Evaluating two methods of digital photography in retinopathy screening / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

·AIM:To evaluate the advantages of non - mydriatic fundus photography (NMFCS) and mydriatic fundus photography (MFCS) as eye - bottom screening and diagnosis methods in compared with gold standard fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA). ·METHODS: A total of 276 patients which involved in Chronic Diabetes Management Achieves within 4 streets of Pudong District Shanghai, were enrolled for diabetic retinopathy (DR) examination including NMFCS, MFCS and FFA. These DR examinations were proceeded after vision,slit-lamp and dioptroscopy tests,and reported by professionals. For those with suspicious fundus diseases, we would make appointments with specialist for further treatment. ·RESULTS: A total of 1104 colorful fundus images, and 1056 images (95.65%) could be used to analyze. There were 408 appreciable images, 116 basically appreciable images and 28 unusable images in 552 NMFCS images. In addition,there were 432 appreciable images,100 basically appreciable images and 20 unusable images in 552 MFCS images. There was no significant differences between NMFCS and MFCS (P>0.05). Compared with FFA with DRⅠ as the critical value, the specificity of digital photography for NMFCS was 95.71%, the sensitivity was 93.56%;however, MFCS are 95.43% and 98.02%. There was no statistically significant difference between the two screening methods (P>0.05). Compared with FFA with DR Ⅱ as the critical value, the specificity of digital photography for NMFCS was 95.35% and the sensitivity was 93. 44%; however, for MFCS were 95. 81% and 98.36%. There was no statistically significant difference between the two screening methods (P>0.05). ·CONCLUSION: Both NMFCS and MFCS could be used for the diagnosis and screening for eye diseases. NMFCS is easier and faster for digital photography, which is suitable for mass screening. MFCS is more likely to provide detailed information about the follow-up of the disease.

Deifnition Based Cell Microscopic Image Segmentation and Counting Algorithm / 中国医学影像学杂志

Purpose To propose a definition based algorithm for segmenting and counting cell microscopic images. Materials and Methods Cell microscopic images were first pretreated and then transformed using discrete cosine transformation (DCT). The high frequency part was truncated and re-converted to differentiate clear and blurred images. The clear foreground regions were obtained. The intact objective was extracted using region growing method. Statistics and analysis of cell number were then conducted. Results This algorithm showed good performance in cell microscopic image counting with accuracy of over 90% at less than 100 ms/image. Conclusion Definition based method is fast and accurate in cell microscopic image segmentation and counting.

Skin Thickness of the Anterior, Anteromedial, and Anterolateral Thigh: A Cadaveric Study for Split-Skin Graft Donor Sites

BACKGROUND: The depth of graft harvest and the residual dermis available for reepithelization primarily influence the healing of split-skin graft donor sites. When the thigh region is chosen, the authors hypothesize based on thickness measurements that the anterolateral region is the optimal donor site. METHODS: Full-thickness skin specimens were sampled from the anteromedial, anterior, and anterolateral regions of human cadavers. Skin specimens were cut perpendicularly with a custom-made precision apparatus to avoid the overestimation of thickness measurements. The combined epidermal and dermal thicknesses (overall skin thickness) were measured using a digital calliper. The specimens were histologically stained to visualize their basement membrane, and microscopy images were captured. Since the epidermal thickness varies across the specimen, a stereological method was used to eliminate observer bias. RESULTS: Epidermal thickness represented 2.5% to 9.9% of the overall skin thickness. There was a significant difference in epidermal thickness from one region to another (P<0.05). The anterolateral thigh region had the most consistent and highest mean epidermal thickness (60+/-3.2 microm). We observed that overall skin thickness increased laterally from the anteromedial region to the anterior and anterolateral regions of the thigh. The overall skin thickness measured 1,032+/-435 microm in the anteromedial region compared to 1,220+/-257 microm in the anterolateral region. CONCLUSIONS: Based on skin thickness measurements, the anterolateral thigh had the thickest epidermal and dermal layers. We suggest that the anterolateral thigh region is the optimal donor site for split-skin graft harvests from the thigh.

Conhecimento da anatomia da orelha de cobaias e ratos e sua aplicação na pesquisa otológica básica / Understanding the anatomy of ears from guinea pigs and rats and its use in basic otologic research

O uso de mostras animais é importante na pesquisa otológica e o conhecimento da anatomia de sua orelha permite sua utilização adequada. OBJETIVO: Estudar a anatomia da orelha da cobaia e do rato por microscopia óptica de luz (MOL) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e suas vantagens anatômicas na pesquisa otológica básica. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Os ossos temporais, as bulas timpânicas e cócleas de três cobaias e ratos albinos foram fotografados e analisados ao MOL e MEV. RESULTADOS: O rato não é tão simples de manipular como a cobaia, e freqüentemente apresenta otite média. O rato apresenta uma junção frágil da bula timpânica, duas e meia espiras na cóclea e a membrana timpânica não veda todo o conduto auditivo externo. A cobaia possui uma bula inteiriça, martelo e bigorna fundidos e três e meia espiras na cóclea. Pela MEV a cobaia e o rato possuem Membrana Tectória, Membrana de Raissner e o Órgão de Corti. As Células de Hensen estão presentes somente na cobaia. CONCLUSÃO: A cobaia foi considerada de fácil manipulação para a microdissecção, pelo tamanho e rigidez do osso temporal, e para experimentos cirúrgicos envolvendo o estribo, janela oval e a membrana timpânica. Pela MEV nota-se semelhança entre cobaia e rato, podendo ambos serem utilizados em estudos da orelha interna.

The use of animal samples is important in otologic research and understanding the anatomy of their ears help make proper use of them in research projects. AIM: to study guinea pig's and rat's ears under light microscopy(LM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and understand their anatomical advantages in basic otologic research. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The temporal bones, tympanic bullas and cochleas from three albino guinea pigs and rats were photographed and analyzed under LM and SEM. RESULTS: Rats aren't as simple to handle as guinea pigs, and often present with otitis media. Rats have a fragile junction of the tympanic bulla, two and half turns in the cochlea, and their tympanic membranes do not seal off the entire external auditory canal. Guinea pigs have full bullas, their incus and malleus are fused and they have three and half cochlear turns. Under SEM, guinea pigs and rats have Tectori Membrane, Raissner's Membrane and the Organ of Corti. Only guinea pigs have Hensen's Cells. CONCLUSION: Guinea pigs were considered easy to handle for microdissection purposes because of the size and robustness of their temporal bones, and for surgical experiments involving the stapes, the oval window and the tympanic membrane. Under SEM there are similarities guinea pigs and rats, and both can be used in inner ear studies.

Estudo do módulo de elasticidade, resistência limite à tração e alongamento, de ligas à base de cobre, fundidas por diferentes fontes de calor / Modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and elongation study of copper alloys based casting for heat sources differents

Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo do módulo de elasticidade, da resistência limite à tração e alongamento de duas ligas à base de cobre (Duracast e Goldent), fundidas por três fontes de calor (Gás/ar, Gás/oxigênio e Indução). Foram confeccionados 60 corpos-de-prova e submetidos a ensaios de tração, segundo a especificação nº 1562 da ISO. Posteriormente foi realizada a análise química e metalográfica. A análise química demonstrou que, as ligas metálicas sofreram alterações após as fundições e não foram influenciadas pela variação das fontes de calor. A liga Duracast apresentou valores do módulo de elasticidade estatisticamente superiores aos da liga Goldent, sendo que os maiores valores foram obtidos com as fontes de calor gás/oxigênio e gás/ar. Estatisticamente, os maiores valores de resistência limite à tração, também foram para a liga Duracast, quando comparados com os da liga Goldent, sendo que as fontes de calor por indução e gás/oxigênio, proporcionaram os maiores valores. Para os valores de alongamento, a liga Goldent apresentou os maiores valores, entretanto, mostrou-se insensível as variações das fontes de calor. Ao passo que a liga Duracast apresentou valores de alongamento, com diferenças estatisticamente significantes, com os maiores valores para a fonte por indução, superiores aos da fonte gás/ar e similares aos da fonte gás/oxigênio

This work had as objective the study of the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength limit and elongation of two copper alloys based (Duracast and Goldent), casting for three heat sources (air/gas, oxigen/gas and induction). Sixty test samples were made and submited to tensile tests, in according to ISO number 1562 specification. Subsequently was realized the chemical and metallographic analysis. The chemical analysis demonstrated that mettalic alloys suffering change after the casting and weren't influenced by the heat sources change. The Duracast alloy presented modulus of elasticity values statistically superior to the Goldent alloy, being that greater values were obtained with the heat sources oxigen/gas and air/gas. Statistically the greater values of tensile strength limit were to the Duracast alloy too, when compared to Goldent alloy, being that heat sources for induction and oxigen/gas provided the greater values. For the elongation values to the Goldent alloy presented the greater values, however showed it insensitive to heat sources change. Althought the Duracast alloy presented statistically significant differences for the elongation with the greater values to the induction heat, higher to the air/gas heat and similar to the oxigen/gas heat