ABSTRACT
Background: The available drugs for treating visceral leishmaniasis are limited. Moreover, the disease isassociated with suppression of immune function. Therefore, therapies with effective immunomodulatoryagents are needed which can decrease parasitic burden and enhance adaptive immunity.Objectives: The present study was planned to evaluate the antileishmanial efficacy of crude ethanolicextract of roots of Chlorophytum borivilianum (CBREE) against murine visceral leishmaniasis throughimmunomodulation.Materials and methods: The in vitro studies were carried out to check leishmanicidal activity againstpromastigote form and cytotoxicity against HeLa cells. The parasite load in liver smears, immunologicaland biochemical changes induced by 500 and 1000 mg/kg b.wt. of CBREE were assessed on 1, 7, 14 and 21post treatment days in infected and treated BALB/c mice.Results: CBREE showed inhibitory effect on growth of promastigotes with IC50 of 28.25 mg/mL andnegligible cytotoxicity. The extract was toxicologically safe in BALB/c mice when administered orally with5 g/kg b.wt. of extract. A significant reduction in parasite load was observed along with active immunomodulation through enhanced Th1 type of immune responses and suppressed Th2 type of immuneresponses.Conclusion: The treatment with both doses showed no toxic effect as evidenced by normal liver andkidney function tests and normal histological observations of liver and kidney. Therefore, it should befurther explored for its active components in pursuit of the new effective antileishmanial agents in theplant kingdom.© 2017 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation. Publishing Services byElsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
ABSTRACT
Abstract@#More than 100 species of the Lactuca genus (Compositae family) are distributed across the northern hemisphere and also in temperate and warm regions of the world, namely 17 species in Europe, 51 in Asia, 43 in Africa, 12 in North and South America. In the Mongolian flora, four species of Lactuca, Lactuca unduiata Ledeb. Lactuca tatarica C.A.M, Lactuca serriola L. and Lactuca sibirica L Benth ex Maxim., are found. Their chemical constituents and biological activities have not been thoroughly studied. Plants of Lactuca species are widely used in traditional medicine, to treat acute respiratory infection and they have antipyretic and analgesic activities.</br> Since the 1980's, chemical constituents of Lactuca species started to be studied. Currently, about 148 secondary metabolites from more than 20 species were isolated and their structures elucidated, including sesquiterpene lactones-<b>65</b> (43.91%), flavonoids-<b>20</b> (13.51%), phenolic compounds-<b>26</b> (17.56%), coumarins-<b>2</b> (1.35%), triterpenes and steroids-<b>20</b> (13.51%), lignans-<b>5</b>(3.39%), and other class of compounds-<b>10</b> (6.75%). Among the isolated secondary metabolites, <b>9</b> were registered as new natural compounds. Extracts and isolated pure compounds from Lactuca species showed hepaprotective, antidiabetic, anticancer and antioxidant activities.
ABSTRACT
Rumex nepalensis Spreng. (Polygonaceae) commonly known as Nepal Dock has wide-spectrum therapeutic potencies and is extensively used for centuries in traditional medicine systems. The leaves of this plant are edible and a rich source of natural antioxidants. They act as a possible food supplement and are largely used in pharmaceutical industry. Extracts and metabolites from this plant exhibits pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal, purgative, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-algal, central nervous system depressant, genotoxic, wound healing and skeletal muscle relaxant activity. Due to its remarkable biological activities, it has the potential to act as a rich source of drug against life threatening diseases. However, more studies are needed to scientifically validate the traditional uses of this plant, beside isolating and identifying their active principles and characterizing the mechanisms of action. We present herein a critical account of its botany, ecology, traditional uses, phytoconstituent profile and major pharmacological activities reported in recent years and therefore will provide a source of information on this plant for further studies.
ABSTRACT
Introduction@#Plant species of Pedicularis L., one of the largest genera of the Scrophulariaceae family, is found in cold regions of Asia, Europe, and America. In ancient Chinese, Tibetan, and Indian medicinal literature, it is noted that due to the detoxification potential of Pedicularis L., it has been used for reducing and curing of edema, fever, inflammation and poisoning. In the recent studies, species of Pedicularis L. have been determined to possess anti-oxidative, antitumor, antibacterial, antifatigue and, analgesic activities, as well as muscle relaxant, hepatoprotective effects. From this genus, more than 230 constituents, mostly belonging to the phenylpropanoids, iridoids, lignans and their glycosides have been isolated and identified.@*Material and method@#In this review, we reviewed 80 papers on the genus Pedicularis L. which were published in scientific journals from 1963 to 2018, using databases such as Springer Link, Google Scholar, Pub Med, Elsevier, Research Gate. In addition, literatures on Mongolian medicinal plants and herbal medicines have been used, where the taxonomy, morphology of Pedicularis L. and their usage was described.@*Conclusions@#As this survey, less than 10 percent of the 600 species of Pedicularis L. has been studied for their phytochemical constituents and biological activities. More than 230 compounds including phenylpropanoids, iridoids, lignans, flavonoids, alkaloids and other classes of constituents have been isolated and their molecular structures were identified. Among them, 67 compounds or 30 percent were natural new compounds. Anti-oxidative, antibacterial, antitumor and, muscle relaxant activities of the Pedicularis L. related to the quantities and structural peculiarities of phenylpropanoid glycosides, iridoid glycosides, and flavonoids. Especially, phenylpropanoid glycosides are more interesting as they demonstrate wide range and much higher biological activity compared to other classes of compounds. Therefore, future research will focus on chemistry and biological activity of this class of compounds.
ABSTRACT
Aims: Aqueous extract of Grewia mollis stem bark was analyzed for its phytochemical constituents and mineral elements. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Jos, between June 2013 and July 2013. Methodology: The phytochemical screening and mineral composition of the stem bark was carried out using methods by Sofowora, Trease and Evans, Harborne and Oshodi. Results: The phytochemical screening of the stem bark showed the presence of Tannins, Saponins, Cardiac glycosides, Flavonoids, Steroids, Phenols and Resins. Alkaloids and Carbohydrates were not detected in the stem bark of the plant. Mineral analysis showed that the stem bark contains among others Manganese (1.899 g/100g), Zinc (0.375 g/100g), Magnesium (287.060 g/100g), Iron (47.941 g/100g), Copper (0.270 g/100g) and Lead (0.206 g/100g). Conclusion: The phytochemical and mineral compositions of Grewia mollis stem bark may account for varied ethno-pharmacological uses of the plant in herbal medicine.
ABSTRACT
In the last few decades there has been an exponential growth in the field of Herbal medicine. It is getting popularized in developing and developed countries owing to its natural origin and lesser side effects. One such medicinal plant is Ziziphus jujuba Mill, a member of the family Rhamnaceae, commonly known as Bor, grows mostly in Europe, southern and eastern Asia, and Australia, especially the inland region of northern China. Jujuba has a long history of usage as a fruit and remedy. The main biologically active components are vitamin C, phenolics, flavonoids, triterpenic acids, and polysaccharides. It is used traditionally as tonic and aphrodisiac and sometimes as Hypnotic-sedative and Anxiolytic, anticancer (Melanoma cells), Antifungal, Antibacterial, Antiulcer, Anti-inflammatory, Cognitive, Antispastic, Antifertility/contraception, Hypotensive and Antinephritic, Cardiotonic, Antioxidant, Immunostimulant, and Wound healing properties. The aim of this paper is to scrutinize the available literature related to the restorative activity of the ber plant as a herbal medicine on mammalian physiology and to accumulate those scientifically valid data in a nut shell in the form of a mini review.
ABSTRACT
Aim: This study was undertaken to examine the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of leaf-extracts of Pterocarpus santalinoides, a plant with wide application in Igede people’s traditional medicine against microbial infections. Methodology: Successive extraction of leaves of this plant at room temperature using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, butanol, ethanol and water was carried out. These extracts were phytochemically screened qualitatively for the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids using established literature procedures. Agar well diffusion technique was used to screen the extract for antimicrobial activity. MICs, MBCs and MFCs for the various extracts were determined by the tube dilution technique. Graded concentrations of the extract solutions in Mueller Hinton broth were used for the tests. MBCs and MFCs were done to establish the nature of antimicrobial activity of these extracts. Results: Qualitative phytochemical screening of leaf-extracts of P. santalinoides revealed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins-glycosides and tannins (except ethanol extract that contained no tannins). These extracts inhibited growth of test organisms, and implies antimicrobial activity on E. coli, P. mirabilis, S. typhi, S. aureus and C. albicans. Zones of inhibition ranged from 17-24 mm. The MICs ranged from 5.0 mg/ml to 10 mg/ml while MBCs and MFCs ranged from 10 mg/ml to 20 mg/ml. Ethanol extracts showed the widest zone of inhibition followed by aqueous extracts (24 mm and 21 mm, respectively). Conclusion: These results lend support to the ethnomedicinal applications of this plant by the Igede people of North Central Nigeria, in treating infections caused by these test organisms which are human pathogens. The ethanol extract in particular, may be exploited as a possible antimicrobial agent for the management of infectious pathogenic diseases caused by these microorganisms.
ABSTRACT
Medicinal plants and herbal preparations are gaining renowned interest in scientific communities nowadays due to their reliable pharmacological actions and affordability to common people which makes them effective in control of various diseases. Polygonum minus (Polygonaceae) locally known as kesum is an aromatic plant commonly used in Malay delicacies. The plant is having potential applications due to its high volatile oil constituents in perfumes and powerful antioxidant activity. It has been used traditionally to treat various ailments including dandruff. The research has been carried out by various researchers using different in vitro and in vivo models for biological evaluations to support these claims. This review paper may help upcoming research activities on Polygonum minus by giving up to date information on the phytochemical constituents and medicinal properties of kesum to a possible extent with relevant data.
ABSTRACT
Medicinal plants and herbal preparations are gaining renowned interest in scientific communities nowadays due to their reliable pharmacological actions and affordability to common people which makes them effective in control of various diseases. Polygonum minus (Polygonaceae) locally known as kesum is an aromatic plant commonly used in Malay delicacies. The plant is having potential applications due to its high volatile oil constituents in perfumes and powerful antioxidant activity. It has been used traditionally to treat various ailments including dandruff. The research has been carried out by various researchers using different in vitro and in vivo models for biological evaluations to support these claims. This review paper may help upcoming research activities on Polygonum minus by giving up to date information on the phytochemical constituents and medicinal properties of kesum to a possible extent with relevant data.
ABSTRACT
Medicinal plants and herbal preparations are gaining renowned interest in scientific communities nowadays due to their reliable pharmacological actions and affordability to common people which makes them effective in control of various diseases. Polygonum minus (Polygonaceae) locally known as kesum is an aromatic plant commonly used in Malay delicacies. The plant is having potential applications due to its high volatile oil constituents in perfumes and powerful antioxidant activity. It has been used traditionally to treat various ailments including dandruff. The research has been carried out by various researchers using different in vitro and in vivo models for biological evaluations to support these claims. This review paper may help upcoming research activities on Polygonum minus by giving up to date information on the phytochemical constituents and medicinal properties of kesum to a possible extent with relevant data.
ABSTRACT
The Papaveraceae, informally known as the poppy family, are an ethnopharmacologically important family of 44 genera and approximately 760 species of flowering plants. The present work offers a review addressing the detailed chemistry and pharmacology of Argemone mexicana L. regarded as one of the most significant plant species in traditional system of medicine. The plant is used in different parts of the world for the treatment of several ailments including tumors, warts, skin diseases, inflammations, rheumatism, jaundice, leprosy, microbial infections, and malaria. Interestingly, the plant is the source of a diverse kind of chemical constituents although alkaloids are mostly abundant. Beyond pharmaceutical efficacies, certain plant parts also show toxic effects as well. Hence, an up-to-date information on the chemical and pharmacological knowledge on this plant may be helpful to guide researchers anticipating to undertake further investigations in these directions. The present review covers literature up to 2012 and enlists 111 references.
ABSTRACT
The Caryocaraceae family is constituted of 25 species distributed in two genera (Caryocar and Anthodiscus). Plants of this family have been used in several phytochemical studies for isolation and characterization of chemical compounds. Some of these studies evaluated in vitro and in vivo biological activities of extracts and pure substances isolated from plants of this family. Nine species of Anthodiscus genus have been described, while no phytochemical study related to them has been reported. On the other hand, Caryocar genus presents 16 species with several medicinal uses like for the treatment of colds and bronchitis, in the prevention of tumours, as a regulating agent of the menstrual flow, to treat ophthalmological problems and for the cure of hematomas and bruises. Some species of this genus were targeted by phytochemical studies and presented, in their composition, the following classes of secondary metabolites: triterpenes, fatty acids, tannins, carotenoids, triterpenic saponins, phenolic coumarins, phenolic glycosides, and others. The fruits of Caryocar species are very nutritive, containing in their composition fibers, proteins, carbohydrates and minerals. Seeds have been widely used as oil source with nutritional and cosmetic value. The biological evaluation of some species was carried out by using relevant biological assays such as: antioxidant, allelopathic and antifungal activities against Biomphalaria glabrata and toxicity on Artemia salina.
A família Caryocaraceae é constituída por 25 espécies distribuídas em dois gêneros (Caryocar e Anthodiscus). Plantas desta família têm sido utilizadas em diversos estudos fitoquímicos para isolamento e caracterização de constituintes químicos. Alguns destes estudos avaliaram atividades biológicas in vitro e in vivo de extratos e substâncias puras isoladas a partir de plantas desta família. São descritas nove espécies dentro do gênero Anthodiscus e nenhum estudo fitoquímico relacionado a elas foi relatado. Por outro lado, o gênero Caryocar apresenta 16 espécies com diversos usos medicinais, tais como: para o tratamento de resfriados, bronquites, na prevenção de tumores, como reguladores do fluxo menstrual, em problemas oftalmológicos, e na cura de hematomas e contusões. Algumas espécies deste gênero foram submetidas a estudos fitoquímicos e apresentaram, em sua composição, as seguintes classes de metabólitos secundários: triterpenos, ácidos graxos, taninos, carotenoides, saponinas triterpênicas, cumarinas, glicosídeos fenólicos, entre outros. Os frutos de espécies Caryocar são muito nutritivos contendo em sua composição, fibras, proteínas, carboidratos e minerais. As sementes têm sido amplamente usadas como fonte de óleo com valor nutricional e cosmético. A avaliação biológica de algumas espécies foi realizada utilizando-se testes biológicos relevantes, entre eles: a atividade antioxidante, alelopática, antifúngica, contra Biomphalaria glabrata, e toxicidade sobre Artemia salina.
Subject(s)
Ericales/metabolism , Plants, Medicinal/classification , Biological Products/analysis , Phytochemicals/analysisABSTRACT
Traditionally the leaves of Syzygium cumini (Myrtaceae) are widely used for treating diabetes. The present study was carried out to identify the putative antidiabetic constituents from the S. cumini leaves. From the NMR data four different compounds, Lupeol, 12-oleanen-3-ol-3ß-acetate, Stigmasterol, ßsitosterol were identified from n-hexane fraction of plant extract. These compounds have potential antidiabetic activities which support the traditional use of the leaves as being remedy for treating diabetes.