ABSTRACT
The drug Guchakaranja is mentioned as one of Karanja variety by Raj Nighantu and Nighantu Ratnakara. The references of the drug are not seen in other classical textbooks of Ayurveda and the only references seen in these two Nighantus. The drug had been correlated to Karinjotta, a locally available plant in Kerala. The drug Guchakaranja is botanically correlated as Quassia indica Gaertn (Samadera indica Gaertn) belonging to the family Simaroubaceae commonly known as Niepa bark tree. The drug had been extensively used in folklore practices and usage of the plant in main stream clinical practices is less. So giving a standardization and to justify its traditional usages preliminary phyochemical analysis had been done. The preliminary phytochemical analysis aims at analyzing the physico chemical property of drugs, their qualitative analysis, ash values, extractive values, moisture and volatile contents, estimation of Tannins and Phenols and HPTLC. Previous studies are available regarding the Qualitative Analysis of phytochemicals, tannin and total phenolic estimation. References regarding ash values, quantitative estimation of fiber, reducing sugar and total sugar, pH, cold and hot alcohol and water soluble extractives, moisture content were not available from previous research works On analyzing the phytochemical constituents present in the crude drug, the drug revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, proteins, phenols, steroids, and tannins. This phytoconstituents present in the drug may be responsible for specific action of the drug. This preliminary phytochemical evaluation may be helpful to identify the potential of Guchakaranja and should be helpful in developing new formulations with additional therapeutic effect.
ABSTRACT
Aims: The current study was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical profile and in vitro bacteria growth inhibitory potential of different solvent leaf extracts of V. amygdalina from northern Ghana. Study Design: Different solvent extracts of the plant were quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated for phytochemicals. In vitro bacteria sensitivity assay of the extracts was evaluated using some beta-lactamase producing bacteria as test microbes. Methodology: Ethanolic, methanolic, petroleum ether and aqueous leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina were studied in vitro for growth inhibition against beta-lactamase producing bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using agar well diffusion method. Saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, reducing sugars, anthracenosides, terpenes and phytosteroids were determined qualitatively and quantified. Results: All the phytochemicals tested were found to be present in both the methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts. The aqueous extract showed the presence of saponins, reducing sugars and anthracenosides. Glycosides, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids were the only groups of phytochemicals found in the petroleum ether extract. The methanolic extract showed the greatest amount of saponins (14.23%), flavonoids (2.15%), alkaloids (7.49%), tannins (5.4%), terpenes (10.20%) and phenolics (8.24%). The methanolic extract at concentration of 4 mg/ml showed growth inhibitory activities against all the test organisms with zone of inhibitions ranging from 16.00±0.50 (against E. coli) to 20.50±0.03 mm (against S. aureus). The ethanolic extract showed activity against only two of the test organisms viz. 23.00±0.33 mm against P. aeruginosa and 12.00±0.00 mm against S. aureus at similar concentration. All test organisms were resistant to both aqueous and pet ether extracts. Conclusion: The antibacterial activities of the methanolic and ethanolic extracts were significant (P < 0.05) and may be mediated by the presence of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes and alkaloids. Results from present study corroborate previous findings and also presents methanolic leaf extract of the plant as a credible candidate for the discovery of new phytotherapeutic agents against the beta-lactamase producing bacteria tested.
ABSTRACT
To study the leaves of Adiantum philippense L. for their antioxidant, cytotoxicity and thrombolytic activities and to perform phytochemical evaluation. Methods: In-vitro antioxidant activity of extract was studied using DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power, total phenol and total flavonoid content determination assays. The cytotoxic activity was determined using brine shrimp lethality bioassay, thrombolytic activity by clot disruption and phytochemical potential by qualitative analysis. Results: The antioxidant activity of the extracts was found promising. The reducing power of this crude extract increase with the increase of concentration; IC50 values of DPPH scavenging activity was (140.00±0.86) μg/mL as compared to ascorbic acid [IC50 (130.00±0.76) μg/mL];Total phenol and total flavonoids content were (148.26±0.24) mg/mL and (163.06±0.56) mg/mL respectively. In cytotoxicity assay the LC50 values of the sample was (106.41±0.78) μg/mL where as for standard vincristin sulphate was (08.50±0.24) μg/mL as a positive control and the extract shows (12.86±1.02)% clot lytic whereas standard streptokinase shows (30.86±0.44% clot lytic activity in thrombolytic assay. The phytochemical evaluation indicates the presence of chemical constituents including carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids. Conclusions: This study shows that the methanol extract of leaves of Adiantum philippense L. has bioactivity but further compound isolation is necessary to confirm the activities of individual compounds.
ABSTRACT
Standardization of herbal drugs raw material is essential to assess the quality, based on the consistency (concentration) of their active principles. Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) contains Caffeine that is responsible for the stimulating effect of the beverage. The objectives of this study are extraction, qualitative estimation of caffeine by TLC method, physicochemical standardization, phytochemical evaluation(qualitative tests) and chemical tests for detection of inorganic elements from different black tea brands. The different black tea brands (Brooke Bond Taj Mahal, Tata Premium and Duncan Double Diamond) are suddenly collected from local market. Standardization including – organoleptic properties, foreign matter, pH of aqueous solution ash values, extractive values, successive extractive values, moisture content, volatile oil content, Preliminary phytochemical screening and chemical tests for inorganic elements. The results obtained from this study can be used to standardize different black tea brands in the market.
ABSTRACT
Angiogenesis is controlled by number of growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Plant derived anti-angiogenic molecules acting via VEGF are being investigated for curtailing angiogenesis dependent diseases. In this study, methanolic (CM), n-hexane (CH), ethylacetate (CE) and water (CW) extracts of the roots of Calotropis procera were tested for anti-angiogenic activity. In the chicken egg chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, CM, CH and CE but not CW inhibited VEGFinduced neovascularization in a dose-dependent manner. Of all the tested extracts, CM at the dose of 10, 5 and 2.5 ng most effectively inhibited over 83, 71 and 64%, of neovascularization induced by 10ng of VEGF, respectively. Sponge implantation assay in mice further showed that at the dose of 100ng CM, CH and CE but not CW significantly inhibited neovascularization induced by VEGF (100 ng). Taken together, this study indicates that the root extracts of C.procera may possess anti-angiogenic activity.