheretima posthuma was evident from induction of paralysis and mortality. Piperazine citrate was used as the standard reference drug and normal saline as a control group. Results: Among all the concentrations of chloroform and ethanolic extracts tested, 12.5 mg/ml showed significant (p<0.01) anthelminthic activity. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract of A. reticulata is a more potent anthelminthic agent against Pheretima posthuma when compared with chloroform extract but less potent when compared with the standard drug. Conclusions: The results of this investigation justifies the use of the seed extracts of A. reticulata in traditional medical practice for the treatment of helminth infections.
ABSTRACT
Aims: The study was designed to investigate cytotoxic and anthelmintic activity of aerial parts of Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. (Family: Cucurbitaceae, locally known as ‘Jhinga’), Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. (Family: Cucurbitaceae, locally known as ‘Dhundul’) and Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. (Family: Cucurbitaceae, locally known as ‘Kakrol’) extracted with various solvents (petroleum ether & methanol). Study Design: Determination of cytotoxic and anthelmintic activity of aerial parts of three (Cucurbitaceae family) Bangladeshi plants. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342. Performed between November 2011- September 2012. Methodology: The cytotoxic activity was evaluated by Brine Shrimp lethality bioassay and anthelmintic activity by in-vitro test using earth worm Pheretima posthuma (Annelida) as test animals. Results: In Brine Shrimp lethality bioassay, methanol extract of M. cochinchinensis and L. aegyptiaca were found to be highly toxic to Brine Shrimp nauplii, having LC50 of 1.91±0.79 μg/ml and 3.97±0.61 μg/ml respectively. The three methanol extracts of aerial part of L. acutangula, L. aegyptiaca and M. cochinchinensis showed moderate anthelmintic activity. 50mg/ml concentration of methanol extract of M. cochinchinensis showed maximum activity showing death in test animals at 43±1.3 min which is comparable to the standard (Piperazine Citrate, 10 mg/ml) which killed the test animal at 38 ± 0.63 min. Conclusion: Further studies are suggested to be undertaken to understand the underlying mechanism of the observed cytotoxic and anthelmintic activity of these three Bangladeshi (Cucurbitaceae family) plants.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the phytochemical and biological properties (antioxidant, anthelmintic and thrombolytic) of methanolic extracts of Enhydra fluctuans Lour., a plant belonging to the Asteraceae family.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The phytochemical evaluation was carried out by qualitative analysis. In vitro antioxidant activity of extract was studied using free radical scavenging assay, ability of reduction, total phenol and total flavonoid contents determination assays. The anthelmintic activity was determined using paralysis and death time of Pheretima posthuma (earthworm) and thrombolytic activity by clot disruption assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The phytochemical evaluation showed significant presence of flavonoids, triterpenes, carbohydrate, reducing sugars, saponins, phenols, diterpenes, protein and tannin. The antioxidant activity was found significant [IC50=(135.20±0.56) µg/mL] as compared to ascorbic acid [(130.00±0.76) µg/mL]. The reducing power was increased with concentration. Total phenol and total flavonoid contents were (153.08±0.38) mg/mL and (172.04±0.56) mg/mL respectively. The paralysis and death time of earthworms for different concentrations of extract were determined and compared with albendazole. The results showed that 10 mg/mL of the crude extract had similar effect with albendazole. Additionally, the crude extract showed a concentration depended relationship with its anthelmintic property. The clot lysis activity of crude extract was compared to the standard streptokinase's clot lysis (40.13%) activity and found significant (31%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The study proves that the crude methanolic extract of Enhydra fluctuans Lour. has significant antioxidant, anthelmintic and thrombolytic activity containing wide range of phytochemicals.</p>
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the Anthelmintic activity of methanolic extract of Picrorrhiza kurroa Royle ex. Benth (Scrophhulariaceae). Picrorrhiza kurroaia a small perennial herb growing in the hilly parts of the North-western Himalayan region in India and Nepal. Earth worms were used for Anthelmintic activity. Piperazine citrate was used as standard drug. Time required for paralysis and death of the earth worms were noted for each sample.
ABSTRACT
Aims: The crude methanolic flower extract of Polygonum lapathifolium (s.l.) (family: Polygonaceae) was to evaluate for its possible phytochemical constituents and selected pharmacological activities (anthelmintic and anti-emetic activity) growing in Bangladesh. Study Design: In vitro anthelmintic and in vivo antiemetic activities were evaluated by Pheretima posthuma model and chick emesis model respectively. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science & Technology University, Noakhali, September, 2012 to December, 2012. Methodology: Phytochemical screening was done by characteristic color changes using standard procedures. In anthelmintic activity test, the parameters like: time of paralysis (vermifuge) was noted when no movement of any sort could be observed except when the worms were shaken vigorously. Time of death (vermicide) was determined by observing no movement when the worms were shaken vigorously or dipped in warm water (50ºC). The methanol extract was used at the concentration of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/ml. Piperazine citrate (10 mg/ml) was used as standard reference. In anti-emetic test, sample extract was administered at a dose of 150 mg/kg orally and emesis was induced by copper sulphate (50 mg/kg orally). Metoclopramide (50 mg/kg .b.w intraperitoneally) was used as a standard drug. The antiemetic activity was determined by calculating the mean decrease in number of retching in contrast with those of control disorders. Results: The phytochemical investigation indicated the presence of alkaloids, phytosterols, diterpins, amino acids and proteins, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The flower extract exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at a concentration of 40 mg/ml compared with standard reference. The flower extract also showed statistically significant antiemetic effect (85.42% inhibition) compared with reference drug which showed 81.25% antiemetic activity. Conclusion: So, the flower extract exhibited potential anthelmintic and anti-emetic properties, thus provide scientific basis for its use in folk medicine for the management of GI disorders. The plant may further be explored for its various pharmacological activities.
ABSTRACT
Calamus leptospadix Griff. (Arecaceae), is an important ethnomedicinal plant of Assam known as Lejaibet by the local Assamese community and is being wildly used by various communities in Assam. No detailed study or reports along with scientific evidence are available with this important plant. An exhaustive study was carried out with a view to substantiate the therapeutic potential of the plant in terms of its anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma using Albendazole as a reference standard. 0.9% w/v of normal saline solution, 25mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 100mg/ml each of standard drug Albendazole and Methanolic, Ethanolic and Aqueous extracts of Calamus leptospadix Griff. were freshly prepared. Forty eight Indian Adult Earthworms were collected, divided into twelve groups containing four worms in each group. Time for paralysis and time for death were recorded for each group. All the three extracts with concentrations of 25mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 100mg/ml produced dose- dependent paralysis. Methanolic extract of Calamus leptospadix Griff. gave shortest paralysis and death time at 100mg/ml as compared to that of standard and other two extracts. Results are expressed as Mean ± SEM (P< 0.05) of 4 worms in each group. From the investigation, conclusion can be drawn that Calamus leptospadix Griff. (Arecaceae) used by the people of Assam traditionally to treat intestinal worm infections, possesses significant anthelmintic activity.
ABSTRACT
The present study is an attempt to preliminary phytochemical investigation, anthelmintic and anti-emetic activity studies on methanolic extract of Polygonum lapathifolium stems. The phytochemical screening shows the presence of phytosterols, diterpens, amino acid & protein, alkaloid and flavonoids, those are responsible for antiviral, antibac-terial, antiallergic, antihypertensive, antiarrythmic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory effects in mammals. In Anthelmintic activity test (using Pheretima posthuma model) five concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/ml in distilled water) of extracts were used which involved the determination of time of paralysis (vermifuge) and time of death (vermicidal activity) of the worms, where the concentration of 60, 80 &100 mg/ml showed a significant anthelmintic activity. Observations were comparable with the standard drug at concentration of 10mg/ml of piperi-zine citrate. On the other hand, in anti-emetic test, emesis was induced by the oral administration of copper sulphate 50mg/kg body weight to four days age of young chicks using chick emesis model. The antiemetic activity was determined by calculating the mean decrease in number of retching in contrast with those of control disorders. The extracts (150 mg /kg orally) showed statistically significant antiemetic effect (90.45% Inhibition) compared with reference drug metoclopramide (50mg/kg intraperitoneally) which showed 82.48% Inhibition. From these observa-tions, it was concluded that stems extracts have potential anthelmintic and anti-emetic properties. The plant may further be explored for its various pharmacological activities.
ABSTRACT
Present study was carried out to investigate the anthelmintic potential of petroleum-ether extract of Portulaca oleracea against Pheretima posthuma as a species of earthworm. Various concentrations (25‐100 mg/ml) of petroleum-ether extract were evaluated for anthelmintic activity by recording the time required for paralysis and death of worms. Albendazole was used as standard. Result indicates that petroleum-ether extract significantly (p<0.01) exhibited paralysis at lower doses of 50, 75 and 100 mg/ml and causes death of worms at doses of concentrations 75 and 100 mg/ml when compared with standard. The present study indicates that the petroleum-ether extract of Portulaca oleracea has a potential anthelmintic activity can be used as anthelmintic drug.
ABSTRACT
The present study is an attempt to preliminary phytochemical investigation, anthelmintic and anti-emetic activity studies on methanolic extract of Polygonum lapathifolium stems. The phytochemical screening shows the presence of phytosterols, diterpens, amino acid & protein, alkaloid and flavonoids, those are responsible for antiviral, antibac-terial, antiallergic, antihypertensive, antiarrythmic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory effects in mammals. In Anthelmintic activity test (using Pheretima posthuma model) five concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/ml in distilled water) of extracts were used which involved the determination of time of paralysis (vermifuge) and time of death (vermicidal activity) of the worms, where the concentration of 60, 80 &100 mg/ml showed a significant anthelmintic activity. Observations were comparable with the standard drug at concentration of 10mg/ml of piperi-zine citrate. On the other hand, in anti-emetic test, emesis was induced by the oral administration of copper sulphate 50mg/kg body weight to four days age of young chicks using chick emesis model. The antiemetic activity was determined by calculating the mean decrease in number of retching in contrast with those of control disorders. The extracts (150 mg /kg orally) showed statistically significant antiemetic effect (90.45% Inhibition) compared with reference drug metoclopramide (50mg/kg intraperitoneally) which showed 82.48% Inhibition. From these observa-tions, it was concluded that stems extracts have potential anthelmintic and anti-emetic properties. The plant may further be explored for its various pharmacological activities.
ABSTRACT
Helminth infections are the most common health problems in India, in developing countries they pose a large treat to public. These infections can affect most population in endemic areas with major economic and social consequences. The plant Bauhinia Racemosa Linn. is a species of flowering plant belongs to Fabaceae family. The different parts of plant being traditionally used in catarrh, infection of children, boil, glandular and swelling. The present study was undertaken to evaluate anthelmintic activity of different extracts of whole plant of Bauhinia Racemosa Linn. The different successive extracts namely petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous using an adult Indian earthworms, Pheretima posthuma as a test worm. Three concentrations (50, 75 and 100 mg/ml) of each extracts were studied in the bioassay which involved the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worm. Albenzadole in same concentration as that of extract was included as standard reference and normal saline water as control. The results of present study indicate that the crude ethanolic extract significantly demonstrated paralysis and also caused death of worm in dose dependent manner, while aqueous and petroleum extracts show weak anthelmintic effect. Further studies are in process to isolate the active principles responsible for the activity.