ABSTRACT
Abstract Isochrysis galbana is a brown microalgae widely used as a feed for marine organism in aquaculture. The aim of present study is to investigate the growth, biochemical composition, fatty acid profile, photosynthetic parameters and antioxidant activity (radical scavenging activity) of Isochrysis galbana cells cultivated under different levels (sub-optimum; 50 ± 1.5,optimum; 125 ± 2.5 and supra-optimum; 325 ± 3.5 µmol photons m-2 s -1) of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), and subsequently treated with different concentration of nitrate deprivation (8mM, 2mM and 0.5mM). The experiment was carried out under controlled conditions utilizing a factorial design 3x3 (light intensity and nitrate concentration). The result depicts that PAR positively influences the growth of Isochrysis galbana which is maximum under supra-optimum PAR. Nitrate deprivation (2mM & 0.5mM) induced decline in growth in terms of dry weight is observed as 60.1% & 61.9% in suboptimum and 26.5% and 34.9% in supra-optimum respectively over the values recorded in their respective controls. Supra-optimum PAR decreased primary photosynthetic pigment Chl a and Chl c by 15.7% and 8.5%, whereas carotenoid content increased by 45.9% in supra-optimum PAR which displays potential interest as antioxidant agent in addition to total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity. The results suggest that combined stress of high light and nitrogen deprivation shifts the metabolic physiology from protein synthesis to energy reserve (carbohydrate and lipid) and accumulation of saturated fatty acid on expense of unsaturated fatty acid except docosahexaenoic acid. These valuable compounds exhibit potential applications in mariculture, nutraceutical and biofuel industry.
Subject(s)
Pigments, Biological , Solar Radiation , Haptophyta , AntioxidantsABSTRACT
En Tibacuy, Cundinamarca, Colombia, se encuentran culti- vos de café, tanto a pleno sol como con diferentes coberturas arbóreas y de plátano (Musa AAB); sin embargo, no se han realizado investigaciones que estudien las interacciones entre el dosel de sombra y el cultivo. Esta investigación, se centró en evaluar la respuesta ecofisiológica de plantas de cafeto cv. Castillo en sistemas agroforestales (SAF), con tres niveles de sombra: baja, de 0 a 20%; media, 21 a 47% y alta, de 48 a 70%. Se seleccionaron cinco fincas por condición de sombra, con cafetales de 4 a 6 años. En cada predio, se estableció una parcela de 1.000m², en la que se realizaron tres muestreos en el 2015: periodo lluvioso-enero, época de transición-junio y época seca-julio. En cada parcela, se se- leccionaron tres plantas de café representativas y en cada planta tres hojas, una por estrato vertical: bajo, medio y alto. Se midió la radiación fotosintéticamente activa incidente (RAFAi), conductancia estomática, transpiración y asimila- ción neta de carbono, con un sistema de fotosíntesis porta- ble CIRAS-3. Los resultados indican que niveles de sombra entre 48 y 70% afectaron negativamente la fotosíntesis de las plantas de café, mientras que con niveles de sombra, hasta de 47%, se obtiene una eficiencia fotosintética similar a plantas de café a pleno sol. Estos resultados son importantes para las decisiones de establecimiento y de manejo de sistemas productivos de café, principalmente, las relacionadas con el dosel de sombra.
Coffee crops under full sun and different tree covers and plantain (Musa AAB) are located in Tibacuy, Cundinamarca, Colombia; however, no studies about interactions between canopy layer and the crop have been carried out. This research is focused in evaluating the ecophysiological performance of coffee bushes cv. Castillo in agroforestry systems (AFS) under three conditions of tree and plantain (Musa AAB) shade: low shade, 0-20%, medium shade, 21-47% and high shade, 48-70%. Five farms by type of shade with coffee plantations in production, aged between 4 and 6 years were selected. In each place, a sampling plot of 1000m² was established in which three recordings were taken in 2015: rainy season, January, transition period, June, and dry season, July. In each sampling plot, three representative coffee plants were selected, which were representative and in each plant, three leaves were selected: one by vertical strata: low, medium and high. The incident radiation photosynthetically active (PARi), stomatal conductance, transpiration and net assimilation of CO2 were measured with a portable photosynthesis system CIRAS 3. The results show that high levels of shade between 48 and 70% negatively affected the photosynthesis rates of coffee plants; whereas with medium levels of shade up to 47% a similar photosynthetic efficiency than plants under full sun was obtained. These results are important inputs to consider in taking decisions for the establishment and management of coffee production systems regarding shade canopy.
ABSTRACT
Light conditions can promote the growth and development of plants and contribute to increase the essential oil production of commercially cultivated medicinal and aromatic species. In view of the great importance of Ocimum gratissimum L., Lamiaceae, as an aromatic plant, the objective of this work was to determine the effect of light intensities (approximately 4, 7, 11 and 20 mol m-2 d-1) on growth, foliar micromorphology, essential oil content, yield and chemical composition of O. gratissimum. Biomass production of different organs, root:shoot ratio and leaf mass per area were found to linearly increase with increased light availability, whereas stem dry matter fraction, number of leaves, leaf area and plant height have increased up to 10 mol m-2 d-1 and decreased from this value. The tector trichomes density increased with increased light availability, but there was no effect of light treatments on the glandular trichomes density and essential oil content. Regardless of the light level, the major component of the essential oil was eugenol. The essential oil yield per plant increased linearly with light intensity as a direct effect of increased leaf biomass under similar conditions.
ABSTRACT
Medições microclimáticas (radiação fotossinteticamente ativa - RFA, temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar e velocidade do vento) foram realizadas em um cultivo de café Conilon (Coffea canephora Pierre) cultivado a pleno sol e arborizado com nogueira macadâmia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche), no Município de São Mateus, Espírito Santo (ES) (18°43'S; 39°54'W; 39m), durante o período de setembro de 2008 a junho de 2009, com o objetivo de apresentar os efeitos do cultivo arborizado no microclima. Os resultados obtidos mostraram diferenças na transmissividade à RFA dentro do sistema arborizado em relação ao pleno sol, com variações de 18 a 88 por cento e de 17 a 87 por cento quando comparados em dois episódios de amostragem. A transmissividade média da RFA provocada pelas árvores de macadâmia variou de 65 a 59 por cento durante as duas épocas de amostragem. Com relação à velocidade do vento, ocorreu uma redução média de 72 por cento em sua incidência no cultivo arborizado. As diferenças na transmissividade de radiação e na incidência de ventos proporcionaram diferentes regimes de temperatura do ar e umidade relativa do ar, com maior efeito sobre os valores diurnos e no ponto de amostragem próximo ao renque de macadâmias, em que a média da temperatura máxima do ar foi até 2,2°C inferior ao cultivo a pleno sol.
Microclimatic measurements (photosynthetically active radiation - PAR, temperature and relative humidity of air and wind speed) were made in a Conilon coffee crop (Coffea canephora Pierre), grown in two different conditions: shaded by macadamia nut trees (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche) and unshaded. The experiment was carried out at Sâo Mateus, Espirito Santo State, Brazil (18°43'S; 39°54'W; 39m), between September 2008 and June 2009, aiming to show the effects of shading crop system into the microclimate. The obtained results had inside shown differences in the transmission of PAR in the shaded crop, with variations of 18 to 88 percent and 17 to 87 percent when compared the two sampling episodes . The average transmission of PAR caused by macadamia nut trees varied of 65 to 59 percent during the sampling episodes. The wind speed was reduced by 72 percent at the shaded crop. The differences in the transmission of PAR and the incidence of winds produced different values of temperature and relative humidity of the air with the greatest effect during day-light values period and at the sampling nearest point to macadamias nut trees, where the average maximum temperature was up to 2.2°C lower than the unshaded ones.
ABSTRACT
Estudaram-se os efeitos da adubação nitrogenada sobre o crescimento do capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp. cv. Tifton 85), em termos de ocorrência de plantas e altura do dossel, índice de área foliar e interceptação de radiação fotossinteticamente ativa. O estudo foi desenvolvido sobre um planossolo de ocorrência em campo experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de níveis de N (0; 150; 300; 450 e 600kg/ha de N-ureia, aplicados em duas vezes), arranjados em um desenho experimental de blocos inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente, entre 10 e 40 dias após o corte. Tanto a ocorrência de plantas como a altura do dossel responderam à adubação nitrogenada, conforme um padrão de resposta que variou, sazonalmente, em função das doses de N em interação com as condições ambientais. A expansão da área foliar e a interceptação da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa associada, também foram controladas direta e proporcionalmente pelas doses de N aplicadas, sendo maximizadas a valores de índice de área foliar em torno de 4,0.
The effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization levels on the growth patterns of the grass Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp. cv.Tifton 85) were studied in terms of occurrence of plants, sward height, leaf area index, and photosynthetically active radiation interception (PARint). The field trial was made in an experimental area. Treatments consisted of N levels (0; 150; 300; 450; and 600kg/ha N-urea, split in two applications) arranged in an experimental design of entirely randomized blocks with four repetitions. Plots were weekly sampled, from the day 10th to 40th after cutting. Both occurrence of plants as well as sward height were responsive to nitrogen fertilization according to a response pattern that seasonally varied, depending on N rates and environmental conditions; thus, demonstrating their sensitivity as indicators of growth conditions and canopy structure. Leaf expansion and its associated PAR interception were also directly and proportionately controlled by N rates, being maximized to values of leaf area index around 4.0.
Subject(s)
Cynodon/growth & development , Soil Treatment/methods , Nitrogen/administration & dosage , Nitrogen/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Coral reefs are impacted by a range of environmental variables that affect their growth and survival, the main factors being the high irradiance and temperature fluctuations. Specimens of Pocillopora capitata Verrill 1864 were exposed to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) for 32h under laboratory conditions. We examined lipid peroxidation (MDA), antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPx and GST), chlorophyll a (Chl a), carotenoid pigments (CPs), mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), and expulsion of zooxanthellae. Our results revealed that corals exposed to UVR had relatively low levels of carotenoids and antioxidant enzyme activities compared to those exposed to PAR, as well as lower CPs/Chl a ratios. Although MAAs and CPs are rapidly produced as non-enzymatic antioxidants in response to UVR in corals, these were not sufficient, even in the dark phase of the experiment, to mitigate the damage caused by formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which caused breakdown of the symbiotic relationship between the zooxanthellae and the host animal to an extent 33 times greater than in the PAR treatment. In this study, it could be possible to distinguish that, parallel to the short-term adjustments, such as the amount of pigment in the algae or the sensitivity of the photosynthetic response reported in other species of coral, P. capitata exhibits at the enzymatic level a series of responses oriented to resist the effects derived from the propagation of ROS and, thus, to adapt to and maintain its reproductive capacity in shallow oceanic environments that commonly exhibit high UVR levels. Nevertheless, as a result of the inappropriate location of the artificial intercommunication structure of the Juluapan Lagoon with respect to the arrecifal area of study and therefore of the tides influence, other variables, such as the changes in short-term in turbidity, sediment inputs, nutrients, temperature and osmolarity, can act in combination and cause irreversible damage. The implementation of a management plan for the coralline reefs of the Mexican Pacific coast is required. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 103-118. Epub 2010 March 01.
Los arrecifes de coral se ven afectados por una serie de variables ambientales que afectan su crecimiento y supervivencia, siendo los principales factores la alta irradiación y las fluctuaciones de temperatura. Los especímenes de Pocillopora capitata Verrill 1864 fueron expuestos a radiación activa fotosintéticamente (PAR) y radiación ultravioleta (RUV) por 32h en condiciones de laboratorio. Nosotros determinamos las concentraciones de peroxidación lipídica (MDA), actividades de enzimas antioxidantes (SOD, CAT, GPx y GST), clorofila a (Chl a), pigmentos carotenoides (CPS), aminoácidos tipo micosporina (MAAS), y la expulsión de las zooxantelas. Nuestros resultados muestran que los corales expuestos a los rayos UV presentaban niveles relativamente bajos de carotenoides y actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes en comparación con los expuestos al PAR, así como tasas de CPs/Chl a bajas. Aunque MAAs y CPs se producen rápidamente como antioxidantes no enzimáticos en respuesta a la radiación ultravioleta en los corales, éstos no fueron suficientes, incluso en la fase oscura del experimento, para mitigar los daños causados por la formación de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS), lo que provocó una ruptura en la relación simbiótica entre las zooxantelas y el coral con una relación 33 veces mayor que en el tratamiento de PAR. A nivel enzimático, P capitata presentó una serie de ajustes orientados a resistir los efectos derivados de la propagación de ROS y con ello favorecer su adaptación y capacidad reproductiva en ambientes oceánicos caracterizados por altos niveles de UVR.
Subject(s)
Animals , Anthozoa/radiation effects , Photosynthesis/radiation effects , Reactive Oxygen Species/radiation effects , Ultraviolet Rays , Amino Acids/analysis , Anthozoa/chemistry , Carotenoids/analysis , Chlorophyll/analysis , Lipid Peroxidation/radiation effects , Oxidoreductases/analysis , Time FactorsABSTRACT
O entendimento das interações biofísicas entre espécies acumuladoras de fósforo, como Neea macrophylla e Cecropia palmata com a radiação e a água disponível em florestas secundárias no Nordeste Paraense torna-se fundamental para a composição de Sistemas Agroflorestais e Florestas Enriquecidas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de identificar o quanto atravessava de radiação (PAR, BAR e PhyAR) pelas copas das espécies estudadas levando em consideração a densidade de agregação das árvores e a distância vertical a partir do solo, bem como o comportamento hídrico através da determinação dos potenciais hídricos (potencial antes do amanhecer e após meio-dia) em diferentes períodos climáticos. Os resultados mostraram que Cecropia palmata obteve as maiores irradiâncias independente da agregação das árvores sugerindo melhores condições aos processos fotossintéticos e morfogênicos às espécies que vierem a se localizar sob influência de suas copas. Quanto ao comportamento hídrico observou-se uma estratificação bem nítida entre as três espécies, onde Cecropia palmata foi a espécie que desenvolveu os maiores Potenciais Hídricos após o meio-dia sinalizando maior tolerância a períodos secos e por conseguinte se mantendo mais estável a condições de turgidez, o que é essencial aos processos de fotossíntese enquanto Casearia arborea pode ser considerada a mais sensível pois atingiu Potenciais Hídricos (ψ) muito negativos. O efeito do período climático sobre os Potencias Hídricos determinou uma redução destes nos meses com menor precipitação pluviométrica para todas as espécies.
The agreement of biophysic interaction between phosphorus accumulative species, such as Neea macrophylla and Cecropia palmata with radiation and water available in secondary forests in the Northeast of Pará, becomes essential for the composition of Agroforest Systems and enriched Forests. The objective of this research was to identify how much radiation (PAR, BAR and PhyAR) crossed over to the canopies of the species studied, taking into consideration the tree aggregation density and distance from the soil, as well as the water behavior by determining the Water Potential (predawn and midday) in different climatic periods. The results showed that Cecropia palmata had the highest irradiances, independent of tree aggregation, suggesting better conditions for photosynthetic and morphogenic processes of the species that comes under the influence of its canopies. In respect to water behavior, a clear stratification between three species was observed, where Cecropia palmata was the species that developed the highest water potential midday, signaling fantastic tolerance to dry periods and consequently maintaining a more stable turgidity condition, which is essential to the photosynthetic process, while Casearia arborea can be considered the more sensitive, for it reached a very negative Water Potencial (y). The effect of the climatic period on the Water Potential determined their reduction for all species in the months with less pluviometric precipitation