ABSTRACT
Aim: The study aimed to develop and validate weather based prediction model for beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) population in chickpea through adult catches in pheromone traps. Methodology: The data on adult trap catches of S. exigua were recorded daily and weekly means were computed. Log transformed trap catches data were used for correlation with weather parameters of current week, 1-lag, 2-lag and 3-lag weeks. Thereafter, multiple-linear regression analysis was done and a model was developed. The prediction model of S. exigua was validated with the appropriate statistical tools. Results: Peak incidence of S. exigua was recorded during 45th standard meteorological week (SMW) with 15.6 moths per trap per week. Amongst current, 1-lag, 2-lag and 3-lag week weather parameters, the male moth population had significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (Tmax) and minimum temperature (Tmin), and negative correlation with morning relative humidity (RH1) of 2-lag week. The sunshine hours/day (SSH) of current week had a significant negative association with S. exigua male moth catches, while the soil temperature (ST) of 2-lag week had highest positive correlation with trap catches. Regression equation was computed by regressing male moth catches of S. exigua against weather data of weeks with highest correlation coefficient. Interpretation: Often, pest-weather models are developed based on current week weather factors. However, it has been witnessed in this study that weather of preceding weeks (up to 3-lag) may also influence the pest population, and thus it needs to be considered for proper understanding of pest dynamics
ABSTRACT
Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville) é praga-chave na cafeicultura; contudo, faltam informações sobre sua reprodução para o desenvolvimento de táticas de controle por comportamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a periodicidade de cópulas; a periodicidade de captura dos machos e caracterizar o comportamento de acasalamento de L. coffeella. A periodicidade de acasalamento foi avaliada em laboratório com casais virgens de diferentes idades, zero a cinco dias após a emergência, individualizados em tubos transparentes. A periodicidade de captura foi avaliada em café cv. Catuaí, onde foram instaladas armadilhas Delta com dois atraentes: fêmeas virgens e septos de borracha impregnados com o feromônio sexual sintético. As etapas do comportamento de acasalamento foram descritas a partir de observação direta e de filmagens de casais virgens individualizados em tubos transparentes. Os acasalamentos ocorreram entre 4h e 6h da fotofase, onde as maiores freqüências envolveram casais com idades entre um e três dias da emergência, com pico de acasalamentos na quinta hora da fotofase. Os casais recém-emergidos ou velhos mostraram significativamente menor freqüência de cópulas e o pico dos acasalamentos antecipado em 1h. A maior captura ocorreu às 12:00h e 13:00h, nas armadilhas com fêmeas virgens e feromônio sexual sintético, respectivamente. Pelos resultados, L. coffeella é um inseto com acasalamento diurno e os comportamentos de chamamento e corte seguem o padrão encontrado em outros Lepidoptera.
Despite the importance of Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville) in coffee production worldwide, there is a lack of information on its reproductive biology. This knowledge will help in mass rearing, as well as support the development of behavioral control techniques for this insect. The purpose of the study was to determine the periodicity of mating and male capture and describe the mating behavior L. coffeella. In laboratory, we observed the periodicity of mating with virgin couples of different ages, zero to five days after emergence. Male activity was studied in a 0.7 ha coffee plantation, cv. Catuaí, where Delta traps were installed at 0.5 m above ground, using either virgin females or rubber septa lured with the synthetic sex pheromone. The sequence of mating behavior was studied by making visual observations and recorded of pairs placed on individual plastic tubes. Mating occurred between 4h and 6h of photophase, when the highest frequencies involved pairs with ages of one and three days after emergence, with peak of mating occurring in 5th hour of photophase. The young or old pairs showed significantly copulation frequency and the peak of matings advance in 1h. The highest male capture occurred at 12p.m. and 13 p.m. by traps with virgin females or traps with synthetic sex pheromone lures, respectively. L. coffeella is one insect with diurnal mating and the mating behavior was not different from what is know for other Lepidoptera species.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Copulation , Coffea/parasitology , LepidopteraABSTRACT
In order to obtain a more reliable sampling method of the South American Tomato Moth, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (= Scrobipalpuloides absoluta), we compared different methodologies in an 1 ha commercial tomato crop. We sampled the last three expanded leaves, three expanded leaves at the medium canopy, the entire plant leaves and the catches by a pheromone trap, at 100 and 130 days after planting the seedlings. A randomized complete block with four replications was used, with each plot measuring 30 x 30 m. The number of eggs, leaf mines and larvae were counted on each leaf, as well as the number of adults captured in the pheromone trap. Counts in the entire plant leaves were taken as the control. The medium canopy method provided a better association for mines (R² = 0.87) and larvae (R² = 0.88), while egg counts were better associated with the three last expanded leaves (r² = 0.68). The number of eggs provided a better association with the number of larvae and mines (R² = 0.67 and R² = 0.85 respectively). Therefore, it is possible to predict damage by T. absoluta based on egg counting. Pheromone traps revealed an increase in adults number from 100 to 130 days of the crop. The increase in adult population has followed mine and larvae numbers.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter um método acurado para amostrar a traça do tomateiro, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (= Scrobipalpuloides absoluta). Conduziu-se um experimento em lavoura comercial de tomate estaqueado de 1 ha, em Coimbra, MG, para comparação de quatro métodos de amostragem (três folhas expandidas do terço apical, três folhas expandidas do terço médio, armadilhas de feromônio e folhas da planta inteira) nas idades de 100 e 130 dias após o transplantio das mudas. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, medindo, cada parcela, 30 x 30 m. A amostragem nas parcelas foi feita seguindo um caminhamento em zigue-zague. Nas folhas, em laboratório, contou-se o número de ovos, minas e lagartas e, nas armadilhas, o número de adultos capturados. As contagens nas plantas inteiras foram consideradas, para todos os métodos, como padrão para comparação. O método do terço mediano foi o que mostrou maiores valores de coeficientes de determinação, tanto para a contagem de minas (R² = 0,87), quanto para a de lagartas (R² = 0,88), sendo o método de amostragem do terço superior o que apresentou melhor resultado para a contagem de ovos (r² = 0,68). O número de ovos apresentou relação satisfatória com o de minas e lagartas (R² = 0,67 e R² = 0,85, respectivamente), mostrando que se pode inferir sobre as injúrias na planta com base no número de ovos. As armadilhas de feromônio revelaram um aumento no número de adultos da idade de 100 para 130 dias. Este aumento da infestação, inferido pela captura na armadilha, também pode ser observado nas plantas por meio do aumento no número de minas e lagartas.