Impacto do Programa Mais Médicos na redução da escassez de médicos em Atenção Primária à Saúde / Impact of the Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program in reducing physician shortage in Brazilian Primary Healthcare

Resumo O Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) foi implantado no Brasil com o objetivo de reduzir as desigualdades no acesso à Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Baseado em diversas evidências que apontavam para um cenário de profunda escassez de médicos no país, um dos seus eixos de ação foi a provisão emergencial desses profissionais em áreas vulneráveis, denominado de Projeto Mais Médicos para o Brasil. O artigo analisa o impacto do PMM na redução da escassez de médicos nos municípios brasileiros. Para tanto, lança mão do Índice de Escassez de Médicos em APS, o qual a identifica e a mensura nos períodos março de 2013 e setembro de 2015, antes e depois da implantação do programa. Os resultados mostram que ocorreu um substantivo aumento na oferta de médicos em APS no período, o que contribuiu para reduzir o número de municípios com escassez desses profissionais de 1.200 para 777. Este impacto também contribuiu para reduzir as desigualdades entre os municípios, mas as iniquidades distributivas permaneceram. Foi verificado ainda que ocorreu uma redução na oferta regular de médicos pelos municípios, sugerindo uma substituição da mesma pela do programa. Assim, permaneceu um quadro de insegurança assistencial em função da dependência dos municípios em relação ao provimento federal.

Abstract The Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program (PMM) was put in place in Brazil aiming to reduce inequalities in access to Primary Healthcare. Based on diverse evidence that pointed to a scenario of profound shortage of doctors in the country, one of its central thrusts was emergency provision of these professionals in vulnerable areas, referred to as the Mais Médicos para o Brasil (More Doctors for Brazil) Project. The article analyses the impact of the PMM in reducing shortage of physicians in Brazilian municipalities. To do this, it uses the Primary Healthcare Physicians Shortage Index, which identifies and measures the shortage in the periods of March 2003 and September 2015, before and after implementation of the program. The results show that there was a substantial increase in the supply of physicians in primary healthcare in the period, which helped reduce the number of municipalities with shortage from 1,200 to 777. This impact also helped reduce inequalities between municipalities, but the inequities in distribution persisted. It was also found that there was a reduction in the regular supply of doctors made by municipalities, suggesting that these were being simply substituted by the supply coming from the program. Thus, an overall situation of insecurity in care persists, reflecting the dependence of municipalities on the physician supply from the federal government.

Analysis of clinicians’ needs for lifelong learning / 医学教育

Introduction: Lifelong learning is important for physicians because of patient safety and the need to constantly improve the quality of medical practice. However, few studies have investigated the specific topics that are required.<br>Methods: We examined the lifelong learning needs of physicians by means of a self-administered questionnaire that was completed by 595 subjects, who were clinical practitioners working in Gunma Prefecture.<br>Results: Subjects of all ages needed lectures about the use of evidence-based medicine in medical examinations, clinical studies and the interpretation of epidemiological data, and diagnostic imaging. The younger subjects had a greater need for learning about clinical skills and techniques, such as advanced cardiac life support／intensive care life support, abdominal ultrasonic diagnosis, and cardiac ultrasonic diagnosis. Regarding the ideal times for these lectures, some physicians working at Gunma University Hospital expressed a preference for weekdays after normal business hours, while others preferred the weekends.<br>Discussion: The lifelong learning needs of physicians were clarified. Because physicians work on different shifts and at different institutions, scheduling training sessions that everyone can attend is difficult, especially for those who are off-campus. The timing of the training sessions, as well as the content of lectures, must be considered. Ideally, sessions should be held more than once to accommodate the busy schedules of physicians. We believe that providing an opportunity for lifelong learning will help attract more people to a career in medicine and thereby help address the physician shortage.

Analysis of the needs of clinicians returning to clinical practice: / 医学教育

Introduction and Methods: An immediate effect of the physician shortage is the return to clinical work by physicians who had earlier left. Therefore, the needs of returning physicians were examined by means of a self-administered questionnaire. The subjects were clinicians working in Gunma Prefecture.<br>Results: About 50% of female physicians and 25% of male physicians had left clinical practice. The reasons given for leaving were “studying abroad” for most male physicians and “pregnancy and child-rearing” for most female physicians. More than 70% of physicians who had left clinical work felt uneasy about returning. The degree of anxiety after returning did not differ significantly between male and female physicians. Problems encountered by returning physicians involved “changes in medicines,” “changes and progress in technology and medical theories,” and deterioration of their “skills and techniques.” Moreover, returning physicians felt a need for increased “practical skills training.”<br>Discussion: Our study has clarified the needs of physicians returning to clinical work. The development and adoption of a simple system that will help physicians return to clinical practice is required.

Learning from Rural Physician Associate Program at the University of Minnesota / 医学教育

1)Rural Physician Associate Program (RPAP) at the University of Minnesota is a 9–month rural medicine program whose primary goal is to increase the supply of rural primary care physicians.<br>2)Over 40% of RPAP graduates practice in non–metropolitan areas and contribute significantly to the supply of physicians in rural areas.<br>3)In recent years, Japanese medical schools are admitting more students with a rural background. It is important to develop systematic and comprehensive rural medicine programs for students interested in rural medicine in order to increase the supply of rural physicians.