ABSTRACT
Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is the important protein degradation system in eukaryotic cells, participates in cell cycle, gene transcription, antigen-presenting, cell proliferation and differentiation, signal transduction and many other physiological processes.UPS dysfunction relates to pathogenic mechanisms in a variety of diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular disease.In recent years, more and more researches confirmed that UPS exists in the retina, some retinal damage appeared in patients with neurodegenerative conditions.UPS is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, macular pigment degeneration and other retinal diseases by regulating retinal oxidative stress, inflammation, angiogenesis, nerve damage, signal transduction and so on.Some signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role.Their proteins degradation and synthesis of imbalances have a significant impact on the pathophysiological process of retinal diseases.Proteasome inhibitors can reduce inflammation pathological changes in retinal lesions.This review focused on the research progress of UPS in the development of retinopathy.
ABSTRACT
Ubiquitin-proteasome system ( UPS ) is the important protein degradation system in eukaryotic cells,participates in cell cycle, gene transcription, antigen-presenting, cell proliferation and differentiation, signal transduction and many other physiological processes. UPS dysfunction relates to pathogenic mechanisms in a variety of diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular disease. In recent years, more and more researches confirmed that UPS exists in the retina,some retinal damage appeared in patients with neurodegenerative conditions. UPS is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, macular pigment degeneration and other retinal diseases by regulating retinal oxidative stress,inflammation,angiogenesis,nerve damage,signal transduction and so on. Some signaling pathways,such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB),transforming growth factor-β ( TGF-β) and reactive oxygen species ( ROS) play an important role. Their proteins degradation and synthesis of imbalances have a significant impact on the pathophysiological process of retinal diseases. Proteasome inhibitors can reduce inflammation pathological changes in retinal lesions. This review focused on the research progress of UPS in the development of retinopathy.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the preventive function for sweating gustatory syndrome and esthetic effect of restoring parotid gland area defect by using platysma flap. Methods: Nine patients who underwent parotidectomy and restored parotid gland area defect with platysma flap were analyzed retrospectively in this study. Observed whether there was an incidence of subjective sweating gustatory syndrome and introcession in the operation region. Results: There was no incidence of subjective sweating gustatory syndrome. Moreover, introcession in the operation region was not obvious. Conclusion: Restoring parotid defects with platysma flap can reduce introcession in the operation region. Application of platysma flap as an interpositional barrier between the skin flap and the parotid bed after parotidectomy can reduce the incidence of sweating gustatory syndrome.
ABSTRACT
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a type of specific cardiomyopathy which be relevant to metabolic derangement of diabetes mellitus. The exact mechanism is still questionable and has been the focus of much interest and debate in the cardiovascular domain . In this review, we aim to summarize the update advances of its pathogeneses and physiopathologic mechanisms at the histological, molecular and cytologic levels.