Bioaccumulation of animal adenoviruses in the pink shrimp

Adenoviruses are among the most promising viral markers of fecal contamination. They are frequently found in the water, sediment and soil of regions impacted by human activity. Studies of the bioaccumulation of enteric viruses in shrimp are scarce. The cities located in the northern coast of the lake systems in Southern Brazil have high urbanization and intensive farming rates, and poor sewage collection and treatment. One hundred (n = 100) Farfantepenaeus paulensis pink-shrimp specimens and 48 water samples were collected from coastal lagoons between June 2012 and May 2013. Water samples were concentrated and the shrimp, mashed. After DNA extraction, samples were analyzed by real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in order to detect and quantify viral genomes. Thirty-five percent of shrimp samples were positive for contamination, predominantly by avian adenoviruses. A total of 91.7% of water samples contained adenoviruses DNA, with the human form being the most frequent. Our results provided evidence of significant bioaccumulation of adenoviruses in shrimp, showing the extent of the impact of fecal pollution on aquatic ecosystems.

Bioaccumulation of animal adenoviruses in the pink shrimp

Adenoviruses are among the most promising viral markers of fecal contamination. They are frequently found in the water, sediment and soil of regions impacted by human activity. Studies of the bioaccumulation of enteric viruses in shrimp are scarce. The cities located in the northern coast of the lake systems in Southern Brazil have high urbanization and intensive farming rates, and poor sewage collection and treatment. One hundred (n = 100) Farfantepenaeus paulensis pink-shrimp specimens and 48 water samples were collected from coastal lagoons between June 2012 and May 2013. Water samples were concentrated and the shrimp, mashed. After DNA extraction, samples were analyzed by real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in order to detect and quantify viral genomes. Thirty-five percent of shrimp samples were positive for contamination, predominantly by avian adenoviruses. A total of 91.7% of water samples contained adenoviruses DNA, with the human form being the most frequent. Our results provided evidence of significant bioaccumulation of adenoviruses in shrimp, showing the extent of the impact of fecal pollution on aquatic ecosystems..

Métodos de extrusão manual e elétrica dos espermatóforos de reprodutores selvagens do camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Decapoda: Penaeidae) / Manual and electrical spermatophore extrusion methods of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Decapoda: Penaeidae) wild broodstock

O presente estudo comparou os métodos manual e elétrico de extrusão do espermatóforo do camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis com o objetivo de verificar se os métodos de extrusão exercem influência na quantidade de células espermáticas e na regeneração de novos espermatóforos. Os machos foram extrusados no início (dia zero) e no final do experimento (dia 43) para verificação da eficiência dos métodos no processo de regeneração. A extrusão manual foi realizada por meio de pressão na região do quinto par de pereiópodos e o método elétrico com uso de eletrodo para transmissão de impulso elétrico de 9 volts na mesma região. Os dois métodos foram considerados eficientes, não sendo encontradas diferenças significativas entre estes (P>0,05) para o número de células espermáticas. Entretanto, foi verificada, no final do experimento, a perda de peso corporal, peso de espermatóforo e menor índice espermatossomático (IES) (P<0,05) nos animais submetidos a extrusão do espermatóforo por estímulo elétrico. Os valores médios finais (±DP) do número de espermatozóides foram 1,46 (±0,84) e 3,25 milhões (±2,12) para os tratamentos com método elétrico e manual, respectivamente. Os resultados indicam que ambos os métodos podem ser utilizados para a coleta inicial de espermatóforos e testes de qualidade de espermatozóide. Entretanto, para a reutilização dos machos após a extrusão inicial do espermatóforo, o método manual é mais indicado pela manutenção do número de células espermáticas, peso do espermatóforo, peso corporal e índice espermatossomático após a regeneração.

The present study compared manual and electrical methods to extrude the spermatophore of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis aiming to analyze their influence on the number of spermatic cells and spermatophore regeneration. The males were extruded in the beginning (day zero) and in the end (43rd day) of the experiment to evaluate the efficiency of these methods in the regeneration process. For the extrusion, a gentle pressure was applied manually in the fifth pair of pereiopods or electrically by a 9 volt pulse in the same area. Both methods were efficient in removing the spermatophore and no significant differences were found (P>0.05) in the number of sperm cells. Nevertheless, significant decreases (P<0.05) in the body weight, spermatophore weight and spermatosomatic index (ESI) at the end of the experimental period were observed by using the electrical stimulation. The mean values (±SD) of the number of sperm cells were 1.46 (±0.84) and 3.25 (±2.12) millions for the electrical and manual treatments, respectively. Results indicate that both methods may be applied to collect initial samples of spermatophores as well as for sperm quality testing. However, when previously spermatophore-extruded males are to be used, the manual method is indicated as the number of spermatic cells, spermatophore weight, body weight, and ESI are maintained after regeneration.

Efecto de la temperatura superficial y la salinidad en el reclutamiento del camarón rosado Farfantepenaeus duorarum (Decapoda: Penaeidae), en la Sonda de Campeche, Golfo de México / Impact of surface temperature and salinity on the recruiting of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus duorarum (Decapoda: Penaeidae), in Sonda de Campeche, Gulf of Mexico

We studied the long term effects of two environmental variables, salinity and surface temperature, on the pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum) population in the southern Gulf of Mexico, considering the relationship between recruiting and the concurrent shrimp stock depletion of the last two decades. Our data were collected from 1969 to 1991. Recruitment has been clearly declining, particularly in the 1970s, with an accentuated drop since the 1980s. Sea surface temperatures have steadily risen, particularly since 1972. The temperature difference between the mid 1970s and the late 1980s is 0.5 degree C. Salinity decreased throughout the period. From a long term perspective, recruitment is negatively correlated with temperature and positively correlated with salinity. The effects of temperature and salinity are statistically significant, explaining 52 % and 55 % of the variation in recruitment, respectively.

Con el objetivo de evaluar los efectos a largo plazo de variables ambientales en la población de camarón rosado Farfantepenaeus duorarum en la Sonda de Campeche, al sur del Golfo de México, se analizaron los patrones de variación del reclutamiento, la salinidad y la temperatura superficial de 1969 a 1991. El reclutamiento muestra una clara tendencia decreciente desde la década de los años setenta, con una disminución acentuada desde los años ochenta. La temperatura superficial muestra una tendencia al aumento, particularmente desde 1972. La diferencia entre la temperatura a mediados de los setenta y finales de los ochenta fue de 0.5 °C. A lo largo del periodo de estudio la salinidad disminuyó. En el largo plazo, el reclutamiento muestra correlación negativa con la temperatura superficial y positiva con la salinidad. Los efectos de estas variables son estadísticamente significativos, explicando respectivamente el 52 % y 55 % de la variación del reclutamiento y, aunque no implican relaciones causa-efecto, sugieren simultaneidad de cambio.

Stock assessment and fishery management of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis Latreille, 1970 and F. paulensis Pérez-Farfante, 1967 in Southeastern Brazil (23° to 28° S)

Quantitative analyses of the pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and Farfantepenaeus paulensis) fisheries were carried out using data collected from July 1999 to July 2001 from the trawling operations of the fishing fleet based in Santos/Guarujá, SP. According to classical models, the fishery is at its maximum sustainable yield. Therefore, reduction of the fishing effort and adequate season and area closures seem to be the best management actions for the pink shrimp fishery.

Análises quantitativas do camarão-rosa (Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis e Farfantepenaeus paulensis) foram realizadas com dados coletados de Julho/1999 a Julho/2001, da frota de arrasto sediada em Santos/Guarujá (SP). De acordo com os modelos clássicos de manejo, a pescaria atingiu seu rendimento máximo sustentável. Assim, uma redução no esforço pesqueiro, combinada com a adoção de defesos periódicos e o fechamento de algumas áreas à pesca, parecem ser as melhores medidas de manejo do estoque para o camarão-rosa.

Growth and mortalities of the pink-shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis Latreille, 1970 and F. paulensis Pérez-Farfante 1967 in Southeast Brazil

From July, 1999 until July, 2001 data from the pink-shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis Latreille, 1970 and F. paulensis Pérez-Farfante, 1967 fishery were collected from trawling by the fishing fleet based in Santos/Guarujá-SP. Growth and mortalities of these species were studied. F. brasiliensis and F. paulensis have longevity of 2 years and growth estimates of L FONT FACE=Symbol>¥ /FONT> = 29.0 cm and k = 1.24 year-1 for F. brasiliensis and L FONT FACE=Symbol>¥ /FONT> = 27.5 cm and k = 1.34 year-1 for F. paulensis. Females reach bigger lengths than males in both species. Natural mortalities (M) were 1.80 and 1.90 year-1 and fishing mortalities (F) were 4.7 and 6.8 year-1 for F. brasiliensis and F. paulensis, respectively. Survival rates are S = 0.15% and 0.02% for F. brasiliensis and F. paulensis, respectively, which are usually low values for shrimps.

De Julho de 1999 a Julho de 2001, foram coletados dados das pescarias comerciais do camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis Latreille, 1970 e F. paulensis Pérez-Farfante, 1967, relativos à frota pesqueira de arrasto, sediada em Santos (SP). Estimativas dos parâmetros de crescimento e de mortalidades foram calculadas. Farafantepenaeus brasiliensis e F. paulensis são espécies de crescimento rápido e vida curta, com longevidade de 2 anos (L FONT FACE=Symbol>¥ /FONT> = 29,0 cm e k = 1,24 ano-1 para F. brasiliensis; L FONT FACE=Symbol>¥ /FONT> = 27,5 cm e k = 1,34 ano-1 para F. paulensis). As fêmeas atingem tamanhos maiores que os machos para ambas espécies. As mortalidades naturais foram estimadas em M = 1,80 ano-1 e 1,90 ano-1 e as mortalidades por pesca F = 4,7 ano-1 e 6,8 ano-1 para F. brasiliensis e F. paulensis, respectivamente. As taxas de sobrevivência foram calculadas em S = 0,15% para F. brasilensis e S = 0,02% para F. paulensis, valores usualmente baixos para camarões.