Análisis de Datos Antropométricos y Madurativos para la Selección de Talentos en Voleibol / Analysis of Anthropometric and Maturational Data for Talents Selection in Volleyball

El proceso madurativo tiene una gran influencia sobre los factores antropométricos y las capacidades físicas del atleta, y por tanto, sobre el proceso de selección de talentos deportivos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el estado madurativo y las características antropométricas junto con la comparación de estos datos por sexo en una muestra de 39 jugadores jóvenes de voleibol dentro de un proceso de selección de talentos (19 damas de 14,88±1,05 años y 13 varones de 15,1 años). Se obtuvieron datos de edad cronológica, altura, peso, altura sentado, altura de la madre y padre, la edad pico de crecimiento, el "timing" o periodo de tiempo por encima o por debajo de la edad pico, altura al final del proceso madurativo, el porcentaje actual de altura máxima, los centímetros restantes y el estado madurativo (pre-púber, púber o pos-púber). Los jugadores mostraron una mayor altura en el momento de las mediciones (179,92±6,87 vs 171,05±4,80; p<0,001), así como una mayor altura final calculada (189,46±3,73 vs 178,52±5,17; p<0,001), en comparación a las jugadoras. El pico en la velocidad de crecimiento también fue superior en los jugadores (14,56±0,44 vs 12,60±0,57; p<0,001), aunque su timing era inferior al de las jugadoras (0,531±1,19 vs 2,27±0,64; p<0,001). Esto se debió a un mayor porcentaje de jugadores masculinos en estados puberales, incluyendo un jugador en estadio pre-puberal, mientras que fue abundante la presencia de jugadoras en estado pospuberal. Estos datos reflejan la gran cantidad de jugadores que tienden a estar en periodos avanzados de maduración en procesos de selección de talentos. Por tanto, entrenadores y seleccionadores deben contemplar estas variables para evitar sesgos en el proceso de identificación del talento deportivo.

SUMMARY: The maturation process has a great influence on the anthropometric factors and physical capabilities of the athlete, and therefore, on the selection process of sporting talents. The objective of this work was to analyze the maturational state and anthropometric characteristics together with the comparison of these data by sex in a sample of 39 young volleyball players within a talent selection process (19 ladies of 14.88±1. 05 years old and 13 males aged 15.1 years). Data were obtained on chronological age, height, weight, sitting height, height of the mother and father, peak age of growth, timing or period of time above or below the peak age, height at the end of the process. maturation, the current percentage of maximum height, the remaining centimeters and the maturation status (pre-pubertal, pubertal or post-pubertal). The players showed a greater height at the time of the measurements (179.92±6.87 vs. 171.05±4.80; p<0.001), as well as a greater final calculated height (189.46±3.73 vs. 178.52±5.17; p<0.001), compared to the female players. The peak in growth speed was also higher in male players (14.56±0.44 vs 12.60±0.57; p<0.001), although their timing was lower than that of female players (0.531±1.19 vs 2.27±0.64; p<0.001). This was due to a higher percentage of male players in pubertal states, including one player in a pre-pubertal stage, while the presence of female players in a post-pubertal stage was abundant. These data reflect the large number of players who tend to be in advanced periods of maturation in talent selection processes. Therefore, coaches and selectors must consider these variables to avoid biases in the process of identifying sporting talent.

Actividades cooperativas para la capacidad física flexibilidad, en estudiantes de la carrera Cultura Física

A través de las pruebas de eficiencia física, se determina cómo se va comportando el desarrollo de los estudiantes durante el curso y, en función de estos resultados, poder realizar acciones para mejorar su trayectoria. La flexibilidad es la capacidad física que brinda al hombre la posibilidad de realizar movimientos de gran amplitud, condicionada por las estructuras neuromio-articulares de fijación y estabilización y cuando se utiliza el trabajo cooperativo, el éxito de una actividad de un integrante depende del triunfo del compañero. En observaciones a clases y entrevistas realizadas a los estudiantes del primer año del curso Regular Diurno de la carrera de Cultura Física, se corrobora que en las Pruebas de Eficiencia Física (Pef) realizadas al inicio del curso, el nivel obtenido en la capacidad física Flexibilidad , con respecto al resto de las pruebas, es el de mayor dificultad y muy marcado en los varones, además, la variedad en las clases y el poco uso de trabajo cooperativo son insuficientes por lo que el objetivo de trabajo va dirigido a proponer un conjunto de actividades cooperativas que favorezcan la capacidad física Flexibilidad en los estudiantes del primer año de la carrera de Cultura Física de la Uccfd "Manuel Fajardo". Se utilizaron los métodos inductivo-deductivos, análisis-síntesis, observación científica, encuesta y criterio de especialista. Los resultados fueron positivos para los estudiantes después de cuatro meses de aplicarse la propuesta. Los especialistas valoraron de Muy Adecuado la propuesta, lo que se evidencia en los resultados de los estudiantes la mejoría del nivel en la prueba de flexibilidad.

Através dos testes de eficiência física, define-se como o desenvolvimento dos alunos está se comportando durante o curso e, dependendo destes resultados, podem ser tomadas medidas para melhorar sua evolução. Flexibilidade é a capacidade física que dá ao homem a possibilidade de realizar movimentos de grande amplitude, influenciados pelas estruturas neuro-mio-articulares de fixação e estabilização, e quando se utiliza o trabalho cooperativo, o sucesso da atuação de um membro depende do sucesso do associado. Nas observações nas aulas e nas pesquisas realizadas com os alunos no primeiro ano do curso Regular Diurno de Cultura Física, é comprovado que nos Testes de Eficiência Física (Pef) realizados no início do curso, o nível obtido na capacidade física Flexibilidade, em relação ao resto dos testes, é o mais difícil e muito marcado nos homens, Além disso, a variedade nas aulas e o pouco uso do trabalho cooperativo são insuficientes, por isso o objetivo do trabalho é propor um conjunto de atividades cooperativas que privilegiem a capacidade física para a flexibilidade nos alunos do primeiro ano do curso de Cultura Física no Uccfd "Manuel Fajardo". Foram utilizados os métodos indutivo-deducativo, análise-síntese, observação científica, pesquisa e critérios especializados. Os resultados foram positivos para os estudantes após quatro meses de aplicação da proposta. Os especialistas classificaram a proposta como Muito Adequada, o que é evidenciado pela melhoria no nível dos estudantes no teste de flexibilidade.

Through the physical efficiency tests, it is determined how the students' development is behaving during the course and, based on these results, actions can be taken to improve their trajectory. Flexibility is the physical capacity that gives man the possibility to perform movements of great amplitude, conditioned by the neuro-myo-articular structures of fixation and stabilization, and when cooperative work is used, the success of an activity of one member depends on the success of the partner. In class observations and interviews with the students of the first year of the Regular Day Course of the Physical Culture career, it is corroborated that in the Physical Efficiency Tests (Pef in Spanish) carried out at the beginning of the course, the level obtained in the physical capacity Flexibility, with respect to the rest of the tests, is the most difficult and very marked in the males, in addition, the variety in the classes and the little use of cooperative work are insufficient, so the objective of the work is aimed at proposing a set of cooperative activities that favor the physical capacity Flexibility in the students of the first year of the Physical Culture course of the Physical Culture and Sport Sciences University (Uccfd in Spanish) "Manuel Fajardo". The inductive-deductive, analysis-synthesis, scientific observation, survey and specialist criteria methods were used. The results were positive for the students after four months of applying the proposal. The specialists assessed the proposal as Very Adequate, which is evidenced by the students' results in the improvement of the level in the flexibility test.

Physical self-efficacy is associated to body mass index in schoolchildren / Autoeficácia física associada ao índice de massa corporal em crianças em idade escolar

Abstract: Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical self-efficacy and body mass index in a large sample of schoolchildren. Methods: The Perceived Physical Ability Scale for Children was administered to 1560 children (50.4% boys; 8-12 years) from three different countries. Weight and height were also recorded to obtain the body mass index. Results: In agreement with the literature, the boys reported greater perceived physical self-efficacy than girls. Moreover, the number of boys who are obese is double that of girls, while the number of boys who are underweight is half that found in girls. In the linear regression model, the increase in body mass index was negatively related to the physical self-efficacy score, differently for boys and girls. Furthermore, age and nationality also were predictors of low physical self-efficacy only for girls. Conclusion: The results of this study reinforce the importance of psychological aspect of obesity, as the perceived physical self-efficacy and body mass index were negatively associated in a sample of schoolchildren for boys and girls.

Resumo: Objetivo: Investigar a relação entre a autoeficácia física e o índice de massa corporal em uma grande amostra de crianças em idade escolar. Métodos: A Escala de Capacidade Física Percebida para Crianças foi administrada a 1.560 crianças (50,4% meninos; 8-12 anos) de três países diferentes. O peso e a altura também foram registrados para obter o índice de massa corporal. Resultados: De acordo com a literatura, os meninos relataram maior autoeficácia física percebida do que as meninas. Além disso, o número de meninos obesos é o dobro do de meninas, ao passo que o número de meninos abaixo do peso é metade do de meninas. No modelo de regressão linear, o aumento no índice de massa corporal foi negativamente relacionado ao escore de autoeficácia física, diferentemente em meninos e meninas. Além disso, a idade e a nacionalidade também foram preditoras de autoeficácia física baixa apenas para meninas. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo reforçam a importância do aspecto psicológico da obesidade, uma vez que a autoeficácia física percebida e o índice de massa corporal foram negativamente associados em uma amostra de crianças em idade escolar para meninos e meninas.

Efeitos de diferentes estratégias de treinamento combinado na força muscular e na potência aeróbia de idosos: uma revisão sistemática / Effects of different concurrent training strategies in muscular strength and aerobic power in the elderly: a systematic review

O objetivo do estudo foi revisar os efeitos de diferentes estratégias metodológicas de treinamento combinado na força e na potência aeróbia de indivíduos idosos saudáveis. A busca incluiu as bases de dados da MEDLINE (via Pubmed) e COCHRANE. A partir dessa busca, 3035 artigos tiveram seus títulos/resumos avaliados, destes 3026 foram excluídos e nove foram selecionados para análise. Foram incluídos dois estudos a partir das referências de outros estudos, totalizando 11 estudos para a leitura na íntegra. Após a leitura dos estudos, foram excluídos quatro por não estarem de acordo com os critérios de elegibilidade, restando sete para análise. Foram observadas melhoras significativas na força com o treinamento combinado. Entretanto, a realização simultânea de um treinamento aeróbio em cicloergômetro e em intensidades próximas ao segundo limiar ventilatório (FCLV2) e de força (nesta ordem de execução) pode apresentar um efeito de interferência nas respostas de força de membros inferiores. O desempenho da potência aeróbia não foi afetado quando o treino de força foi realizado antes. Além disso, uma frequência semanal de duas vezes apresenta iguais benefícios em comparação a uma frequência maior. Desta forma, parece que o treinamento aeróbio em cicloergômetro em intensidades baseadas no FCLV2 realizado antes do treinamento de força, provoca interferência nos ganhos de força muscular de membros inferiores e o treinamento de força antes do aeróbio não afeta o desempenho da potência aeróbia. Ainda, uma frequência semanal de treinamento combinado menor apresenta benefícios em amplitudes semelhantes a uma frequência maior.

The aim of the study was to review the effects of different methodological strategies of combined training in strength and aerobic power performance of healthy elderly subjects. A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (via PubMed) and COCHRANE. A total of 3035 manuscripts had their titles/abstracts evaluated, these 3026 were excluded and nine were selected for analysis. Have been included two studies from references to other studies, totaling 11 studies for reading in full. After reading the studies, four were excluded because they are not in accordance with the eligibility criteria, leaving nine studies for analysis Significant improvements were observed in muscle strength with the combined training. However, when the simultaneous attainment of an aerobic training on a cycle ergometer and intensities close to the point corresponding to the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) and force (in this order of execution) may have an interference effect on muscle strength responses of the lower limbs. The performance of aerobic power was not affected when strength training was accomplished before. In addition, a frequency twice weekly has the same benefits as compared to a higher frequency. Thus, it seems that aerobic training on a cycle ergometer using as intensity of VT2 done before strength training causes interference in muscle strength of the lower limbs gains. Perform strength training before the aerobic training did not shave the performance of aerobic power. Further, a weekly frequency lower combined training has similar benefits to a higher frequency ranges.

Effect of Long-term Resistant Training Program and Thumbtack Needles Treatment on the Comprehensive QOL in the Elderly / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

<B>Objective:</B> We have examined the efficacy of our long-term resistant training program on physical ability, masticatory performance, and nutrition status in the elderly. We further have investigated the effects of thumbtack needle treatment used together with the training on the comprehensive QOL.<br><B>Materials & Methods:</B> Participants: Forty elderly participants aged 65 years or older who have been trained for more than three years at our fitness club (RTG). Sixteen elderly in RTG who were able to participate in a 3-year exercise evaluation have been examined the efficacy of our training program on physical ability.<br> The training program was set up on basis of one term that the training carried out twice a week for 3 months. This program was totally carried out for three years. Evaluation of the training effect has been conducted every after the each term. The items of physical fitness tests were divided into ten items including the knee extension strength and one-leg standing time with eyes open. The average nutrient intake of energy was calculated by using a meal questionnaire for diet content of 3 days prepared to RTG. The masticatory performance was evaluated by using color-chewing gum. <br> The thumbtack needle treatment was performed on two points of Zusanli (ST36 : Zusanli) and Sanyinjiao (SP6 : Sanyinjiao) for twenty-eight elderly in RTG during 2 weeks. The assessment of thumbtack needles treatment was performed by measurement of salivary cortisol and CgA,using SF-8<SUP>TM</SUP> questionnaire before and after the thumbtack needles treatment.<br><B>Results & Discussion:</B> The knee extension strength (kg) and one-leg standing time with eyes open (sec) were significantly increased. We recognized a significant positive correlation between the masticatory performance and knee extension strength, and between the masticatory performance and average nutrient intake of energy for 3days at the RTG. Furthermore, following the thumbtack needle treatment for two weeks, mean values of salivary cortisol after training was significantly decreased compared with those before training, but no significant change was recognized in mean values of salivary CgA. In the SF-8<SUP>th</SUP> questionnaire after the thumbtack needle treatment was performed, the mean value of PCS (Physical Component Summary) score increased significantly, and mean values of MCS (Mental Component Summary) score tended to increase. Additionally, mean values of RP (Role Physical) and VT (Vitality), GH (General Health) subscale scores were significantly improved.<br> The results of the present study demonstrate that our training program was effective for improving walking ability and balance ability as well as preventing the decline of the other exercise functions and maintaining the masticatory performance and good nutrient status in the elderly.<br> Consequently, we concluded that our training program was a successful approach to prevent locomotive syndrome and the care for the elderly. In addition, improvement of the mental and physical QOL and subjective health index were brought about by using the thumbtack needles treatment on the resistant training.

Effect of Long-term Resistant Training Program and Thumbtack Needles Treatment on the Comprehensive QOL in the Elderly / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

Objective: We have examined the efficacy of our long-term resistant training program on physical ability, masticatory performance, and nutrition status in the elderly. We further have investigated the effects of thumbtack needle treatment used together with the training on the comprehensive QOL. Materials & Methods: Participants: Forty elderly participants aged 65 years or older who have been trained for more than three years at our fitness club (RTG). Sixteen elderly in RTG who were able to participate in a 3-year exercise evaluation have been examined the efficacy of our training program on physical ability.  The training program was set up on basis of one term that the training carried out twice a week for 3 months. This program was totally carried out for three years. Evaluation of the training effect has been conducted every after the each term. The items of physical fitness tests were divided into ten items including the knee extension strength and one-leg standing time with eyes open. The average nutrient intake of energy was calculated by using a meal questionnaire for diet content of 3 days prepared to RTG. The masticatory performance was evaluated by using color-chewing gum.  The thumbtack needle treatment was performed on two points of Zusanli (ST36 : Zusanli) and Sanyinjiao (SP6 : Sanyinjiao) for twenty-eight elderly in RTG during 2 weeks. The assessment of thumbtack needles treatment was performed by measurement of salivary cortisol and CgA, using SF-8TM questionnaire before and after the thumbtack needles treatment. Results & Discussion: The knee extension strength (kg) and one-leg standing time with eyes open (sec) were significantly increased. We recognized a significant positive correlation between the masticatory performance and knee extension strength, and between the masticatory performance and average nutrient intake of energy for 3days at the RTG. Furthermore, following the thumbtack needle treatment for two weeks, mean values of salivary cortisol after training was significantly decreased compared with those before training, but no significant change was recognized in mean values of salivary CgA. In the SF-8th questionnaire after the thumbtack needle treatment was performed, the mean value of PCS (Physical Component Summary) score increased significantly, and mean values of MCS (Mental Component Summary) score tended to increase. Additionally, mean values of RP (Role Physical) and VT (Vitality), GH (General Health) subscale scores were significantly improved.  The results of the present study demonstrate that our training program was effective for improving walking ability and balance ability as well as preventing the decline of the other exercise functions and maintaining the masticatory performance and good nutrient status in the elderly.  Consequently, we concluded that our training program was a successful approach to prevent locomotive syndrome and the care for the elderly. In addition, improvement of the mental and physical QOL and subjective health index were brought about by using the thumbtack needles treatment on the resistant training.

Relación de la habilidad física percibida y el clima motivacional percibido en estudiantes de secundaria, Colombianos / Relationship among the perceived physical ability and the perceived motivational climate in colombian students

La presente investigación está enmarcada en el contexto de la psicología aplicada al deporte, más explícitamente dentro del marco de la motivación. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación entre la habilidad física percibida y el clima motivacional percibido en clases de educación física, teniendo en cuenta las variables género y tipo de colegio, en una muestra de estudiantes de diversos colegios del área metropolitana de Bucaramanga (Colombia). Es una investigación descriptiva, correlacional, y transversal. Participaron un total de 3.149 estudiantes (1.455 hombres y 1.694 mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre los 9 y 19 años de edad. En cuanto a la habilidad física percibida, los datos obtenidos indican que los hombres obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas en comparación a las mujeres, y que los estudiantes de la muestra que asisten a colegios públicos obtuvieron mayor puntuación que los que asisten a colegios privados. Lo mismo ocurre cuando se analizó el clima motivacional percibido. Además existe una relación entre las variables del estudio. En conclusión, género y tipo de colegio se relacionan significativamente con la habilidad física percibida y con el clima motivacional percibido.

This research is framed in the context of applied sports psychology more specifically within the framework of motivation. The objective was to analyze the relationship between perceived physical ability and perceived motivational climate in Physical Education classes, taking into account the variables of gender and type of school, in a sample of students from various schools in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga (Colombia). It is a descriptive, correlational, and cross. A total of 3149 students (1455 men and 1694 women), aged between 9 and 19 years of age. As for the perceived physical ability, the data indicate that men scored significantly higher compared to women, and shows students attending public schools scored higher than those attending private schools. The same occurs when analyzing the perceived motivational climate. In addition there is a relationship between the study variables. In conclusion, gender and type of school is significantly related to perceived physical ability and perceived motivational climate.