Methodological Proposal for the Adequate Use of the Osteotechnics Technique / Propuesta Metodológica para el uso Adecuado de la Técnica Osteotécnica

SUMMARY: Osteotechnics is one of the different anatomical preservation techniques and can be defined as the technique designed to prepare, clean, obtain and preserve bone structures that can be used in the teaching, museographic or research field. The osteotechnical technique procedure consists of the following phases: debulk and disjoint, maceration, cooking, cleaning, degreasing, bleaching, and labeling to obtain bone material. Seven phases will be explained in detail, as well as the materials, instruments, quantities of the substances used, and the time required to obtain human bone material. We consider that this article can serve as a guide, given that all the experimentation was carried out with human biological material. This methodological proposal could be consolidated and established based on the experience acquired during the creation of the contemporary skeletal collection of the department of innovation in human biological material (DIMBIH). Therefore, the purpose of our proposal is to provide tools that facilitate the work of those who carry out this work and fundamentally to avoid irreversible or irreparable damage to the osteological material, since it is of great value and difficult to acquire for disciplines as anatomy, veterinary, physical and forensic anthropology, medicine, dentistry and biology.

La osteotecnia es una de las técnicas diferentes de conservación anatómica y puede definirse como la técnica destinada a preparar, limpiar, obtener y conservar estructuras óseas que pueden ser utilizadas en el ámbito docente, museográfico o de investigación. El procedimiento de la técnica osteotécnica consta de las siguientes fases: descarnado y desarticulado, maceración, cocción, limpieza, desengrase, blanqueo y marcaje para la obtención de material óseo. Se explicarán en detalle siete fases, así como los materiales, instrumentos, cantidades de las sustancias utilizadas y el tiempo necesario para obtener material óseo humano. Consideramos que este artículo puede servir de guía, dado que toda la experimentación se realizó con material biológico humano. Esta propuesta metodológica pudo consolidarse y establecerse a partir de la experiencia adquirida durante la creación de la colección esquelética contemporánea del Departamento de Innovación en Material Biológico Humano (DIMBIH). Por lo tanto, el propósito de nuestra propuesta es brindar herramientas que faciliten el trabajo de quienes realizan este trabajo y fundamentalmente evitar daños irreversibles o irreparables en el material osteológico, ya que es de gran valor y difícil adquisición para las disciplinas como la anatomía, veterinaria, antropología física y forense, medicina, odontología y biología.

Six body indexes and typing characteristics of Xibe adults / 解剖学报

[Abstract] Objective To explore the body index and typing characteristics of Xibe nationality. Methods According to Anthropomatric Methods, height, chest circumference, sitting height, shoulder width, pelvic width and body mass morphological indexes were collected from 588 Xibe people in Yili area and 420 Xibe people over 18 years old in Shenyang area. After data collation, body index and typing were calculated and analyzed statistically. Results Except for Xibe male stature-shoulder breadth index and Caup’ s index in Yili area and female stature-shoulder breadth index in Shenyang area, there were differences among age groups in other indexes (P < 0. 05). Except for male stature-chest circumference index, stature-crista iliaca index, female stature-chest circumference index, stature-sitting height index, Manouvrier’s skelic index, there were differences among regions (P<0. 05). The adult body shape of Xibe nationality was mainly of wide chest, wide shoulder, long trunk, wide pelvis, medium leg and sub-long leg (male), sub-short leg and medium leg (female), and overweight. Conclusion There are regional and age differences in the body index and typing of Xibe adults. Compared with other ethnic minorities, Xibe nationality’s stature-chest circumference index, stature-shoulder breadth index, stature-crista iliaca index, Caup’s index are at a higher level. The proportion of legs and body of Xibe nationality is in the middle level, while the proportion of trunk is slightly shorter for men and slightly longer for women.

Comparison of sebum development between Daur adults in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang / 解剖学报

Objective To discuss the main reasons for the difference of sedum development between Daur adults in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. Methods Nine circumference values and six skin fold thickness of 544 adults of Daur nationality (304 in Xinjiang and 240 in Inner Mongolia) were investigated by random sampling. Circumferences, skin fold thickness and obesity indexes of Daur nationality in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia were analyzed. Results There were significant differences in 8 circumference without thigh circumference, 2 skin fold thickness such as triceps skinfold, subscapularis skinfold, 3 obesity indexes such as Verv index, body fat rate, body mass index(BMI). Correspondence analysis showed that subcutaneous fat development was stronger in northern regions than in southern regions. Conclusion The Daur nationality in Inner Mongolia has more fat and less muscle than that in Xinjiang. The problems of overweight and obesity in both regions are serious. It is suggested to pay attention to exercise and diet. Low temperature,lack of physical exercise, low temperature, low economic and medical standards and unhealthy eating habits can thicken subcutaneous fat.

Antropología Física en función de las ciencias médicas: una necesidad de estos tiempos / Physical anthropology for medical sciences: a need in current times

Introducción: El sistema de conocimientos de Antropología Física responde a especialidades médicas como la Anatomía Humana y la Medicina Legal. En Cuba estas especialidades médicas no cuentan con la profundidad y superación profesional adecuada que permita el uso práctico de estos conocimientos. Objetivo: Caracterizar el entrenamiento de posgrado "Osteología y Odontología en función de la identificación humana", realizado en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas entre enero y marzo de 2020. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal. La población estuvo compuesta por 25 cursistas, especialistas en Medicina Legal y Anatomía Humana. Se consideraron variables como programa de estudio, categoría docente de los participantes, satisfacción con su desarrollo y resultados de la promoción docente. Para las indagaciones empíricas se aplicó la técnica de PNI como parte de la valoración general del curso. Resultados: El curso se impartió durante 56 horas en 7 semanas. Como parte de sus logros se realizó la clasificación y caracterización antropológica de una parte de la osamenta de la Osteoteca de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas, así como la ampliación de esta mediante una sección de Antropología Física que incorporó seis cadáveres completos caracterizados antropológicamente. Conclusiones: Este entrenamiento permitió adiestrar y actualizar a los cursistas sobre la identificación humana, a partir del estudio de los restos óseos referentes a la expresión cualitativa y cuantitativa de los caracteres morfológicos, que responden a las necesidades de la práctica docente en anatomía y la asistencia médico legal(AU)

Introduction: The knowledge system of Physical Anthropology responds to medical specialties such as Human Anatomy and Legal Medicine. In Cuba, these medical specialties do not have adequate depth and professional improvement that allows the practical use of this knowledge. Objective: To characterize the training about osteology and dental medicine in view of human identification, carried out at the University of Medical Sciences of Matanzas between January and March 2020. Methods: Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. The population consisted of 25 trainees, specialists in Legal Medicine and Human Anatomy. Some variables were considered, such as study program, teaching category of the participants, satisfaction with their development and results of teaching promotion. For the empirical inquiries, the positive-negative-interesting technique was applied as part of the general assessment of the course. Results: The course lasted 56 hours distributed in seven weeks. As part of its achievements, the anthropological classification and characterization of a part of the materials from the bone collection of the University of Medical Sciences of Matanzas was carried out, as well as its expansion through a physical anthropology section that incorporated six complete corpses anthropologically characterized. Conclusions: This training allowed to train and update the students on human identification, based on the study of bone remains referring to the qualitative and quantitative expression of morphological characters, which respond to the needs of teaching practice in Anatomy, as well as in legal-medical assistance(AU)

Sex estimation using coronal measurements of permanent canines in a contemporary mestizo population from Manizales, Colombia / Estimación del sexo a partir de medidas coronales de caninos permanentes en una población mestiza contemporánea de Manizales, Colombia

ABSTRACT Introduction: sex estimation is one of the most important aspects of bioanthropological analysis. Teeth are a key tool to obtain this information, especially in cases where the action of taphonomic agents or funeral characteristics are unfavorable for preservation. The aim of this study was to examine the degree of sexual dimorphism in permanent canines of a contemporary mestizo population from the city of Manizales, Colombia. Method: descriptive study, measuring the mesiodistal (MD) and bucolingual (BL) diameters of permanent canines in 109 mestizo individuals (63 male and 46 female) aged 15 to 18, born in the city of Manizales, Colombia. The used statistical methods helped obtain the cut-off points, the percentages of cases correctly allocated, the likelihood estimation for new individuals and the sexual dimorphism values. Results: the cut-off points were 7.88 mm and 7.33 mm for MD and BL of the upper canine, respectively, and 6.81 mm and 6.76 mm for the same variables in lower canines. Correct allocations range from 71.42% to 78.26%, except for bucolingual diameter in the upper canine, which yielded low values. The correct likelihood estimation of external individuals ranges from 0.71 to 0.83. Finally, sexual dimorphism is relatively low (between 2.79% and 6.80%), although it falls within the expected range. The most dimorphic tooth is the lower canine, in line with reports in other populations around the world. Conclusions: the size of permanent canines is a good predictor of sex in the studied population and can be used when other osteological indicators are not available, or as a complement to them.

RESUMEN Introducción: la estimación del sexo es uno de los aspectos más importantes de los análisis bioantropológicos. Los dientes son una herramienta fundamental para obtener esa información, sobre todo en casos donde la acción de agentes tafonómicos o las características del tratamiento funerario son poco favorables a la preservación. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en examinar el grado de dimorfismo sexual en caninos permanentes de una población mestiza contemporánea procedente de la ciudad de Manizales, Colombia. Método: estudio descriptivo, en el cual se midieron los diámetros mesiodistales (MD) y bucolinguales (BL) de caninos permanentes de 109 individuos mestizos (63 masculinos y 46 femeninos) con edades entre 15 y 18 años, nacidos en la ciudad de Manizales, Colombia. Los métodos estadísticos aplicados permitieron obtener los puntos de corte, los porcentajes de casos correctamente asignados, las probabilidades de estimación para nuevos individuos y los valores del dimorfismo sexual. Resultados: los puntos de corte son 7,88 mm y 7,33 mm para MD y BL del canino superior, respectivamente, y 6,81 mm y 6,76 mm para las variables del canino inferior. Las asignaciones correctas varían entre el 71,42% y el 78,26%, con excepción del diámetro bucolingual del canino superior, que arrojó valores bajos. Las probabilidades de estimación correcta de individuos externos oscilan entre 0,71 y 0,83. Por último, el dimorfismo sexual es relativamente bajo (entre 2,79% y 6,80%), aunque se ubica dentro del rango esperado. El diente más dimórfico es el canino inferior, en concordancia con lo identificado para otras poblaciones del mundo. Conclusiones: el tamaño de los caninos permanentes es un buen predictor del sexo en la población estudiada y puede ser empleado cuando no se cuenta con otros indicadores osteológicos, o como complemento de ellos.

Dermatoglyphics of Han people living in Huaibei plains on Anhui / 解剖学报

College of Life Science, Anhui ftormal University, Anhui Wuhu 241000, China Objective To report hand dermatoglyphics parameters of Han individuals living in Huaibei plains of Anhui. Methods Fingerprints and palmar prints were taken with informed consent, collected sample by ninhydrin-gourmet powder method, appraised and counted with slercomicroscope. Total samples were 1590 Han,including 796 males and 794 females. Results The result were obtained from finger pattern types, and order of decreasing, combination, fingerprint index, TFRC, a-bRC, a-bRD, atd angle, tPD, true patterns of palm and flexion creases etc model sample. Conclusion Its dermatoglyphic database will be useful for future studies in anthropology, genetics and mcdicine.

Ciência e miscigenação racial no início do século XX: debates e controvérsias de Edgard Roquette-Pinto com a antropologia física norte-americana / Science and miscegenation in the early twentieth century: Edgard Roquette-Pinto’ s debates and controversies with US physical anthropology

Resumo O artigo analisa a participação do antropólogo brasileiro Edgard Roquette-Pinto no debate internacional envolvendo o campo da antropologia física e as discussões sobre miscigenação racial nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Trata especialmente da leitura, das interpretações e das controvérsias que o cientista brasileiro produziu com um grupo de antropólogos e eugenistas norte-americanos, entre eles nomes como Charles Davenport, Madison Grant e Franz Boas. O artigo também problematiza as diferentes formas de leitura e de apropriação intelectual, a circulação internacional de ideias e o modo como as interpretações antropológicas produzidas por Roquette-Pinto ganharam novos sentidos ao romper as fronteiras nacionais.

Abstract The article analyzes Brazilian anthropologist Edgard Roquette-Pinto’s participation in the international debate that involved the field of physical anthropology and discussions on miscegenation in the first decades of the twentieth century. Special focus is on his readings and interpretations of a group of US anthropologists and eugenicists and his controversies with them, including Charles Davenport, Madison Grant, and Franz Boas. The article explores the various ways in which Roquette-Pinto interpreted and incorporated their ideas and how his anthropological interpretations took on new meanings when they moved beyond Brazil’s borders.

La "raza" frente a los requerimientos del lenguaje incluyente en ciencias de la salud / "Race" Versus the Requirements of Inclusive Language in Health Sciences

Introducción: en la literatura científica biomédica es común la mención de la variable sociodemográfica "raza" utilizada para diferenciar el color de la piel. Con relación a las implicaciones racistas en el uso histórico de esta terminología se aprecia un desconocimiento generalizado, tanto entre el ciudadano común, como entre el personal que labora en instituciones cubanas de la salud. Con este término se reconocen también otros errores capaces de convertirla en un lenguaje excluyente en el contexto productivo de las investigaciones publicadas. Objetivo: visibilizar vocablos y expresiones discriminatorias respecto a la "raza", introducidas en la comunicación y difusión científica del personal de la salud, así como su posible repercusión en su condición de lenguaje excluyente. Métodos: se realizó un estudio exploratorio retrospectivo, combinando análisis cualitativos con cuantitativos para describir la incidencia del término "raza" en los textos publicados, tanto en la Revista Cubana de Medicina Militar (RCMM) en los últimos 5 años, como en otros ejemplos de la literatura didáctica, de difusión y de divulgación científica. Resultados: de los 273 artículos revisados de la RCMM, 22 (8,1 por ciento) hacen uso incorrecto del vocablo "raza", con un crecimiento del lenguaje excluyente durante los últimos 5 años estudiados. Conclusiones: los vocablos y expresiones discriminatorias respecto a la "raza", introducidas en la comunicación y difusión científica del personal de la salud y visibilizadas en este trabajo, poseen amplia repercusión o impacto negativo como lenguaje excluyente en las actuales y futuras/os profesionales de las ciencias de la salud, proceso escasamente visibilizadoque es necesario revertir; pues lejos de aportar al conocimiento científico, entorpecen el proceso progresivo de indiferenciación humana(AU)

Introduction: In biomedical scientific literature, the mention of the socio-demographic variable "race" is common for differentiating the color of the skin. With regard to the racist implications in the historical use of this terminology, there is widespread ignorance, both among the ordinary citizen and among the personnel who work in Cuban health institutions. This term also recognizes other errors capable of making it an exclusive language in the productive context of published research. Objective: Visualize discriminatory words and expressions regarding "race", introduced in the communication and scientific diffusion of health personnel, as well as their possible repercussion in their condition of exclusive language. Methods: A retrospective exploratory study was carried out, combining qualitative and quantitative analyzes to describe the incidence of the term "race" in published texts, both in the Cuban Journal of Military Medicine (RCMM) in the last 5 years, and in other examples of the didactic literature, for dissemination and scientific dissemination. Results: 22 (8.1 percent) of the 273 RCMM articles reviewed, made incorrect use of the word "race", with a growth of exclusive language during the last 5 years studied. Conclusions : Discriminatory words and expressions regarding "race", introduced in scientific communication and diffusion of health personnel and visible in this paper, have broad repercussions or negative impact as exclusionary language in current and future professionals of health sciences. This is a scarcely visible process that needs to be reversed; because far from contributing to scientific knowledge, hinder the progressive development of human undifferentiating(AU)

Skinfold thickness of Han adults in Jiangsu province / 解剖学报

Objective To study the characteristics of skinfold thickness of Han adults in Jiangsu province . Methods The skinfold thicknesses of facial , subscapular , suprailiac , biceps , triceps and calf on 311 urban adults ( 157 males and 154 females) and 421 rural adults ( 213 males and 208 females ) of Han were investigated in Huaian city of Jiangsu province .Results The thickness of skinfold of urban females were thicker than that of urban males .Rural adults were the same .Han adults of Jiangsu showed the most significant differences between urban areas and rural areas .The values of six skinfold thicknesses of Jiangsu urban adults have positive correlation with age .Conclusion Han adults of Jiangsu show the most significant differences between genders .

Validation of a physical anthropology methodology using mandibles for gender estimation in a Brazilian population

Validation studies of physical anthropology methods in the different population groups are extremely important, especially in cases in which the population variations may cause problems in the identification of a native individual by the application of norms developed for different communities. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to estimate the gender of skeletons by application of the method of Oliveira, et al. (1995), previously used in a population sample from Northeast Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The accuracy of this method was assessed for a population from Southeast Brazil and validated by statistical tests. The method used two mandibular measurements, namely the bigonial distance and the mandibular ramus height. The sample was composed of 66 skulls and the method was applied by two examiners. The results were statistically analyzed by the paired t test, logistic discriminant analysis and logistic regression. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that the application of the method of Oliveira, et al. (1995) in this population achieved very different outcomes between genders, with 100% for females and only 11% for males, which may be explained by ethnic differences. However, statistical adjustment of measurement data for the population analyzed allowed accuracy of 76.47% for males and 78.13% for females, with the creation of a new discriminant formula. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that methods involving physical anthropology present high rate of accuracy for human identification, easy application, low cost and simplicity; however, the methodologies must be validated for the different populations due to differences in ethnic patterns, which are directly related to the phenotypic aspects. In this specific case, the method of Oliveira, et al. (1995) presented good accuracy and may be used for gender estimation in Brazil in two geographic regions, namely ...

Metric Skeletal Traits of the Excavated Bones from the Tombs of Paju Cultural Remains / 체질인류학회지

GyeongGi Provincial Museum and Korea Army Museum performed identification of Paju cultural remains. These areas were in particular situations because many kinds of mines still remained under the ground since Korean War. The identification and metric measurements were not easy because the excavated bones were destroyed partially and totally. Nine skeletons were excavated from the lime-soiled mixture tomb; six remains among nine were buried together in same grave and three remains were buried within wood coffins. Although many human skeletons were damaged and destroyed, period of the bones could be estimated at about late Chosun Dynasty with artifacts and epitaph that were found together. All the remains had been measured their full skeletal lengths before they were collected. The shortest and longest length of them reached 140 and 162 cm each with the average 152.6 cm but we could hardly estimate real heights of all remains with only these data. Each skeletons collected were classified into axial and appendicular skeletons and we obtained all the possible metric values of skull, mandible and sacrum from axial skeletons and clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, pelvis, femur and tibia from appendigeal skeletons. In case of missing or severely damaged bones, we couldn't get metric data or could get only individual values. Although some demographic informations are still missing, these results will be used as a set of metric database for the systematic and detailed ancient physical anthropology studies.

Physical Anthropological Study of Excavated Bones from Siheung Cultural Remains / 체질인류학회지

GyeongGi Cultural Foundation was requested the identification of eight excavated human skeletons from Neunggok residential development district within Siheung-si. Those were measured for distinguishing sex, stature, and age at death using metric and non-metric methods. The identification of eight human remains was not easy because the excavated bones were destroyed partly and totally. Six skeletons were excavated from the limed-soiled mixture tomb; five remains among 8 were buried in same grave and 2 skeletons were excavated from the earthen tomb. Four remains were determined female skeletons. One skeleton was assumed adolescence, three skeletons were estimated 40's~50's years old and others couldn't be done. Four among eight remain skeletons, the stature of female remains was around 150~157 cm and male's stature was around 165 cm. Most bones were damaged and destroyed, and the remaining teeth on the maxilla and mandible were not enough for identification. We couldn't identify through metric and non-metric methods. If the human skeletal remains were not found with artifact, those couldn't determine the period. So we couldn't know the relationship between the period of burial and condition of bones. For this reason, we will study the identification using the small and damaged bones. Anthropologists and archeaologists need to work together to make database to determine identification and period.

Bio-anthropology and paleopathology of the SO10-IX muisca mummy from Sátivanorte, Boyacá, Colombia / Bioantropología y paleopatología de la momia muisca SO10-IX de Sátivanorte, Boyacá, Colombia

Introduction: The practice of artificial mummification of human corpses in America was common to most Andean pre-Hispanic societies to which the Muiscas belonged. Objective: bio-anthropologically and paleopathologically characterize the SO10-IX mummy.Materials and methods: Case and field history graphic study with invasive and non-invasive techniques. Results: Pre-Hispanic individual from the 14th century, male, 25 to 30 years of age. Macroscopic dental and osseous characteristics suggest it fitting the American Indian pattern. Evident absence of lower left member and right thigh, and the vertebral column reveals marked angular kyphosis, a pre-vertebral abscess in spindle shape, a lesion of vertebrate bodies T7 and T8, compatible with tuberculous spondylitis known as Pott’s disease. Also noted is the good state of the dentoalveolar complex. Conclusions: For the first time, there is evidence of tuberculosis, in pre-Hispanic times, in a Muisca mummy from the Andean plateau (high plains). Due to the multidisciplinary approach, the historical, geographic, paleopathologic, bio-anthropologic, cultural, and chronological contexts of the mummy were reconstructed, granting importance to this national heritage asset. Two facial reconstruction studies are proposed, preservation and manipulation, and a genetic analysis to confirm the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA. The ritual position of mummification caused difficulties in the study and measurement techniques.

Introducción: La práctica de la momificación artificial de cuerpos humanos en América, fue común a la mayoría de las sociedades prehispánicas andinas, a las que pertenecen los muiscas. Objetivo: Caracterizar bioantropológica y paleopatológicamente la momia S010-IX. Materiales y métodos: Estudio historiográfico de campo y de caso, con uso de técnicas invasivas y no invasivas. Resultados: Individuo prehispánico, del siglo XIV, sexo masculino, de 25-30 años de edad. Las características macroscópicas dentales y óseas sugieren que pertenece al patrón indígena americano. Presenta ausencia de miembro inferior izquierdo y muslo derecho. En la columna vertebral se observa una marcada cifosis angular, restos de un absceso prevertebral en forma de huso, una lesión de los cuerpos vertebrales T7 y T8, compatibles con una espondilitis tuberculosa conocida como Mal de Pott. Presenta un buen estado del complejo dentoalveolar. Conclusiones: Por primera vez se presenta evidencia de la existencia de tuberculosis, en época prehispánica, en una momia muisca del altiplano. Gracias al enfoque multidisciplinario se reconstruyó el contexto histórico, geográfico, paleopatológico, bioantropológico, cultural y cronológico de la momia, dándole la importancia a este bien patrimonial de la nación. Se proponen estudios de reconstrucción facial, preservación y manejo, y un análisis genético para confirmar la presencia de ADN de Mycobacterium tuberculosis. La posición ritual de la momificación, dificultó el estudio y las técnicas de medición.

Physical anthropology and the description of the savage in the Brazilian Anthropological Exhibition of 1882 / Antropologia física e a descrição do selvagem na Exposição Antropológica Brasileira de 1882

This paper discusses attempts to popularize scientific knowledge about anthropology through exhibitions of natives in the United States and Brazil from the nineteenth century to the beginnings of the twentieth century. In the First Brazilian Anthropological Exposition (Rio de Janeiro, 1882), a group of Botocudos was characterized in a manner that can be related to the reification of the myth of the savage, an important part of the European culture that played a significant role in the construction of anthropological knowledge in the nineteenth century. From the analyses of such exhibitions, we derive implications for science popularization and education, concerning the ideological undertones of scientific knowledge.

Analisa tentativas de popularizar o conhecimento científico em antropologia por meio da exibição de nativos nos Estados Unidos e no Brasil, no século XX e no começo do XX. Focaliza a Primeira Exposição Antropológica Brasileira (Rio de Janeiro, 1882), em que foi apresentado um grupo de Botocudos, de modo relacionável à reificação do mito do selvagem, importante componente da cultura europeia e mais especificamente da construção do conhecimento antropológico no Oitocentos. As conclusões concernem à popularização da ciência e, por extensão, à educação em ciência, em especial quanto aos valores ideológicos subjacentes ao conhecimento científico.

Significance of weight and maximum length as an objective for sexing of unknown femora a research study in Punjab.

Identification of sex from the skeleton is an important demographic assessment in medico legal investigations. Length and weight of femur are the two reliable skeletal elements for sex determination. Large number of reports does exist about the sex determination from long bones such as femur anthropological and forensic contexts. It is a very well known factor that skeletal dimensions and standards of skeletal identification do vary with different populations. The present study aims at obtaining results from two femoral dimensions in Punjab cadavers to develop standards in determination of sex. In case of femur maximum length and weight are one of the parameters significantly important in sex dimorphism. The matter being of medico legal importance, an attempt was made by forensic experts and anatomists of SGRDIMSAR, Sri Amritsar to carry out various measurements to differentiate the sex of the femora. This was done in femora of either known sex. The diseased femora were rejected. The aim of this study is to prove that the weight and the Maximum length of femur will significantly differentiate the sex of the femora and this fact will help to arrive at an objective process for the sexing of femora of unknown sex.

Statistical Analysis of Bone Elements Excavated from the Forensic Context / 체질인류학회지

Forensic anthropology is helpful for correct and fast identification of unknown individuals in mass disaster or from unidentified skeletal remains. It is based on the data of the physical anthropology and applied to the identification in many countries. The purpose of this study is to statistically analyze the 290 forensic records by an office request at NISI during 6 years and to suggest the research model for physical anthropological data that would be helpful to be used at the forensic field. The most common excavated bone was a hard bone as skull and long bones and an unknown place was the most common excavation seat over 50% among the recording place. The probability of excavation with adjacent bone was high and the small sized bones, such as phalanges of hand and foot, were excavated rarely. The incomplete or fragmented bones were found more frequently than of complete. For this reason, we think that will show the priority order of the forensic and physical anthropologic studies in Korea and the necessity of the anatomical education for police officers and inspectors of forensic fields.

Construction of Medieval Skeleton Collections with Human Remains from Tombs of Goryeo Dynasty, Korea / 체질인류학회지

Skeletal remains collected from the archaeological fields must be maintained carefully, for being used in scientific studies on the physical characteristics, health status, and pathological disease of the ancient or medieval human populations. Even if Joseon Dynasty Human Sample Collection might be a good example for such studies, few of bone collections predated the Joseon Age (e.g. Goryeo Dynasty) have been established until now, possibly owing to poor preservation condition of archaeological sites in Korea. In this study, we performed anthropological studies on a few cases of Goryeo skeletons, which have been rarely reported by anthropologists in Korea. Judging from the preservation status of bones found in various types of Goryeo graves (e.g. earthen- or stone-chambered tombs), many cases seem to be cremated in accordance with Buddhist funeral rites. Goryeo bone collections must be constructed with the bones identified in the earthen tombs, which were preserved much perfectly than those of any other types of Goryeo tombs.

Improved analysis of palm creases / 대한해부학회지

Palm creases are helpful in revealing anthropologic characteristics and diagnosing chromosomal aberrations, and have been analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. However, previous methods of analyzing palm creases were not objective so that reproducibility could not be guaranteed. In this study, a more objective morphologic analysis of palm creases was developed. The features of the improved methods include the strict definition of major and minor palm creases and the systematic classification of major palm creases based on their relationships, branches, and variants. Furthermore, based on the analysis of 3,216 Koreans, palm creases were anthropologically interpreted. There was a tendency for palm creases to be evenly distributed on the palm, which was acknowledged by the relationship between major and minor creases as well as by the incidences of major creases types. This tendency was consistent with the role of palm creases to facilitate folding of palm skin. The union of major palm creases was frequent in males and right palms to have powerful hand grip. The new method of analyzing palm creases is expected to be widely used for anthropologic investigation and chromosomal diagnosis.

Arquivo de Antropologia Física do Museu Nacional: fontes para a história da eugenia no Brasil / The National Museum's physical anthropology archive: sources on the history of eugenics in Brazil

Apresenta um conjunto de fontes documentais que integram o Arquivo de Antropologia Física, de responsabilidade do Setor de Antropologia Biológica do Museu Nacional/UFRJ. O arquivo contém importante documentação sobre o Primeiro Congresso Brasileiro de Eugenia, realizado em 1929, no Rio de Janeiro, em comemoração ao centenário da Academia Nacional de Medicina. Além de originais dos trabalhos apresentados no evento - alguns inéditos -, constam também nesse arquivo documentos reunidos pela secretaria do Congresso, como convocações para a sua realização, ficha dos inscritos, correspondências, recortes de jornais e revistas com artigos sobre eugenia, bem como moções, relatórios e atas finais, constituindo acervo fundamental para a compreensão da história da eugenia no Brasil.

The article presents a set of documental sources that are part of the physical anthropology archive administered by the National Museum's biological anthropology sector (UFRJ). The archive holds important documentation on the first Brazilian congress of eugenics, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1929, in celebration of the National Academy of Medicine centennial. In addition to the originals of papers presented at the event (some unpublished), the archive also contains a series of documents compiled by the congress organizers, including announcements of the event, attendee registrations, correspondence, newspaper and magazine clippings of articles on eugenics, as well as motions, reports, and final minutes, all of which makes this collection invaluable in understanding the history of eugenics in Brazil.

Physical Anthropology Studies at Keijo Imperial University Medical School / 의사학

Medical research during the Japanese Colonial Period became systematic and active after the Keijo Imperial University Medical School was established in 1926. Various kinds of research were conducted there including pharmacological, physiological, pathological and parasitological research. The Keijo Imperial University was give a mission to study about Korea. Urgent topics for medical research included control of infectious diseases, hygiene and environmental health that might have affected colonizing bodies of the Japanese as well as the colonized. The bodies of Koreans had been studied by Japanese even before the establishment of the University. The Keijo Imperial University research team, however, organized several field studies for physical anthropology and blood typing research at the national scale to get representative sampling of the people from its north to its south of the Korean peninsula. In the filed, they relied upon the local police and administrative power to gather reluctant women and men to measure them in a great detail. The physical anthropology and blood typing research by the Japanese researchers was related to their eagerness to place Korean people in the geography of the races in the world. Using racial index R.I.(= A%+AB%/B%+AB%), the Japanese researchers put Koreans as a race between the Mongolian and the Japanese. The preoccupation with constitution and race also pervasively affected the medical practice: race (Japanese, Korean, or Japanese living in Korea) must be written in every kind of medical chart as a default. After the breakout of Chinese-Japanese War in 1937, the Keijo Imperial University researchers extended its physical anthropology field study to Manchuria and China to get data on physics of the people in 1940. The Japanese government and research foundations financially well supported the Keijo Imperial University researchers and the field studies for physical anthropology in Korea, Manchuria and China. The physical anthropology research was actively conducted hand in hand with imperialistic expansion, and driven by zeal for measuring the body.