Nutritional and Sensory Profiles of Functional Breads Produced from Partial Substitution of Wheat Flour by Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L.) Flour

The present study aims to formulate and develop functional breads from wheat and pigeon pea flour and evaluate their nutritional and sensory qualities. Indeed, different composite bread formulations have been made by partial substitution of wheat flour with pigeon pea flour in varying proportions (10%, 20% 25% 50%), and the nutritional and sensory characteristics of the different breads produced were evaluated. Results indicated that the protein content of the composite breads significantly increases (p <0.005) according to the pigeon pea flour incorporation rate. However, the evaluation of sensory characteristics indicated that only composite breads result from the incorporation rate of 10% of pigeon pea flours have organoleptic characteristics appreciated by the panel of tasters. These results therefore underline that the perception and opinion of consumers are very important parameters to be taken into account in any innovation process in the field of food technology.

Protein efficiency ratio of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus): A sprague-dawley rat growth assay

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> This study has been conducted to determine the protein efficiency ratio (PER) of selected indigenous legumes, namely pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), as alternative protein sources.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODS:</strong> Experimental diets (pigeon pea-based and lima bean-based) and control diet (casein-based) were formulated and standardized using proximate analysis to have 10% protein basal diet based on the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) guidelines. Diets were given to corresponding groups (2 experimental, 1 control) using 30 albino Sprague-Dawley weanling rats aged 21 days old, over a 28-day growth assay.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Results showed that the mean final weight and weight gain were significantly higher in rats fed with casein-based diet (p0.05). The PER of the casein (3.37 ± 2.71) is higher than that of the pigeon pea (1.87) and lima bean (1.32). These results can be attributed to the presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) in the seeds of pigeon pea and lima bean. Reduced protein intake (due to bitter taste), toxicity, and interference with protein digestibility (through interaction with digestive enzymes) imparted by these ANFs can explain the weight loss among the experimental groups and consequently the low PER. Heat treatment done in the study were not adequate to remove the ANFs.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> The study shows that pigeon pea and lima bean as protein sources alone are not as adequate and efficient in providing necessary protein requirements for weanling rats. Proper processing and treatment should be done to remove inhibitors of protein digestibility and quality.</p>

Comparative Evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant Properties of Cajanus cajan Seed and Moringa oleifera Leaf Extracts.

This study was carried out to compare the antioxidant potentials of hydromethanolic extracts of seed of Cajanus cajan and the leaf of Moringa oleifera. These plants have been associated with alleviating oxidative stress related conditions. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta and Covenant University Sango, Ogun state Nigeria, between August 2012 and September, 2012. Methodology: Different analyses for determining antioxidant potentials were used to compare the antioxidant properties of the plants: hydroxyl radical scavenging test, ascorbic acid value, total polyphenols, total flavonoids content, ferric reducing antioxidant power, 2, 2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulphonic acid (ABTS) scavenging test, 2,2-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (lipoprotein). Results: The total phenolic contents of Cajanus cajan and Moringa oleifera were 83.0 ±0.02 and 541.0 ± 0.02 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram dry weight (mg/GAE/g DW) respectively. Also, the results obtained for total flavonoids in Cajanus cajan and Moringa oleifera were 46.0±.01 and 645.0±0.10 mg pyrocatechol equivalent per gram dry weight respectively. It was observed that Moringa oleifera leaf extract has significantly higher antioxidant potentials than the Cajanus cajan seeds extract (p<.05) Conclusion: Data suggest that Moringa oleifera leaf extract had higher antioxdant potentials in comparison with that of Cajanus cajan seeds. Further research in determining the benefits of Moringa Oleifera leaf and Cajanus cajan seed extracts due to their antioxidant potential in animal model is therefore recommended.

Response of Pigeon Pea Landraces [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] to Exogenous Application of Plant Growth Regulators.

Aim: Optimizing plant growth regulators in the manipulation of growth physiology, development and seed yield of pigeon pea landraces is cardinal, especially as it complements other improvement techniques. The research was aimed at evaluating the effect of IAA, NAA and paclobutrazol singly and in combination, but especially paclobutrazol in reducing plant height. Methods: Thirty (30) seeds each of brown “Fiofio” [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] were soaked in 0, 100, and 150mg/l concentration of IAA, NAA, paclobutrazol, paclobutrazol + IAA and paclobutrazol + NAA, respectively for 48 hours. Results: Results obtained revealed that treating pigeon pea seeds with paclobutrazol caused reduction in plant height and inter-node length, which did not translate to higher yield. However, plants raised from pigeon pea seeds soaked in 100 and 150 mg/l paclobutrazol + NAA did excellently well in both yield and yield – related traits. Conclusion: The implication of these findings is that though treating seeds with paclobutrazol caused significant reduction in plant height and increased branch numbers, it needed to interact with NAA to cause holistic improvement, especially in seed yield.

Studies on genetic characteristics of pigeon pea and determination of selection criteria with path co-efficient analysis.

Genetic analysis and association studies were conducted in 128 germplasm lines of pigeon pea received from NBPGR for yield and yield attributing characters. Higher amount of variation was observed for seed yield per plant followed by number of pods per plant and plant height. High heritability with high genetic advance as percentage of mean were obtained for seed yield and number of pods per plant indicated the presence of additive gene action influencing the inheritance of these characters. Significant positive correlations were observed for 100 seed weight, number of primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant and plant height on seed yield per plant were high and positive. Selection for higher seed weight, days to maturity, primary branches, pods per plant and plant height would be the best criteria for increasing the seed yield per plant in pigeon pea.

Comportamiento reproductivo de cabras alimentadas con distintos concentrados y sistemas de amamantamiento de las crías / Reproductive Performance of Goats Fed With Different Concentratedand Suckling Systems for Goats Kids

Un total de 60 cabras adultas alimentadas con dos suplementos (concentrado comercial y concentrado con follaje de quinchoncho) y dos sistemas de amamantamiento (natural: crías sin separación de la madre vs. artificial: suministro de leche de cabra con amamantadores artificiales y crías separadas de la madre) fueron evaluadas para determinar el reinicio de actividad ovárica e intervalo parto-concepción en explotaciones caprinas semi-intensivas, según un arreglo factorial 2 x 2. La suplementación con concentrado y el sistema de crianza representaron los dos factores, cada uno con dos niveles, los cuales fueron analizados a través del procedimiento mixto (Proc Mixed) del paquete estadístico SAS. Las cabras, con el sistema de amamantamiento natural o artificial, mostraron un intervalo parto-concepción de 169,4 vs 132,4 días, respectivamente y el peso de los cabritos con amamantamiento natural fue mayor (P<0,05) con 14,6 vs. 12,8 Kg., respectivamente, independientemente del tipo de alimento consumido. El reinicio de la actividad ovárica ocurrió más temprano (P<0,05) en las cabras alimentadas con concentrado comercial y cuyas crías fueron mantenidas con amamantamiento artificial. El grupo de cabras que consumió concentrado comercial mostró pérdidas de peso total de 1,450 kg, mientras que las que consumieron concentrado con follaje de quinchoncho perdieron 0,150 kg, lo cual se corresponde con una mayor producción diaria de leche (P<0,05) para las cabras que consumieron concentrado comercial (734,5 vs. 656,5 g). El tratamiento con alimento concentrado comercial produjo mayor pérdida de peso de las cabras (P<0,05) con mayor producción diaria de leche, lo cual pudo ser debido a un balance energético negativo. El reinicio de actividad ovárica ocurrió con mayor incidencia (P<0,05) a los 90 días, en las cabras que se mantuvieron con concentrado comercial y amamantamiento artificial con respecto a la que consumieron el mismo alimento, pero sus crías fueron mantenidas con amamantamiento natural (40 vs. 6%). Esta situación nutricional ocasiona mayor intervalo parto concepción y un reinicio más tardío de la actividad ovárica, que probablemente guarda relación con el estímulo negativo de la lactación sobre estos parámetros a través del eje hipotálamo-pituitario-ovárico. En conclusión, el tipo de alimento concentrado y el sistema de amamantamiento afectan el comportamiento reproductivo.

A total of 60 adult female goats fed two supplements (concentrated commercial and concentrated with pigeon pea foliage) and two suckling systems (natural: raised without mother separation and artificial: supply of goat milk with artificial suckling and goat kids separated from the mother) were evaluated to determine resumption of ovarian activity and interval birth-conception in semi-intensive exploitations, according to a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Supplementation with concentrate and the suckling system were the two factors, each with two levels, which were analyzed by mixed procedure (Proc Mixed) of SAS statistical package. Goats, with the natural or artificial suckling system showed a birth-conception interval of 169.4 vs 132.4 days, respectively, and goats kids weight was higher (P<0.05) 14.6 vs 12.8 kg, respectively, regardless of the type of food consumed.The early resumption of ovarian activity occurred earlier (P<0.05) in goats fed with commercial concentrate and whose goats kids were maintained with artificial suckling. The goats group consuming commercial concentrate showed of total weight losses of 1450 kg, while those who consumed concentrated with pigeon pea foliage lost 0150 kg, which corresponds to an increased average daily milk production (P<0.05) for goats consuming commercial concentrate (734.5 vs. 656.5 g). Treatment with commercial concentrated food produced greater weight loss in goats (P<0.05) increased daily milk production, which could be due to a negative energy balance. The resumption of ovarian activity occurred with higher incidence (P<0.05) at 90 days in goats that were maintained with commercial concentrate and artificial suckling with respect to the group consuming the same food but their goats kids were maintained with natural suckling (40 vs. 6%). This situation leads to greater nutritional birth conception interval and a later restart of ovarian activity, which probably related to the negative stimulus of lactation on these parameters through the axis hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian. In conclusion, the type of concentrate and goats kids suckling affect reproductive behavior.

γ-Protein, a sulphur amino acid rich protein from pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.).

A globulin protein comparatively rich in sulphur amino acids has been isolated from the seeds of pigeon pea. This protein termed γ-protein has a sedimentation coefficients of 7S and a molecular weight of about 90,000. Antibodies were raised against pure γ-protein. Using rocket immunoelectrophoresis it was observed that γ-protein was synthesised in the developing seeds, 21 days after flowering.