Risperidone Induced Pisa Syndrome in a Male Adolescent

Pisa syndrome, a rare dystonic reaction resulting from prolonged exposure to antipsychotic medications, is characterized by persistent dystonia of trunk muscles and abnormal posture. It is called Pisa syndrome, because the abnormal posture resembles the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Different from other types of dystonic reactions, Pisa syndrome is more prevalent in females and in older patients with organic brain changes. A 15-year-old male patient with mental retardation was admitted to pediatric neurology clinic for the complaint of abnormal posturing. He had been taking only risperidone for the last four years. Over the last month, the patient gradually developed tonic flexion of trunk and head toward left and was diagnosed with Pisa syndrome. In this paper, we aimed to discuss the association between risperidone use and Pisa syndrome in light of the available literature.

Dilación, dilatación e inclinación en hidrocefalia de presión normal / Delay, Dilation, and Bending in Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

Introducción: La hidrocefalia idiopática de presión normal es una entidad conformada por una triada de signos clínicos que incluyen alteraciones de la marcha, de la cognición y del control de esfínteres urinarios, concomitantes con un aumento de líquido cefalorraquídeo con presión normal, hidrocefalia y atrofia cortical, sin causa identificable. Métodos y resultados: Reporte de caso. Paciente colombiano, de género masculino y 26 años de edad, con un cuadro clínico de tres años de evolución: presentaba los criterios clínicos descritos anteriormente, además de una notoria afectación extrapiramidal, caracterizada por distonía focal, incluyendo pleurotonos. Sumado a lo anterior, presentó labilidad emocional, alteraciones de memoria, personalidad que pasó de introvertida a compulsiva, trastornos del sueño, aislamiento y disminución de la reacción al peligro. Inicialmente se diagnosticó depresión, y luego, esquizofrenia paranoide. Recibió olanzapina sin mejoría de su cuadro neuropsiquiátrico. Algunos de estos signos y síntomas mejoraron luego de punción lumbar, la cual tuvo una presión normal, confirmándose así el diagnóstico clínico, con posibilidades terapéuticas promisorias. Conclusión: La hidrocefalia de presión normal se debe considerar en personas jóvenes, cuya sintomatología y exámenes de neurolaboratorio no cumplan con los fundamentos de la psiquiatría basada en la evidencia.

Introduction: Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a clinical entity characterized by a triad of clinical signs including gait abnormalities, cognitive disorders and sphincter dysfunction. It parallels an increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure, hydrocephalus and brain cortical atrophy. No detectable cause is a must. Methods and results: Case report. This is a Colombian male patient, 26 years-old, who had the clinical findings commented above starting three years before our evaluation. He also presented notorious extrapyramidal involvement, mostly focal dystonia including pleorotonus. Besides this, mood lability, memory disorders, personality changes turning from introverted to compulsive, sleep disorders, isolation and fearlessness were also present. Initially, depression was diagnosed and then paranoid schizophrenia was considered. Olanzapine was given with no benefits on his neuropsychiatric disorder. Some of these signs and symptoms improved after a lumbar puncture which had a normal pressure. It confirmed the diagnosis and offered very promising therapeutic possibilities. Conclusion: Normal pressure hydrocephalus must be considered in young people who have clinical symptoms and neurolaboratory findings out of the range of those commonly considered to be part of evidence-based psychiatry.

Pisa Syndrome in Parkinson's Disease With a Good Response to Dopamine Therapy

No abstract available.

Pisa Syndrome in a Patient with Alzheimer's Disease and Concomitant Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Case Report

Extrapyramidal symptoms are common in patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease and have various etiologies. We report a 65-year-old man with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) who concomitantly developed Pisa syndrome, ataxic gait, postural instability and voiding difficulty. Pisa syndrome improved after the discontinuation of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AchEI) and antipsychotics. However his ataxic gait and voiding symptoms persisted. A ventriculo-peritoneal shunt operation eliminated the symptoms except for cognition. We report Pisa syndrome in a patient with Alzheimer's disease and concomitant normal pressure hydrocephalus.

A Case of Metronome Pisa Syndrome in Risperidone Therapy / 신경정신의학

The Pisa syndrome is a rare extrapyramidal side effect caused by neuroleptic treatment and its characteristics are twisting and bending to one side of the upper thorax, the neck and the head. When its chatacteristics show both sides, we call it 'Metronome Pisa syndrome'. We report the case of a 53-year-old woman who suffered Metronome Pisa syndrome following risperidone therapy. Risperidone therapy in old ages should be cautious even if its dosage is minimal.

Four Cases of Pisa Syndrome in Risperidone Therapy

The Pisa syndrome is a rare extrapyramidal side effect caused by neuroleptic treatment. Its characteristics are the twist-ing and bending to one side of the upper thorax, the neck, and the head. To our knowledge, there have been no reports of Pisa syndrome in risperidone therapy. We report four male patients with Pisa syndrome in risperidone therapy. Significant points to be noted here are the absence of any extrapyramidal symptoms prior to risperidone therapy, occur-rence in risperidone therapy with small dosages, and delayed spontaneous recovery on discontinuation of risperidone.