A diabetic foot classification model based on radiomics features of fundus photographs / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective:To construct a diabetic foot classification prediction model based on radiomics features of fundus photographs.Methods:A total of 2 035 fundus photographs of patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed at Nanfang Hospital between December 2011 and December 2018 were retrospectively collected [282 photographs from patients with diabetic foot(DF), and 1 753 from patients with diabetes mellitus(DM)]. All fundus photographs were randomly divided into a training set(1 424 photos) and a test set(611 photos) using a computer generated random number at 7∶3. After pre-processing the fundus photographs, a total of 4 128 texture features based on the gray matrix were extracted by the Radiomic toolkit, and 11 339 other features were extracted using the ToolboxDESC toolkit. The LASSO algorithm was used to select the 30 features most relevant to DF, and then the Bootstrap + 0.632 self-sampling method was used to further select the 7 best combinations. Logistic regression analysis was used to obtain the regression coefficients and establish the final diabetic foot classification prediction model. ROC curve was drawn, and AUC, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the training and test sets were calculated to verify its prediction performance. Results:We screened 7 fundus radiomics markers for diabetic foot patients, and based on this established a DF/DM classification prediction model. The AUC, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the model were 0.958 6, 0.984 0, 0.920 0, and 0.928 0 in the training set, and 0.927 1, 0.988 9, 0.881 0, and 0.896 9 in the test set, respectively.Conclusion:In this study, seven DF fundus markers were screened using radiomics technology. Based on this, a highly accurate and easy-to-use DF/DM classification model was constructed. This technology has the potential to increase the efficiency of DF screening programs.

Evaluación de Fotografías de Mujeres y Hombres en Función de su Estatus y el de su Obra / Assessment of Photographs from Women and Men Considering Their Status and that of Their Work

Resumen Aunque el sexo de una persona debería ser irrelevante para juzgar su competencia, es común que la evaluación se base en un prejuicio de género, que tiende a ser antifemenino. No obstante, ciertos factores pueden mitigar el prejuicio. El propósito del estudio fue averiguar la manifestación de un prejuicio de género manipulando además del sexo de supuestos fotógrafos, su estatus (profesional o aficionado) y el de su obra (ganadora o participante en un concurso). Los participantes (N = 397 adultos mexicanos, entre 18 y 79 años) juzgaron ocho fotografías abstractas respecto a su creatividad, calidad global e impacto emocional y a la competencia y futuro artístico del fotógrafo. Las mismas fotografías se incluyeron en una de ocho series. En cada serie cada fotografía incluyó una diferente combinación de las tres variables manipuladas. Se encontró un prejuicio antifemenino por parte de los participantes mujeres y hombres cuando tanto el autor como su obra tenían un alto estatus, independientemente del aspecto evaluado. Cuando el estatus del fotógrafo o de la fotografía fue bajo, el prejuicio fue pro-femenino o antimasculino. Aunque el estatus del fotógrafo y el de la fotografía mitigaron el prejuicio antifemenino, éste persistió cuando una mujer era tan exitosa como un hombre.

Abstract Although a third party's sex should be irrelevant in assessing her/his competence, the judgment is commonly influenced by a gender bias, which tends to be anti-feminine. However, certain factors could mitigate that bias. The purpose of the study was to find out if a gender prejudice appears if not only the sex of alleged photographers is manipulated, but also their status (professional or amateur) and that of their photograph (winner or entry in a prestigious contest). Participants (N = 397 Mexican adults, 18 to 79 years old) judged eight abstract photographs on its creativity, overall quality, and emotional impact and on the photographer's competence and artistic future. The same photographs were included in one of eight different series. In each series each photograph included a different combination of the three manipulated variables. An anti-feminine bias was found from both women and men participants when both the photographer and their work had a high status, regardless of the aspect evaluated. When the status of either the photographer or of the photograph was low, the bias was pro-feminine or anti-masculine. Although the status of the photographer and of her/his work mitigated the antifeminine prejudice, it persisted when women were as successful as men.

Estimación del peso de porciones de alimentos ilustrados en fotografías digitales / Estimation of weight of food portions depicted in digital photographs

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar el uso de fotografías digitales para estimar el peso de diferentes preparaciones de alimentos. Metodología: Se compraron 102 platos servidos como almuerzos, desayunos y repostería de 52 establecimientos comerciales en San Pedro de Montes de Oca, se pesaron y fotografiaron los alimentos servidos, resultando un total de 261 porciones de alimentos. Al recibir por correo las imágenes digitales de los platos de comida, se estimó el peso de cada alimento por medio de una comparación con un manual de fotografías estándar. El proceso de pesaje y fotografiado de los alimentos fue realizado de forma independiente del proceso de estimación del peso. Para comparar los pesos reales y los pesos estimados se utilizó la prueba t de Student y coeficientes de correlación. Resultados: Para 6 de los 11 tipos de alimentos, el peso estimado presentado en una imagen digital no fue significativamente diferente al peso real y ambos valores tenían un grado de asociación significativo. En el caso de los otros 5 tipos de alimentos que consistían en preparaciones con un mayor número de ingredientes, hubo diferencias significativas entre los pesos estimados y los pesos reales. Conclusión: En el caso de alimentos simples o con pocos ingredientes, ilustrados en fotografías digitales, su peso se estimó con suficiente exactitud; no así para preparaciones con varios ingredientes. Se requiere más investigación antes de recomendar su uso en encuestas de consumo de alimentos.

Abstract: Objective: To assess the use of digital images for estimating the weight of different portions of foods. Methods: 102 dishes from 52 commercial sites in San Pedro, Montes de Oca, served as lunches, breakfast, and snacks, consisting of a total of 261 portions of foods were purchased, photographed and weighed. On receiving the digital images of the dishes by email, the weights of all the different foods were estimated by using as a comparison, a series of standard photos of foods with known weights. The process of estimating the weights of the foods from the digital images was carried out independently from their being weighed and photographed. A comparison between real and estimated weights was carried out using the Student t test and correlation coefficients. Results: In the case of 6 of the 11 food types, there were no statistically significant difference between real and estimated weights and a significant degree of association was found. Significant differences were observed between real and estimated weights for the remaining 5 foods, which were composed of dishes with a greater number of ingredients and greater variation in proportions of each ingredient. Conclusion: Portion size was estimated with sufficient accuracy for foods prepared from simple recipes with few ingredients, but not for foods prepared with several ingredients. More research is needed before recommending this use of digital images in food consumption surveys.

História e memória de vidro: as fotografias brasileiras do eclipse de 1919 em Sobral / History and memory on glass: the Brazilian photographs of the 1919 eclipse in Sobral

Resumo O objetivo do artigo é divulgar as fotografias astronômicas feitas pela expedição brasileira enviada a Sobral para registrar o eclipse total do Sol de 29 de maio de 1919. Uma rica coleção de fotografias, na maioria inéditas, disponíveis em suporte de placas de vidro, encontra-se na Biblioteca do Observatório Nacional. A fotografia ocupou lugar central na astronomia do século XX. O eclipse de Sobral ganhou repercussão mundial devido à comprovação da teoria da relatividade geral pelas expedições inglesas. Neste texto ressaltamos a participação dos astrônomos do Observatório Nacional no evento, pois foram os primeiros brasileiros a ter sucesso na obtenção de fotografias da coroa solar.

Abstract The objective of this article is to disseminate the astronomical photographs taken by the Brazilian expedition sent to Sobral (state of Ceará) to record the total eclipse of the Sun on May 29, 1919. There is a rich collection of photographs, most unpublished, available on glass plates stored in the Library of the Observatório Nacional. Photography was central to astronomy in the twentieth century. Thus, while the eclipse in Sobral had worldwide repercussions due to the proof of the theory of general relativity by the English expeditions, in this article we highlight the participation of astronomers from the Observatório Nacional at the same event, since they were the first Brazilians to successfully obtain photographs of the Sun's corona.

Computer-aided Facial Analysis in Diagnosing Dysmorphic Syndromes in Indian Children

Objective: To assess the utility of computer-aided facial analysis in identifying dysmorphicsyndromes in Indian children. Methods: Fifty-one patients with a definite molecular orcytogenetic diagnosis and recognizable facial dysmorphism were enrolled in the study andtheir facial photographs were uploaded in the Face2Gene software. The results provided bythe software were compared with the molecular diagnosis. Results: Of the 51 patients, thesoftware predicted the correct diagnosis in 37 patients (72.5%); predicted as the first in thetop ten suggestions in 26 (70.2%). In 14 patients, the software did not suggest a correctdiagnosis. Conclusions: Computer-aided facial analysis is a method that can aid indiagnosis of genetic syndromes in Indian children. As more clinicians start to use thissoftware, its accuracy is expected to improve.

O uso da fotografia digital na evolução de ferida cirúrgica neoplásica: relato de caso / The use of digital photography in the follow-up of surgical neoplastic wound: a case report

Introdução: As feridas oncológicas apresentam características peculiares, muitas vezes difíceis de expressar no texto escrito. A fotografia digital pode contribuir na descrição e na assistência destas feridas. Relato do Caso: Relatar o caso de paciente do sexo feminino, jovem, com lesão recidivada medindo 20x 18x13,7cm na coxa esquerda e diagnóstico de sarcoma sinovial. Utilizou-se a fotografia digital como facilitador na avaliação e tratamento de ferida oncológica complexa. A paciente foi submetida à exérese do tumor, curativos e enxertia de pele; o acompanhamento foi realizado com registros fotográficos com câmera do telefone celular, inserido no prontuário eletrônico e proporcionou a fotointerpretação pela equipe de saúde. Conclusão: O uso da fotografia foi importante, pois permitiu a avaliação rápida da ferida, pôde ser transmitida à equipe para avaliação do plano de tratamento e foram importantes ferramentas legais e para o ensino.

Introduction: The characteristics of cancer wounds are unusual and are often difficult to describe in writing. Therefore, digital photography may be used to describe and manage these wounds. Case Report: A young female patient with a recurring lesion measuring 20 × 18 × 13.7 cm in the left thigh was diagnosed with synovial sarcoma. Digital photography was used to facilitate evaluation and treatment of her complex cancer wound. The patient underwent tumor excision, dressings, and skin grafting; the follow-up was carried out with photographic records using a cell phone camera, which were inputted into the electronic medical record and interpreted by the medical team. Conclusion: The use of photographs was important because it allowed rapid wound evaluation, could be shared with the team to evaluate the treatment plan, and was an important tool for legal purposes and teaching.

Treinamento formal em documentação fotográfica bidimensional padronizada durante a residência em cirurgia plástica / Formal training in two-dimensional standardized photographic documentation during residency in Plastic Surgery

Introdução: A Cirurgia Plástica exige inúmeras habilidades, conhecimentos e competências, e seu escopo de atuação é amplo e desafiador. Dessa forma, todos os cirurgiões plásticos passam por uma extensa educação/formação, que se inicia durante a residência e continua ao longo da vida. O objetivo deste estudo foi delinear um treinamento formal em documentação fotográfica bidimensional padronizada para complementar o treinamento cirúrgico e científico durante a residência em Cirurgia Plástica. Métodos: Os componentes (as estratégias, os tópicos abordados e os processos de aquisição de habilidades e feedback) do treinamento em documentação fotográfica durante a residência em Cirurgia Plástica foram detalhados. Resultados: As atividades dos residentes, as interações entre os residentes o fotógrafo profissional e os cirurgiões/ preceptores e os tópicos abordados (estúdio fotográfico, câmeras fotográficas, objetivas, princípios fotográficos [exposição, abertura, velocidade, ISO e profundidade de campo], iluminação, preparo e posicionamento dos pacientes e da câmera fotográfica, situações fotográficas, vistas fotográficas, banco fotográfico, formatos de imagens, fotogrametria computadorizada e questões éticas e médico-legais) do programa de treinamento em documentação fotográfica foram delineados. Conclusão: O treinamento em documentação fotográfica complementa o arsenal de habilidades necessários aos residentes de Cirurgia Plástica em formação, com o intuito de melhor prepará-los para as carreiras futuras.

Introduction: Plastic surgery requires diverse skills, knowledge, and competencies, and its scope is broad and challenging. Thus, all plastic surgeons go through extensive education/training, which begins during residency and continues throughout their lives. This study aims to outline a formal training program in 2-dimensional standardized photographic documentation ("photodocumentation") to complement surgical and scientific training during residency in Plastic Surgery. Methods: The components (strategies, topics covered, skills acquisition, and feedback processes) of training in photodocumentation during residency in Plastic Surgery were detailed. Results: Topics in the photodocumentation training program included resident activities, interactions among residents, professional photographers, and surgeons/preceptors, studio settings, cameras, lenses, principles (exposure, aperture, speed, ISO, and depth of field), lighting, preparation and positioning of patients and the camera, photoshoot conditions, photo views, photo database, image formats, computerized photogrammetry, and ethical and medical-legal issues. Conclusion: Training in photodocumentation complements the arsenal of skills needed by residents in Plastic Surgery for continuing education, in order to better prepare them for future careers.

Multimodal imaging of Bietti's crystalline dystrophy

Bietti's crystalline dystrophy (BCD) is a rare autosomal recessive retinal dystrophy characterized by deposition of crystals in the retina. The purpose of this article is to describe retinal abnormalities in BCD using multimodal imaging. An 18-year-old girl presented with decrease of vision and nyctalopia. She was assessed with color fundus picture, red-free photographs, short-wave autofluorescence, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and en face OCT and was diagnosed to have BCD based on typical presentation. Retinal crystals were better visualized on en face OCT as compared to conventional B scan OCT.

Eu no facebook: percepções de usuários sobre imagens pessoais partilhadas na rede / Myself on facebook: users’ perceptions of personal images shared on the network / Yo en facebook: las percepciones de los usuarios sobre las imágenes personales compartidas en la red

Este artigo discute a representação do eu e sua relação com as novas "tecnologias do olhar". Convidaram-se usuários do Facebook a escolher uma autoimagem de seu perfil e responder questões sobre tal escolha (significado, relação com a história de vida, razões para partilhar, reações dos amigos, estímulo para novas postagens). Foram analisadas tematicamente as respostas de 33 jovens, em sua maioria, universitários entre 20 e 30 anos. Os achados destacam imagens e argumentos associados à diversão, felicidade e autenticidade, valores disseminados na sociedade de consumo. Estar no Facebook envolve o monitoramento da atividade (própria e alheia) de partilhar imagens pessoais e observar a sua recepção nesse espaço. Essas são utilizadas para transmitir uma imagem pessoal desejável, que exprime o estilo de vida e não a história de vida do usuário. Conclui-se que o compartilhamento de imagens nas redes sociais desempenha papel decisivo na construção da identidade pessoal hoje.

This paper discusses the presentation of self and its relation to new "gazing technologies". Facebook users were invited to choose a personal photo they had posted on their profiles and were asked about their choice (its meaning, relation to life history, reasons to post, friends’ reactions, motivation for posting new images). The answers from 33 Facebook users, mostly college students, 20 to 30 years old, received thematic analysis. The analysis highlighted images and arguments associated to entertainment, happiness and authenticity, dominant values in consumer society. To be on Facebook involves the monitoring of one’s own or someone else’s activity of sharing personal images and observing their reception on that space. The images are used mainly to convey a desirable self-portrait that expresses a person’s life style but not her/his life story. We conclude that sharing personal photos on social networking sites plays an important role in today’s personal identity construction.

Este trabajo aborda la representación del yo y su relación con las nuevas "tecnologías del mirar". Se invitó a usuarios de Facebook a elegir una autoimagen de su perfil y a responder algunas preguntas sobre esa elección (significado, relación con historia de vida, razones para compartir, reacciones de amigos, estímulo para nuevas publicaciones). Fueron analizadas temáticamente las respuestas de 33 jóvenes, en su mayoría estudiantes universitarios entre 20 y 30 años. Entre los resultados destacan las imágenes y los argumentos asociados con diversión, felicidad y autenticidad, valores dominantes en la sociedad de consumo. Estar en Facebook implica observar la actividad (propia y de los otros), compartir fotos personales y seguir su recepción en este espacio. Se usan las fotos para transmitir una imagen personal deseable que expresa el estilo de vida pero no la historia de vida del usuario. Se concluye que las fotos compartidas en las redes sociales tienen un papel crucial en la construcción de la identidad personal en la actualidad.

Son confiables las fotografías para el análisis facial en ortodoncia? / Are photos for facial analysis in orthodontics reliable?

RESUMEN: Introducción: Antropometría facial es la medición de distancias del rostro. Un método indirecto es a través de fotografías estandarizadas, conocido como fotogrametría. Este trabajo busca estandarizar una técnica fotográfica y estudiar la fiabilidad de la fotogrametría facial, comparando mediciones antropométricas directas y fotogramétricas con tres objetivos fotográficos distintos. Objetivo: Estandarizar parámetros de la cámara fotográfica y encuadre de la imagen para fotogrametría facial. Materiales y métodos: A una muestra de 50 sujetos se les midieron directa e indirectamente seis distancias faciales. Para las fotografías se utilizaron objetivos fotográficos fijos de 35mm, 50mm y 100mm. Se tomaron seis fotografías a cada uno de los voluntarios; tres de frente y tres de perfil, una con cada lente. La distancia entre la cámara y el sujeto fue variable, siempre con un encuadre de 30cm. Se compararon las diferencias estadísticamente. Resultados: Con el lente de 100mm fue el único con el que todas las distancias medidas en fotografías fueron iguales y sin diferencia estadística respecto a las medidas obtenidas directamente. Conclusión: De los tres objetivos fotográficos utilizados uno de 100mm es el que permite la fotografía más fiel a la realidad, con una diferencia promedio de 0,5mm con las medidas directas.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Facial anthropometry is the measurement of distances of the face. It can be performed directly in the subject present or indirectly. Among the indirect methods is photogrammetry: measuring facial distances in photographs. In order to perform the facial photographic registration, a standardized photographic technique is required, that is, the parameters of the camera, the photographic set and the parameters of the subject must be previously established. This work aims to standardize a photographic technique and to study the reliability of facial photogrammetry, comparing direct anthropometric measurements and photogrammetry with three different photographic lenses, in order to determine which one has the highest fidelity. Objective: To standardize camera parameters and image framing for facial photogrammetry. Materials and Methods: Six facial distances were measured directly and indirectly on a sample of 50 subjects. The indirect measurements were taken on photographs of the subjects using fixed photographic lenses of 35mm, 50mm and 100mm. Six photographs were taken from each volunteer; three of front and three of profile, one with each lens. The distances between the camera and the subjects was variable, so that the image frame was always 30 cm. The differences were statistically compared. Results: With a 35mm lens, only one of the six distances measured in photographs was equal to the measurement obtained directly. With a 50mm lens, three of the six distances obtained were equal to the direct measurements. With a 100mm lens, all distances measured in photographs were equal and without statistical difference in relation to the measurements obtained directly. Conclusion: Of the three photographic lenses, the 100mm lens is the one that allows the photograph more faithful to the reality, where the photogrammetric measures of the face have a difference of 0,5mm or less with the direct measurements.

Efficacy of Gaze Photographs in Diagnosing Ocular Myasthenia Gravis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The various tests that are routinely used to diagnose generalized myasthenia gravis, such as the edrophonium test, serum anti-acetylcholine-receptor antibodies (AChR-Ab), and repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) tests, have lower diagnostic sensitivity in ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG). Diagnosing OMG becomes even more difficult when the clinical symptoms are subtle. There is no gold-standard diagnostic test available for OMG patients, and so this study compared the diagnostic sensitivity of gaze photographs with conventional tests in OMG. METHODS: Records of gaze photographs were available for 25 of 31 consecutive patients diagnosed with OMG. Each patient underwent a neuro-ophthalmologic examination, serum AChR-Ab, RNS, edrophonium test, ice tests, and the acquisition of gaze photographs. The margin reflex distance 1 (MRD1) was measured on each of the gaze photographs, with MRD1 < 2 mm or an interlid MRD1 difference of ≥2 mm on any of the gaze photographs defined as a positive sign of OMG. The diagnostic sensitivities of the tests were assessed. RESULTS: The mean age at onset was 38.5 years (range, 2–76 years), and 13 patients (52%) were men. The diagnostic sensitivities of the RNS test, AChR-Ab test, gaze photographs, and ice test were 56%, 64%, 80%, and 73%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic sensitivity was higher for gaze photographs than for the other tests applied to OMG patients.

Fiabilidad y validez de un instrumento que utiliza fotografías para medir la habilidad de diagnóstico diferencial de lesiones causadas por presión y/o por incontinencia / Reliability and validity of an instrument that uses photographs to measure the abilityfor differential diagnosis of injuries caused by pressure and/or incontinence

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la fiabilidad y validez de un instrumento que permite medir la habilidad visual para identificar y clasificar Dermatitis Asociada a Incontinencia (DAI), Ulceras por Presión (UPP) y lesiones mixtas, por parte de profesionales de enfermería. Material y método: Se aplicó un instrumento autoadministrado conformado por 14 fotografías a una muestra por conveniencia de 28 profesionales de enfermería, donde se debía identificar la lesión y luego clasificar su estado de avance. A modo exploratorio se calculó la fiabilidad anidada con Alpha de Cronbach y la validez con Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP). Resultados: La fiabilidad inicial de las 14 fotografías (Alpha de Cronbach= 0,174) fue baja y tras eliminar 7 la fiabilidad fue aceptable (Alpha de Cronbach= 0,709). Se estableció la presencia de dos dimensiones: por un lado, la habilidad de diagnosticar DAI que explica un 35% de la varianza y, por otro, la habilidad de diagnosticar UPP, que explica el 22% de la varianza, ya sea que se encuentren separadas o juntas en un mismo paciente. Las lesiones DAI son diagnosticadas en mayor proporción que las lesiones mixtas. Conclusión: El estudio aportó 6 fotografías fiables y válidas que pueden ser utilizadas en futuros trabajos para construir un instrumento más robusto que pueda ser utilizado en Chile para la capacitación en el área. La muestra estudiada tiene fortalezas en el diagnóstico de DAI y dificultades en el diagnóstico de lesiones mixtas.

ABSTRACT Aim: To evaluate the reliability and validity of an instrument that allows to measure the visual ability to identify and classify Incontinence Associated Dermatitis (IAD), Pressure Ulcers (PU) and mixed lesions, by nursing professionals. Material and method: A self-administered instrument consisting of 14 photographs was applied to a convenience sample of 28 nurses. A set of 14 photographs were shown in which they were asked to identify and then classify the state of the lesion. In an exploratory manner, the nested reliability was calculated with Cronbach's Alpha and the validity with Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results: The initial reliability of the 14 photographs was low (Cronbach Alpha = 0.174), after removing 7 photographs the reliability became acceptable (Cronbach Alpha = 0.709). The presence of two dimensions was established: on the one hand the ability to diagnose IAD, which explains 35% of the variance, and secondly, the ability to diagnose PU, which explains 22% of the variance, whether they are separated or together in the same patient. IAD is better diagnosed than mixed lesions. Conclusion: The study provided 6 reliable and valid photos that can be used in future work to build a more robust instrument that can be used in Chile for training in the area. The studied sample shows strengths when diagnosing IAD and difficulties when diagnosing mixed lesions.

Forensic importance of intraoral photographs for human identification in dental autopsies ­ a case report / Importância pericial das fotografias intraorais para a identificação humana em autopsias odontológicas ­ relato de caso

Human identification may be achieved through fingerprint, teeth and DNA analyses. In these approaches, identification is given comparatively ­ between antemortem (AM) and postmortem (PM) data. Intraoral photographs, commonly used in Orthodontics, represent a source of dental identifiers in Forensic Dentistry. The present study aims to report a case of human identification founded on the analysis of intraoral photographs. An unknown human body was referred for cadaveric examination, which revealed all the permanent teeth fully erupted in the oral cavity. Among the distinctive dental traits, occlusal amalgam restorations were observed in the mandibular first molars, as well fixed orthodontic appliances with bands in the same teeth. Intraoral photographs were provided by the relatives of the potential victim. In these photographs, the same distinctive dental traits were observed leading to a positive identification without explainable discrepancies. The use of intraoral photographs for forensic purposes must be encouraged in medicolegal institutes because these are practical, low-cost, absent of radiation and reliable tools in the human identification process.

O processo de identificação humana pode se dar cientificamente confiável por meio dos exames da papiloscopia, odontologia e genética. Nestas três vertentes, a identificação comparativa ­ entre dados antemortem (AM) e postmortem (PM). As fotografias intrabucais, comumente utilizadas em Ortodontia, representam fonte de caracteres identificadores em Odontologia Legal. O presente estudo objetiva relatar um caso pericial fundamentado na utilização de fotografias intrabucais para a identificação humana. Um corpo não identificado foi encaminhado para exame necroscópico revelando a presença de todos os dentes permanentes completamente erupcionados na cavidade bucal. Dentre os caracteres dentais distintivos observados na vítima, encontravam-se restaurações oclusais de amálgama nos primeiros molares inferiores, assim como aparelho ortodôntico fixo ancorados por bandas nestes mesmos dentes. Fotografias intrabucais provenientes de tratamento ortodôntico foram fornecidas pelos familiares da suposta vítima. Nestas, os mesmo caracteres distintivos foram detectados gerando identificação positiva sem discrepâncias inexplicáveis. A utilização de fotografias intrabucais com finalidade forense deve ser divulgada e encorajada em institutos médico-legais, uma vez que representa meio prático, de baixo custo, isento de radiação e confiável para o processo de identificação humana.

Validade relativa de questionário de frequência alimentar com suporte de imagens / Relative validity of a food frequency questionnaire supported by images

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a validade relativa de questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA), desenvolvido para adolescentes. O estudo envolveu amostra de 106 adolescentes (57% meninas) de 11 a 18 anos de idade. O QFA foi aplicado em entrevistas pessoais com o suporte de fotografias dos 93 itens alimentares. As médias deatenuadas da ingestão de energia e nutrientes de três recordatórios de 24 horas (R24h) foram consideradas como referência e foram comparadas com aquelas estimadas pelo QFA com o uso do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, kappa ponderado para a concordância da categorização em quartis, e limites de concordância de Bland-Altman. Os coeficientes de correlação variaram de 0,27 a 0,49 (média = 0,43), o kappa ponderado variou de 0,28 a 0,51 (média = 0,40), e a concordância média estimada variou de 109 a 159% (média = 130%). Aproximadamente 30% das estimativas foram classificados de forma exata em um mesmo quartil e cerca de 90% em quartis iguais ou adjacentes. Resultados obtidos com a aplicação do QFA com o suporte de fotografias foram mais favoráveis do que os observados para o questionário isoladamente. O QFA foi considerado apropriado para categorizar adolescentes segundo gradientes de consumo energia e nutrientes.

Abstract The scope of this study was to evaluate the relative validity of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) designed for adolescents. The study involved a sample of 106 adolescents (57% girls) aged between 11 and 18. The FFQ was administered in one-on-one interviews with the support of the 93 photographs of food items. Overall averages of energy and nutrient intake of three 24-hour recalls (24h-R) were used as benchmarks. They were then compared with those estimated from the FFQ using the Spearman correlation coefficient, weighted kappa for the agreement between classifications into quartiles and Bland-Altman limits of agreement. The correlation coefficients ranged from 0.27 to 0.49 (mean = 0.43), the weighted kappa ranged from 0.28 to 0.51 (mean = 0.40), and the estimated Bland-Altman mean limits of agreement ranged from 109 to 159% (mean = 130%). Approximately 30% of the estimates were classified into the same quartile while about 90% were categorized into the same or adjacent quartiles. Supporting the application of the FFQ with photographs provided more favorable results than those observed for the questionnaire alone. The FFQ was considered appropriate to categorize adolescents according to gradients of dietary intake.

Ambiente de luz del sotobosque de una selva nublada andina: estructura del dosel y estacionalidad climática / Light environment in the understory of an Andean cloud forest: canopy structure and climatic seasonality

Resumen:El ambiente lumínico en el sotobosque de las selvas nubladas es muy heterogéneo y está determinado por la composición de especies, la estructura del dosel, las condiciones de sitio y la estacionalidad. Este estudio se realizó en la selva nublada San Eusebio, Venezuela (2 300-2 500 m.s.n.m.). El impacto de las variaciones estructurales del dosel en la disponibilidad de luz del sotobosque fue estimado durante la estación seca (diciembre-febrero) y lluviosa (marzo-noviembre), tanto en claros de diferente tamaño como en bosque no perturbado (BNP). Se tomaron fotografías hemisféricas para estimar el porcentaje de dosel abierto, índice de área foliar, porcentajes de luz directa y luz difusa transmitida, duración y frecuencia de rayos de sol. Se calculó un índice de luz a partir de las proporciones relativas de luz directa y difusa transmitida al sotobosque. Para la mayoría de las variables, hubo diferencias significativas entre las estaciones, así como entre claros y BNP. El índice de luz fue bajo (0.25 a 26 de un máximo = 100), incluso para los claros más grandes, indicando un ambiente de luz muy oscuro en el sotobosque, particularmente, en BNP en la estación lluviosa. Patrones e interacciones entre los factores fueron analizados (BNP vs. claros, tamaño de claro, posición en el claro y estacionalidad) con un diseño ANOVA de efectos mixtos y medidas repetidas. Los resultados mostraron que la cantidad de luz que llega al sotobosque es baja, tanto en BNP como en claros. Sin embargo, existieron diferencias pequeñas pero significativas en la disponibilidad de luz, tanto por efecto de la estacionalidad como por la magnitud de las perturbaciones. Estas diferencias podrían contribuir a explicar la dinámica de la regeneración de especies en estos bosques. El conocimiento de los factores que condicionan la disponibilidad de luz en el sotobosque, donde se inicia la regeneración de los árboles, es crucial en selvas nubladas debido a las limitaciones energéticas de este ecosistema, y podría ser fundamental para futuros planes de restauración y conservación de la diversidad e integridad de estos bosques.

Abstract:The light environment in the understory of cloud forests is highly heterogeneous and determined by species composition, canopy structure, site conditions, and seasonality. This study was carried out at San Eusebio cloud forest, Venezuela (2 300 - 2 500 masl). The impact of canopy structure variations on understory light availability was estimated in the dry (December-February) and rainy (March-November) seasons, in sites under continuous canopy cover and gaps of various sizes. Hemispherical photographs were taken to estimate the percentage of canopy openness, leaf area index, percentages of transmitted direct and diffuse light, and duration and frequency of sunflecks. A light index was calculated from the relative proportions of direct and diffuse light transmitted to the understory. For most variables, there were significant differences between seasons, as well as among different gap sizes and under closed canopy. The light index was low (0.25 to 26 of a maximum = 100), even for the largest gaps, indicating a highly shaded light environment, especially beneath closed canopy in the rainy season. Patterns and interactions among factors were analyzed (gaps vs. continuous canopy, gap sizes, location within the gaps, and seasonality) with a mixed effects repeated measures Anova design. Results showed that the amount of light reaching the understory is low in both gaps and closed canopy. However, small but significant differences in light availability existed for both seasonality and magnitude of the perturbations. These differences could contribute to explain the dynamics of tree species regeneration in this forest. The knowledge of the factors conditioning light availability in the understory where tree regeneration begins is crucial in cloud forests because of energetic limitations in this ecosystem, and might be essential for future restoration and conservation plans concerning the preservation of the diversity and integrity of these forests. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1699-1707. Epub 2016 December 01.

Cambios en la cobertura de manglares en Bahía Culebra, Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica (1945-2010) / Changes in mangrove coverage in Culebra Bay, North Pacific of Costa Rica (1945-2010)

ResumenLos manglares tienen gran importancia ecológica, económica, riqueza natural y prestan servicios ambientales. No obstante, son amenazados por la sobreexplotación, la contaminación y el cambio de uso de suelo. Costa Rica tiene manglares en las costas pacífica y caribeña. Según algunos estudios, la cobertura de manglar ha ido disminuyendo desde la década de 1980. Debido a que estos datos no son actualizados y se basan en estimaciones poco precisas, es necesario hacer una valoración de la extensión actual y la variación de la cobertura en los últimos años, que permita determinar cambios. En esta investigación se estudió la cobertura de dos manglares ubicados en Bahía Culebra, Pacífico Norte: Iguanita y Playa Panamá. Se usaron fotografías e imágenes de satélite para un período de 65 años (1945-2010). Se encontraron cambios espaciotemporales en la cobertura de manglar, bosques adyacentes y áreas sin vegetación. Las menores coberturas de manglar se registraron en la década de 1970, pero aumentaron en años posteriores. Los cambios en la cobertura de bosque alrededor de los manglares de Iguanita y Playa Panamá concuerdan con otros análisis históricos sobre el uso del suelo alrededor de Bahía Culebra. Antes de 1980 se dio un aumento de las prácticas de ganadería extensiva e intensiva, lo que aumentó la tasa de deforestación. Después de 1980 se abandonaron estas prácticas y la cobertura de bosque secundario aumentó hasta el año 2000. Para asegurar una adecuada protección de los manglares, es necesario evaluar también las áreas aledañas y establecer zonas de amortiguamiento alrededor, para reducir los impactos futuros.

Abstract:Despite the economic and environmental services that mangroves provide, they continue to be threatened by overexploitation, pollution, and land use change. Costa Rica has mangrove areas on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts, and cover has been declining since the 1980s. However, data on mangrove coverage are not continually updated and are often based on inaccurate estimates. It is therefore necessary to assess the current extension and variation of the mangrove cover in recent years, to determine changes. The mangrove cover was analyzed in two mangrove forests located in Bahía Culebra, North Pacific: Iguanita and Playa Panamá. For this, aerial photographs and satellite imagery were used to study changes for a 65 year period (1945-2010). Spatio-temporal changes were found in mangrove coverage, adjacent forests and areas without vegetation. Lower mangrove cover occurred during the 1970s (28.4 ha in Iguanita and 4.8 ha in Playa Panamá); but increased in recent years (38.9 ha in Iguanita and 12.0 ha in Panamá). Changes in forest cover by the Iguanita and Playa Panama mangroves were related to the history of land use around Bahía Culebra. Before 1980, there was extensive and intensive cattle ranching, increasing the deforestation rate; after that year, these practices were abandoned and secondary forest coverage increased until 2000. To ensure the adequate protection of mangroves, it is not only important to protect mangrove forests, but it is also necessary to establish buffer zones on their surroundings, to mitigate and/or reduce possible impacts. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 955-964. Epub 2016 September 01.

Análisis de algunas barreras del ambiente construido para la actividad física en la Ciudad de Cuernavaca, Morelos, México / Analysis of some environmental barriers for physical activity Cuernavaca City, Morelos, México

Introducción: La actividad física (AF) es un factor de protección ante múltiples enfermedades. Las recomendaciones mundiales para la AF están bien establecidas y son difundidas en todos los escenarios posibles, pero el ambiente construido podría presentar múltiples barreras para seguir dichas recomendaciones. Objetivo: Analizar algunas barreras del ambiente construido para la actividad física por niveles de marginación en la ciudad de Cuernavaca, México. Materiales y métodos: Empleando el programa Atlas ti 5.0, se categorizaron los datos obtenidos de 170 guías de observación. Se realizó el análisis de un acervo fotográfico de 341 imágenes de 20 AGEBS de la ciudad de Cuernavaca, utilizando un análisis de imágenes fijas connotativo, denotativo y por 3 categorías (Calzadas, tránsito y espacios deportivos). Se utilizó el programa Stata 12.0 para obtener frecuencias y porcentajes. Resultados: Se identificaron deficiencias en el diseño y uso de espacios como las banquetas, falta de señalización e inseguridad de las vías públicas. Se encontró carencia de espacios para la práctica de la actividad física. Solo hay una presencia del 10% de espacios deportivos en los 20 AGEBS estudiados. Se encontró que el 82.86% de las calles está en deficiente estado. La deficiente iluminación vial, carencia de ciclovías y grafitis con porcentajes importantes también se identificaron como barreras para la AF. Discusión: En Cuernavaca las posibilidades de acceso a espacios seguros, presentan múltiples barreras y por ende esta tendencia afecta de forma negativa la salud de los habitantes de la ciudad, además que no es congruente con las recomendaciones mundiales para la actividad física. Conclusiones: La identificación y abolición de las barreras deben estar dentro las prioridades de las políticas de salud públicas y las intervenciones deben procurar dicha transformación, de esta forma se superará la tendencia de solamente informar sobre los beneficios de la actividad física que predominan en la gran mayoría de las recomendaciones e intervenciones.

Introduction: Physical activity (PA) is a factor of protection against multiple diseases. Global recommendations for PA are well established and are spread in all possible scenarios, but the built environment could present multiple barriers to follow these recommendations. Objective: To Analyze some built environment barriers for physical activity by levels of marginalization in the city of Cuernavaca, Mexico. Material and methods: Using the software Atlas ti 5.0, data from 170 observation guides and were categorized. The analysis of a photographic collection of 341 images of 20 AGEBS of Cuernavaca was performed using an analysis connotative and denotative by 3 categories (roadways, traffic and sports areas). Stata 12.0 software was used to obtain frequencies and percentages. Results: Deficiencies in the design and use of spaces such as sidewalks, lack of signage and insecurity of public roads were identified. Lack of spaces for the practice of physical activity was found. There is only one presence of 10% of sports facilities in the 20 AGEBS studied. It was found that 82.86% of the streets are in poor condition. Poor street lighting, lack of bicycle paths and graffiti with significant percentages were also identified as barriers to PA. Discussion: In Cuernavaca the possibilities of access to safe spaces for FA have multiple barriers, this negatively affects the health of the habitants of the city, and that is not consistent with global recommendations for physical activity. Conclusions: Identifying and abolishing barriers must be within the priorities of public health policies and interventions should seek this transformation, to improve the tendency to only report on benefits of physical activity prevailing in the vast majority of programs.

Delineamento dental computadorizado das bordas incisais, em fotografias de sorriso, com finalidade pericial / Computerized dental delimitation of incisal edges in smile photographs with forensic purposes

Introdução: O aumento da criminalidade no Brasil tem gerado um incremento dos casos de identificação humana envolvendo corpos carbonizados, putrefeitos e esqueletizados nos Institutos Médicos Legais dopaís. Neste contexto, a Odontologia Legal tem demonstrado sua importância na identificação humana porvárias técnicas, dentre elas a identificação por meio de fotografias do sorriso. Objetivo: Demonstrar, pormeio de um relato de caso, a execução da técnica de demarcação da linha incisal em fotografiascasuais/sociais de sorriso utilizando o software Power Point®(Microsoft®, Redmond, EUA), com finalidadede identificação humana. Relato de caso: um cadáver parcialmente carbonizado foi examinado para determinação da causa mortis e identificação humana. Diante da inexistência de registrosmédico/odontológicos, os supostos familiares foram orientados a apresentarem fotografias em que apessoa desaparecida aparecesse sorrindo, a fim de que essas fossem comparadas com fotografias análogas produzidas a partir das arcadas dentárias do cadáver. Por meio da delimitação das linhas incisais dos dentes inferiores utilizando o Power Point®(Microsoft®, Redmond, EUA) e comparação comlinha semelhante produzida a partir das fotografias de sorriso fornecidas, foi possível a identificaçãopositiva do cadáver. Conclusão: Apesar de a técnica ilustrada poder ser realizada com outros programasde computador, o Power Point®(Microsoft®, Redmond, EUA) permite a obtenção do delineamento incisalcom maior facilidade e com a mesma confiabilidade de programas mais complexos, em casos de análisepericial do sorriso.

Criminality increased in Brazil in the last years. Consequently, human identification cases involvingcharred and putrefied bodies, as well skeletal remains, became more prevalent. In this context, forensic dentistry played an important role enabling several pathways to aid human identifications, including the analysis of smile photographs. Objective: To report a case of human identification illustrating the techniqueused for tracing the contour of incisal borders using Power Point®(Microsoft®, Redmond, USA) softwarepackage in smile photographs. Case report: An unknown partially charred human body was referred fordental identification and investigation on the cause of death at the local medico-legal institute. In the lackof ante-mortem (AM) medical/dental data potential relatives of the victim were asked to provide socialphotographs showing the teeth of the victim (smile photographs). The obtained photographs were used forcomparison with photographs produced post-mortem (PM). In both AM and PM photographs the contour ofthe incisal borders were traced using Power Point®(Microsoft®, Redmond, USA) software package andqualitatively matched for a positive identification. Conclusion: Extracting the incisal contour of human teethis feasible through commonly used software packages and may support forensic investigations based onidentity.

Estudo da proporção áurea em fotografias faciais de indivíduos com oclusão normal / Study of the golden proportion in facial photographs of individuals with normal occlusion

Este trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar a presença e a frequência de Proporções Áureas na face de jovens brasileiros, leucodermas, portadores de oclusão normal segundo a classificação de Andrews (1972), sem tratamento ortodôntico prévio, por meio de fotografias padronizadas na posição natural de cabeça, em norma lateral e frontal. A amostra constituiu-se de 56 indivíduos, sendo 21 do gênero masculino e 35 do gênero feminino entre 12 e 21 anos, com idade média de 16,1 anos. Após tratamento estatístico dos resultados, encontrou-se um universo de 276 pares de medidas em Proporção Áurea. Considerou-se neste estudo somente os 53 pares de medidas que estavam em Proporção Áurea com resultados acima de 60%, sendo 30 pares nas medidas horizontais (fotografias frontais), 8 pares nas medidas verticais (fotografias laterais) e 15 pares nas medidas horizontais com verticais (fotografias frontais com laterais).

This study has the purpose of evaluate the presence and frequency of the Golden Proportion on faces of young Brazilians with normal occlusion according to Andrews (1972) classification, and no previous orthodontic treatment. The assessment was carried out through standardized lateral and frontal facial photographs in natural head. The sample was composed by 56 young students (21 male and 35 female) with age between 12 and 21 years old (average age 16.1 years). After submitting the results to statistical analysis, this research has found 276 pairs of measures in Golden Proportion. In the present study were considered just the 53 pairs of measures with Golden Proportion over 60% being: 30 pairs of horizontal measures (frontal photographs), 8 pairs of vertical measures (lateral photographs), and 15 pairs of horizontal X vertical measures (frontal with lateral photographs).

Photography versus lateral cephalogram: Role in facial diagnosis.

Context: In a developing country like India, where expensive cephalometric apparatus is unavailable everywhere, photography assumes importance for diagnostic and treatment planning procedures as it is low cost and less technique sensitive. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare and correlate craniofacial measurements from cephalometric radiographs with analogous measurements from standardized facial photographs in the Gujarati population. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out using standardized cephalometric radiographs and photographs of 60 Gujarati subjects (30 males, 30 females). Eight facial landmarks were identified on both the photograph and cephalogram. Five angular and three linear measurements were created from these landmarks and planes. Statistical Analysis Used: The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to estimate the correlations between the photographic and cephalometric variables. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was estimated to measure the reliability of the repeated tracings. Results: On comparing the cephalometric and photographic variables for the entire sample, positive and significant correlations were found for all the variables studied (r > 0, P < 0.05). The ICCs for all of the angular measurements were higher than those for linear measurements. Conclusion: Photographs may be used reliably for epidemiological purposes, screening, initial consultations and cases where irradiation is contraindicated or needs to be avoided.