Optimization of molding process and physical fingerprint of Shuangye pipa granules based on QbD concept / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To optimize the molding process of Shuangye pipa granules based on the concept of quality by design （QbD） and analyze its physical fingerprint. METHODS The dry extract of Shuangye pipa granules was used as the main drug. The retention rate of total flavonoid， moisture absorption rate， dissolution rate， angle of repose and molding rate of the granules were selected as evaluation indexes. The single-factor test combined with the entropy weight method and Box-Behnken response surface design was used to optimize the molding process， and validation test was conducted. The physical fingerprints of 10 batches of Shuangye pipa granules prepared by the optimal process were comprehensively analyzed by eight secondary physical indexes （relative homogeneity， moisture， moisture absorption rate， Hausner ratio， angle of repose， bulk density， tap density and porosity）. RESULTS The optimal molding process of Shuangye pipa granules was as follows： soluble starch-maltodextrin-mannitol was 1∶1∶1 （m/m/m）， 95% ethanol was as wetting agent and the amount of it was 37%， the drug-assisted ratio was 1∶0.8 （m/m）， the drying temperature was 59 ℃， drying time was 28 min. The results of 3 validation tests showed that the average comprehensive score was 0.879 6， the RSD of which with prediction value （0.881 9 score） was 1.97%. The similarity between the physical fingerprints of 10 batches of Shuangye pipa granules and the control physical fingerprint was higher than 0.99. CONCLUSIONS The optimized molding process of Shuangye pipa granules is stable and feasible， and the physical property of Shuangye pipa granules is stable and controllable.

Analysis on UPLC Fingerprint and Determination of Multi-index Components in Pipa Qingfeiyin / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To establish the ultraperformance liquid chromatography （UPLC） fingerprint of Pipa Qingfeiyin substance benchmark， and to establish a quantitative analysis method for simultaneous determination of the contents of five index components， so as to provide reference for the quality control and evaluation of this famous classical formula. Method:ACQUITY UPLC^® CSH^TM C₁₈ column （2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.7 μm） was used with mobile phase of acetonitrile （A）-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution （B） for gradient elution （0-7 min， 5%-7%A； 7-11 min， 7%-8%A； 11-22 min， 8%-14%A； 22-30 min， 14%-15%A； 30-35 min， 15%-25%A； 35-42 min， 25%-40%A； 42-45 min， 40%-50%A； 45-50 min， 50%-60%A）， the flow rate was 0.35 mL·min^-1， the column temperature was 25 ℃， the detection wavelengths were 278 nm and 248 nm. UPLC fingerprints of 15 batches of Pipa Qingfeiyin substance benchmark were established， and the "Similarity Evaluation System of Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine" software （2012 edition） was used for similarity analysis， and the common peaks were assigned. Cluster analysis （CA）， principal component analysis （PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） were used to evaluate the fingerprint data. UPLC fingerprint method was used to simultaneously determine the contents of five components in the substance benchmark. Result:The method validation of fingerprint and determination method was good， the similarities between 15 batches of Pipa Qingfeiyin substance benchmark and their control fingerprint were ≥0.997， 23 common peaks were identified and 11 chromatographic peaks were identified. CA， PCA and OPLS-DA divided 15 batches of the substance benchmark into two groups. The linear relationship of phellodendrine hydrochloride， chlorogenic acid， berberine hydrochloride， palmatine hydrochloride and ammonium glycyrrhizinate was good in a certain range of concentration （<italic>R</italic>²>0.999）， their average recovery was 96.47%-101.16%， and the contents of these five components in the substance benchmark were 0.87-2.00， 1.53-5.95， 18.45-33.97， 3.87-6.29， 1.02-4.12 mg·g^-1， respectively. Conclusion:The established UPLC fingerprint and multi-index component content determination methods have strong specificity， good resolution and high sensitivity， it can be characterized except for the Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma flavor， which can provide reference for the quality control and evaluation of Pipa Qingfeiyin compound preparation.

Variações da qualidade da água de chuva e de açudes armazenada em cisternas em municípios do semiárido do estado da Paraíba / Variations in the quality of rainwater and fluvial reservoirs stored in cisterns in municipalities of the semiarid region of Paraíba State

RESUMO Neste trabalho são apresentadas a evolução temporal de parâmetros de qualidade e a análise de conformidade da água armazenada em cisternas nos municípios de Barra de Santana, Boqueirão e Caturité, no semiárido do estado da Paraíba. A água armazenada nas cisternas estudadas é oriunda da chuva e dos açudes Epitácio Pessoa, na região do Cariri, e Araçagi, na região do Brejo. Foram analisados os valores dos parâmetros pH, turbidez, condutividade elétrica, sólidos totais dissolvidos, alcalinidade total, cor aparente, dureza total, cloretos, amônia, sulfato, nitrato, coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli e bactérias heterotróficas, com frequência mensal nos meses de fevereiro a outubro de 2017, em plena seca de 2011/2017. Foram observadas variações relevantes nos parâmetros da água oriunda dos açudes, principalmente do açude Epitácio Pessoa, em decorrência do aporte de água do rio São Francisco por meio do Projeto de Integração do Rio São Francisco com as Bacias do Nordeste Setentrional (PISF). Os resultados indicaram que não houve variações consideráveis nos parâmetros da água de chuva armazenada nas cisternas. Diferentemente das cisternas com águas de açudes, houve conformidade em relação à Portaria nº 5/2017 do Ministério da Saúde para todos os parâmetros físicos e químicos analisados nas cisternas com água de chuva.

Abstract In this work, the temporal evolution of quality parameters and the analysis of the conformity of water stored in cisterns in the municipalities of Barra de Santana, Boqueirão, and Caturité in the semi-arid state of Paraíba are presented. The water stored in the cisterns studied comes from rain and from Epitácio Pessoa fluvial reservoirs in the region of Cariri and Araçagi in the region of Brejo. The parameters analyzed were: pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, apparent color, total hardness, chlorides, ammonia, sulfate, nitrate, total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, and heterotrophic bacteria, with monthly frequency in the months of February to October 2017, in the midst of the 2011/2017 drought. Relevant variations were observed in the parameters of the water coming from fluvial reservoirs, mainly from Epitácio Pessoa due to the water supply of the São Francisco river through the São Francisco River Integration Project (Projeto de Integração do Rio São Francisco - PISF). The results indicated that there were no significant changes in rainwater storage parameters in cisterns. Unlike cisterns with water from fluvial reservoirs, there was compliance in relation to Ordinance No. 5/2017 of the Ministry of Health for all the physical and chemical parameters analyzed in cisterns with rainwater.

Pipa de agua y tabaquismo / Water pipe and smoking

Se describe el dispositivo para fumar tabaco conocido como pipa de agua o narguila. Se detallan sus componentes, su historia, la epidemiología, los riesgos para la salud y enfermedades. También su equivalencia con el consumo de cigarrillos.

The device for smoking tobacco known as water pipe or hookah is described. Its components, history, epidemiology, health risks and diseases are detailed. Also its equivalence with the consumption of cigarettes.

Improvement and Optimization of Quality Standard for Qiangli Pipa Distillate Formula / 中国药师

Objective: To improve the quality standard for Qiangli Pipa distillate formula. Methods: The chemical reactions for i-dentification in the old standard were deleted. TLC methods were established to identify Papaveris pericarpium, Eriobotryae folium and Platycodonis radix. The contents of morphine and codeine phosphate from Papaveris pericarpium were determined by HPLC. The chro-matographic conditions for morphine content determination were as follows: an Inertsil ODS-3 chromatographic column (250 mm × 4. 6 mm, 5 μ m ) was used, the mobile phase was acetonitrile-the mixture of 0. 01 mol·L-1sodium heptane sulfonate and 0. 02 mol ·L-1potassium dihydrogen phosphate with equal amount (10% phosphoric acid was used to adjust pH to 2. 8) ( 13: 87 ), the detec-tion wavelength was 220 nm ,the column temperature was 30 ℃, and the flow rate was 1. 0 ml·min-1. The chromatographic condi-tions for codeine phosphate content determination were as follows : an Inertsil ODS-3 chromatographic column (250 mm×4. 6 mm, 5 μ m ) was used, the mobile phase was acetonitrile-the mixture of 0. 01 mol·L-1sodium heptane sulfonate and 0. 02 mol·L-1s potas-sium dihydrogen phosphate with equal amount (10% phosphoric acid was used to adjust pH to 2. 8) ( 15: 85 ), the detection wave-length was 220 nm, the column temperature was 30 ℃, and the flow rate was 1. 0 ml·min-1. Results: TLC had obvious characteris-tics with clear and well-separated spots. Morphine showed a good linear relationship within the range of 3. 14-62. 8 μg·ml-1( r=1. 000 0) with the average recovery of 96. 69% (RSD=2. 41% , n=9). Codeine phosphate showed a good linear relationship within the range of 3. 52-87. 94 μg·ml-1(r=1. 000 0) with the average recovery of 95. 68% (RSD=2. 64% , n=9). Conclusion: The quality standard for Qiangli Pipa distillate formula is improved. The methods are easy-operated and accurate with good specificity, which are suitable for the quality control of Qiangli Pipa distillate formula.

Clinical Observation of Heat-sensitive Moxibustion Combined with Modified Pipa Qingfei Decoction in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of of heat-sensitive moxibustion combined with modified Pipa qingfei decoction for acne vulgaris.METHODS:A total of 120 patients with acne vulgaris were randomly divided into control group and observation group,with 60 cases in each group.Control group was given Minocycline hydrochloride capsules 50 mg/d,bid.Observation group was given heat-sensitive moxibustion (every other day) combined with modified Pipa qingfei decoction (one dose every day,decocting to 300 mL,morning and night).Both groups were treated for 42 d.Skin lesion score and serum testosterone level were observed in 2 groups before treatment,1st and 90th day after the end of treatment.Clinical efficacies were evaluated in 2 groups on 1st and 90th day after the end of treatment,and the occurrence of ADR was observed in 2 groups during treatment.RESULTS:Before observation,there was no significant difference in these indexes.On 1st day after the end of treatment,the scores of skin lesion items and serum testosterone level in 2 groups were all decreased significantly compared to before treatment,and the scorns of skin lesion items in observation group were significantly lower than control group (P＜0.05);there was no significant difference in the serum testosterone level between 2 groups (P＞0.05).On 90th day after the end of treatment,the scores of skin lesion items and serum testosterone level in control group had no statistical significance compared to before treatment (P＞0.05).The scores of skin lesion items and serum testosterone level in observation group were decreased significantly compared before treatment,and were significantly lower than control group at corresponding period (P＜0.05).On 1st and 90th day after the end of treatment,total response rates of observation group were 85.00％ and 73.33％,which were significantly higher than 73.33％ and 55.00％ of control group,with statistical isgnificance (P＜0.05).There was no statistical significance in the incidence of ADR between 2 groups (P＞0.05).CONCLUSIONS:The heat-sensitive moxibustion combined with modified Pipa qingfei decoction can significantly reduce the scores of skin lesion and serum testosterone levels,improves the symptoms of skin lesions,and shows good safety.

Determination of SPE-HPLC Codeine Hydrochloride in Qiangli Pipa Syrup / 药物评价研究

Objective To establish the determination method of Codeine phosphate in Qiangli Pipa Syrup by RP-HPLC.Methods Using XDB-C18 Eclipse column (250 mm × 4.6 mm,5 ìm),acetonitrile:0.035 mol/L sodium acetate solution (glacial acetic acid to adjust pH =3.5) (25:75) as mobile phase,the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min,the detection wavelength is 240 nm,the column temperature is 40.Results the linear range of codeine phosphate in 2.024-40.24 ìg/mL was goody =8.18 × 105x + 12.2 (r =0.999 2);the average recovery rate was 98.2％ and RSD was 1.0％ (n =6).Conclusion This method is simple,rapid,accurate,and reliable,with high sensitivity,and could be applied to determination of Qiangli Pipa Syrup codeine hydrochloride content and controlment of the drug quality.

Cigarrillo electrónico y pipas de agua: conocimientos y uso entre estudiantes de Medicina, Uruguay, 2015 / Electronic cigarette and waterpipe: knowledge and use among medical students, Uruguay, 2015

RESUMEN Introducción. El uso de cigarrillo electrónico (CE) y la pipa de agua (PA) se ha difundido ampliamente como alternativa al consumo del tabaco, y el primero se ha invocado como herramienta para la cesación. Objetivo. Determinar conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre el CE y PA en los estudiantes de 5º de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay, año 2015. Métodos. Estudio de corte transversal, descriptivo. Se aplicó cuestionario de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre CE y PA, en estudiantes de medicina, en Julio y Agosto 2015. Los resultados se analizaron en frecuencias absolutas y relativas; se utilizó test de Chi². Resultados. 241 estudiantes respondieron el cuestionario; 54,6% de la población objetivo. El 21,1% de los estudiantes eran tabaquistas. 72,2% de los encuestados conoce el CE y 69,7% la PA. Un 7,5% han utilizado CE y 31,5% PA. El 41,5% cree que los CE son dañinos mientras que 44,4% no sabe. Hubo diferencias significativas entre fumadores y no fumadores con respecto conocimientos y prácticas. Conclusiones. La mayoría de los estudiantes afirma conocer el CE y PA; es poco frecuente la experimentación de CE, la de PA asciende a un tercio de los encuestados. Menos de la mitad conocen que el CE provoca daños a la salud. Los estudiantes tienen escasa información sobre los riesgos del uso de estos dispositivos. Existe necesidad de abordar este tema en la formación médica.

ABSTRACT Introduction. The use of electronic cigarette (CE) and hookah (PA) has spread widely as an alternative to the consumption of snuff, and the first has been invoked as a tool for cessation. Objective. Determine knowledge, attitudes and practices on CE and PA in 5th students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Uruguay, 2015. Methods. Cross-sectional study, descriptive court. survey of knowledge, attitudes and practices EC and PA, medical students in July and August 2015. The results were analyzed in absolute and relative frequencies were applied; Chi2 test was used. Results. 241 students answered the questionnaire; 54.6% of the target population. 21.1% of students were smokers. 72.2% of respondents know the EC and 69.7% BP. 7.5% have used EC and 31.5% PA. 41.5% believe that the EC are harmful while 44.4% do not know. There were significant differences between smokers and non-smokers with respect knowledge and practices. Conclusions. Most students say they know the EC and PA; is rare experimentation EC, the PA amounts to a third of respondents. Less than half know that the EC causes damage to health. Students have little information about the risks of using these devices. There is need to address this issue in medical training.

A pipa como um fé(i)tiche: passando ao largo de dicotomias / The kite as a fé(i)tiche: bypassing of dichotomies

Resumo Operamos com o conceito de fé(i)tiche, proposto por Latour, para entender o poder de influência e aglutinação de um brinquedo milenar na relação com os humanos que o têm como um objeto de alta significação em suas biografias. Neste artigo, a palavra fetiche foi problematizada para assumir uma versão composta que se traduz, ao mesmo tempo, como fato e feitiço, objeto feito e objeto encantado, passando ao largo das dicotomias entre o que é fabricação e o que é realidade. Na busca por restaurar a integração dos todos que foram cindidos pelo pensamento moderno, opta-se por estudar os fenômenos como efeitos de cadeias cujos mediadores são investigados tendo o mesmo valor enquanto operadores de efeitos. Foram privilegiadas as narrativas de pipeiros coletadas em entrevistas, assim como contribuições encontradas na literatura, realçando o poder de encantamento do papagaio de papel como objeto sagrado que protagoniza eventos e mobiliza afetos e ações.(AU)

Abstract We operate with the concept of fé(i)tiche proposed by Latour to understand the power of influence and agglutination of an ancient toy in its relationship with humans that have it as an object of high significance in their biographies. In this article, the word fetish was problematized to assume a composite version which translates, at the same time, a fact and a sorcery, object made and enchanted object, bypassing the dichotomies between what is reality and what is fabrication. In the quest to restore the integration of wholes that were split by modern thought, is chosen to study phenomena as an effect of chains whose mediators are investigated with the same value as operators of effects. Narratives of kite players collected in interviews have been privileged, as well as contributions in the literature, by highlighting the power of the kite as a sacred object that is protagonist of events and mobilizes feelings and actions.(AU)

Content Determination of Menthanol in Qiangli Pipa Syrup by Headspace GC / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the content determination of menthanol in Qinagli pipa syrup. METHODS:Headspace GC was performed on the column of HP-INNOWax capillary column,column temperature was 80 ℃,temperature inlet sample was 150 ℃,the detector was hydrogen flame ionization detector with temperature of 250 ℃,the flow rate of nitrogen was 0.8 ml/min with constant flow and no split,the volume injection was 1 ml,the equilibrium temperature of headspace bottle was 80 ℃,and the equilibrium time was 20 min. RESULTS:The linear range of menthanol was 2.486-24.86 μg/ml(r=0.9999),RS-Ds of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were lower than 2%,recovery was 95.4%-99.8%(RSD=1.5%,n=9). CON-CLUSIONS:The method is simple and accurate,and can be used for the content determination of menthanol in Qinagli pipa syrup.

Content Determination of Menthol in 56 Batches of Qiangli Pipa Syrup by HS-GC / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish the HS-GC method for the content determination of menthol in Qiangli Pipa syrup,and the content of menthol in 56 batches of Qiangli Pipa syrup commercially available was determined. METHODS:HS-GC was per-formed on the column of Agilent HP-INNOWAX,column temperature was 130 ℃(maintaining 7 min),FID was used as detector, inlet temperature was 200 ℃,detector temperature was 250 ℃,carrier gas was high-purity nitrogen,flow rate was 3 ml/min,split ratio was 10∶1 and the injection volume was 1 000 μl. RESULTS:The linear range of menthol was 0.007 07-0.141 40 mg/ml(r=0.999 1);RSDs of precision,reproducibility and stability tests were no more than 3.37%;average recovery was 94.3%-99.6%(RSD=1.86%,n=6). There was significant difference in the contents of menthol in 56 batches Qiangli Pipa syrup. CONCLU-SIONS:The method is simple,sensitive,accurate and reliable,and can be used for content determination of menthol in Qiangli Pi-pa syrup. The sampling results show it is necessary to update the detecting items for the content of Qiangli pipa loquat and strength-en the quality control of it.

Determination of Ursolic Acid in Zhike Chuanbei Pipa Syrups by HPLC / 中国药师

Objective:To establish a method to determine the content of ursolic acid in Zhike Chuanbei Pipa syrups. Methods:An HPLC method was used with a Cosmosil-C18 column(250 mm × 4. 6 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase was methanol-water-glacial acetic acid-triethylamine(90∶10∶0. 03∶0. 06) with a flow rate of 1. 0 ml·min-1 , the column temperature was 25℃, and the detec-tion wavelength was set at 215nm. Results:The linear range of ursolic acid was 16-80μg·ml-1(r=0. 999 5, n=5), and the aver-age recovery was 98. 67℅ (RSD=1. 22, n=6). Conclusion:The method is simple, accurate and reliable with good specificity and reproducibility, and it can be used in the quantitative determination of ursolic acid in Zhike Chuanbei Pipa syrups.

Algumas aprendizagens construídas durante a brincadeira de pipa: o que está em jogo / Some learning constructed during kite flying: what is at stake

Como recorte de pesquisa assentada em objeto lúdico tradicional, mapeamos algumas atividades eliciadas pela brincadeira de pipa, focalizando as aprendizagens informais e os brinquedos-ponte como forma privilegiada de transmissão cultural. Potentes em sua capacidade de aglutinação, esses brinquedos encontram traduções singulares para cada brincante, com significativo impacto em sua bagagem vivencial, por colocarem em jogo aprendizagens de corpo inteiro, cotidianas e situadas, emergentes da articulação entre pessoas, objetos e outros elementos que se afetam mutuamente na produção de efeitos. Utilizando a Teoria Ator-Rede como suporte teórico-metodológico, seguimos grupos de brincantes durante as temporadas dos anos de 2005 e 2006 e realizamos entrevistas com pessoas que tiveram a pipa como objeto privilegiado de suas infâncias, tomando os fragmentos desse material para operar misturas entre textos acadêmicos e textos não-acadêmicos.

As part of the research on about a traditional playful object, we tried to register some kinds of learning produced by kite flying, focusing on informal learning, as well as bridge-toys as a privileged transmission. Powerful in its capacity of joining people of different ages together, these toys can represent singular translations for each player with meaningful impact in their life experience once they place full body quotidian learning at stake, emergent from the articulation between people, objects and other elements that affect one another mutually in the production of effects. Using the ActorNetwork Theory as the theoretical methodological support, we followed some playing groups during the 2005 and 2006 flying kite seasons and interviewed people who had kite as a privileged object in their childhood. This material's fragment was mixed with academic and non academic texts.

Determination of Menthol in Chuanbei Pipa Syrup by GC / 中药新药与临床药理

Objective To test the content of menthol in Chuanbei Pipa Syrup(CPS)by GC, and to evaluate its quality. Meth-ods The content of menthol in CPS was determined by capillary gas chromatography. DB-WAX capillary column (30 m ×0. 319 mm × 0. 50μm) was used with nitrogen as carrier gas. The precolumn pressure was 500 kPa and the column temperature was at 110 ℃ with split ratio of 25 : 1. The temperature was set at 250℃ for sample injection and for the detector. Results The content of menthol in CPS produced by Henan Pharmaceutical Co. , Ltd. , Zhengzhou Pharmaceutical Co. , Ltd. and Yunan Pharmaceutical Co. , Ltd. was 0. 154 mg/mL, 0. 203 mg/mL and 0. 109 mg/mL, respectively. Of them, the men-thol content in CPS produced by Zhengzhou Pharmaceutical Co. , Ltd. met the requirements of Pharmacopoeia(2005 edition), and that of the other two species was slightly lower. Conclusion The methods are convenient, reliable and accurate for the de-termination of menthol content in Chuanbei Pipa Syrup.