Estudo da morfologia vascular do leito placentário na hipertensão arterial crônica / Morphology of the vascular placental bed in chronic arterial hypertension

OBJETIVO: Analisar os padrões histopatológicos das artérias do leito placentário em gestações complicadas por hipertensão arterial crônica (HAC) comparando-os com o de grávidas normais. MÉTODOS: Biópsias de leito placentário, segundo técnica de Robertson et al.1, foram realizadas em pacientes com idade gestacional igual ou superior a 28 semanas, submetidas a cesárea, após a dequitação. O grupo controle (GC) foi composto por 25 pacientes normais e o grupo de estudo composto por 13 pacientes com HAC leve (HL), 11 pacientes com HAC moderada (HM) e 11 pacientes com HAC grave (HG). As classes de hipertensão foram consideradas leve (PAD 90 - 100 mmHg), moderada (PAD 100 - 110 mmHg) e grave (PAD3 > 110mmHg). Os padrões histológicos das artérias espiraladas foram classificados em: padrão inalterado, modificações fisiológicas, desorganização da camada média, alterações hiperplásicas, necrose e aterose aguda. RESULTADOS: 1) Os achados anormais foram predominantes no grupo de hipertensas, sendo mais freqüente nos grupos HM e HG. 2) O achado anormal mais prevalente foi a desorganização da camada média, com distribuição semelhante nos grupos HM e HG. 3) Os padrões normais ocorreram nos grupos GC e HL, com distribuição semelhante entre si.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze histopathological patterns of placental bed arteries in pregnancies complicated by chronic arterial hypertension. Alterations were considered according to clinical classification of the hypertensive disorders as mild (MG); moderate (MoG) and severe (SG) for comparison with uncomplicated pregnancies, control group (CG). METHODS: Placental bed biopsy was performed in 60 pregnant women; the study group was comprised of pregnant women with hypertension, subdivided in 13 with severe chronic hypertension (CH), 11 with moderate CH and 11 with mild CH, and results were compared to 25 placental bed biopsies from uncomplicated pregnancies. All the pregnant women had a gestational age of at least 28 weeks of gestation with a live fetus and were submitted to cesarean section. Hypertension was considered mild with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 90 I? 100 mmHg, moderate DBP 100 I? 110 mmHg and severe DBP = 110 mmHg. Placental bed variables selected for histological analysis were: unaltered patterns, physiological changes, medial layer disorganization, medial and intimal hyperplasic changes, acute necrosis and atherosis. RESULTS: In cases with SG and MoG there was predominance of abnormal histophysiological findings: medial layer disorganization and hyperplasic changes, with a statistically significant difference when compared to MG and CG. Alteration in the medial layer was observed in these cases. The normal pattern, unaltered patterns and physiologic changes were more frequent in CG and MG. Physiological changes were the most usual finding, further, there was no acute necrosis or atherosis. CONCLUSION: 1. Abnormal histophysiological findings were predominant in hypertensive pregnant women compared to the normotensive ones; 2. These patterns were more frequent, according to the severity of the hypertensive disorders: Severe, Moderate and Mild; 3. More significant abnormal findings were a change in the medial layer, mainly in...

En embarazos con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino la velocimetría Doppler refleja las arteriopatías del lecho placentario / The correlation of the histomorphology of the placenta and the placental bed with the doppler velocimetries of the uterine and umbilical arteries

We correlated the histomorphology of the placenta and the placental bed with the Doppler velocimetries of the uterine and umbilical arteries of intrauterine growth restricted pregnancies. The study group consisted of 47 women with intrauterine growth restricted fetuses. Twenty-five uneventful pregnancies with appropriate for gestational age fetuses were selected as controls. Doppler studies of umbilical and uterine arteries were performed within the last week before delivery. Placental bed biopsies were obtained at Caesarean section with direct visualization of the placental site. The incidence of pathologic bed biopsies in control, IUGR with normal uterine artery Doppler velocimetry and IUGR with abnormal uterine artery Doppler velocimetry was 0, 16.6% and 79.3% respectively (p < 0.001). Abnormal placental bed biopsy pathology was significantly associated with abnormal uterine artery velocimetry (OR 33.7, 6.5-173.6; p < 0.001). Abnormal placental pathology was significantly associated with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry (OR 21.04, 3.8- 115.9; p < 0.001). Women with both abnormal uterine and umbilical artery Doppler velocimetries were delivered earlier and their babies had lower mean birth and placental weight (p < 0.001). As a conclusion, placental bed biopsy and placental pathologies are best reflected by abnormal uterine and umbilical artery velocity waveforms, respectively. The most severe clinical outcomes and perinatal mortality are present when both uterine and umbilical districts are altered

Correlacionamos la histomorfología de la placenta y del lecho placentario con la velocimetría Doppler de las arterias uterinas y umbilical en embarazos con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU). El grupo estudiado consistió en 47 mujeres con fetos que presentaban restricción del crecimiento intrauterino. Veinticinco embarazos normales con fetos adecuados para la edad gestacional fueron seleccionados como control. Los estudios Doppler de las arterias uterinas y umbilical fueron realizados dentro de la última semana antes del parto. Se obtuvieron biopsias del lecho placentario al momento de la cesárea con visualización directa del sitio de inserción. La incidencia de biopsias patológicas del lecho placentario en el grupo control, en el grupo que presentó RCIU con Doppler de la arteria uterina normal y en el de los RCIU con velocimetría Doppler anormal de la arteria uterina fue de 0, 16.6% y 79.3%, respectivamente (p < 0.001). La biopsia anormal del lecho placentario estuvo significativamente asociada con velocimetría anormal tanto de la arteria uterina (OR 33.7, 6.5-173.6; p < 0.001) como de la arteria umbilical (OR 21.04, 3.8-115.9; p < 0.001). En las mujeres que presentaron velocimetría Doppler anormal de las arterias uterinas y umbilical los nacimientos se produjeron más precozmente y sus hijos tuvieron un peso de nacimiento y placentario promedio más bajo (p < 0.001). Como conclusión, la biopsia del lecho placentario y las patologías de la placenta son reflejadas mejor por las formas de onda anormales en la velocimetría de las arterias uterinas y umbilical, respectivamente. Los resultados clínicos más graves y la mortalidad perinatal están presentes cuando ambos territorios, uterino y umbilical, se encuentran alterados.