ABSTRACT
Resumen Los significados sobre la sexualidad en la adultez mayor se encuentran sobre la base de una compleja interrelación entre factores sociales, culturales y personales. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo explorar los significados psicológicos que personas adultas mayores de la Ciudad de México le confieren a la sexualidad, al placer sexual y al deseo sexual, mediante el empleo de las redes semánticas naturales (modificadas). La muestra estuvo constituida por 204 personas: 162 mujeres y 40 hombres, entre los 60 y 100 años, asistentes a centros de educación continua para personas adultas mayores en la Ciudad de México. El estudio fue mixto, descriptivo, no experimental, con muestreo no probabilístico y por conveniencia. Los resultados muestran que los significados psicológicos que las personas adultas mayores estudiadas refieren sobre la sexualidad, el deseo y el placer sexual son predominantemente positivos, y abarcan sentimientos, comportamientos y sensaciones. Se identifican diferencias por género tal como se planteó en la hipótesis de investigación, pero también se encontraron similitudes dentro de dichos significados. En las adultas mayores predomina la interrelación entre significados afectivos y contacto físico, mientras que en los hombres predominan las sensaciones. En general la muestra describe la sexualidad, el deseo y el placer sexual de manera muy similar, lo cual lleva a comprender que las fronteras entre los términos son sensibles, de tal manera que los significados y referentes de las propias personas llegan a permearse.
Abstract The meanings of sexuality in seniorhood are found at the base of a complex interrelation between social, cultural and personal factors. The present research aimed to explore the psychological meanings that senior adults in Mexico City confer on sexuality, sexual pleasure and sexual desire; through the use of modified natural semantic networks. The sample consisted of 204 people: 162 senior women and 40 senior men, between 60 and 100 years old, attending a continuing education centers for senior adults in Mexico City. The study was mixed, descriptive, non-experimental, with non-probability and convenience sampling. The results show how the psychological meanings that the studied senior adults have related to sexuality, desire and sexual pleasure are predominantly positive, encompassing feelings, behaviors and sensations. Differences by gender are identified as proposed in the research hypothesis, but similarities within these meanings were also found. The senior women studied define sexuality from the interrelation between affective meanings and physical contact; the word "love" was the most referenced. In addition, they mentioned "pleasure", "desire", "caresses", "satisfaction", "kisses", "joy", "hugs", "health", "attraction", and "knowledge". Senior men, for their part, consider sexuality mainly as an attraction and include others such as: "satisfaction", "pleasure", "respect", "life", "fidelity", "complete", "unique", "woman", "touch", "important", "love", "knowledge", "passion", "desire", "need", and "affection". Women and men in the sample describe sexual desire and pleasure in a very similar way to their sexuality referents, which leads us to understand that the boundaries between the two terms are sensitive. Regarding sexual desire, senior women cite defining words such as: "caresses", "kisses", "love", "hugs", "pleasure", "desire", "necessary", "satisfaction", "natural", "attraction", "partner", "happiness", and "respect". In relation to sexual pleasure, they include the words: "enjoyment", "tenderness", "affection", "friendship", "joy", "it is the maximum", and "relaxing". For their part, senior men defined sexual desire as: "attraction", "love", "caresses", "satisfaction", "looks", "necessary", "natural", "woman", "kisses", "being alive", "respect", "passion", "libido", "important", "moving", "pleasure", "hug", "energy", "games", "excitement", "communication", "masturbation", "eroticism", and "taste". Sexual pleasure includes: "important", "fullness", "enjoyment", "respect", "pleasure", "joy", and "naturalness". The results show that the stage of sexuality in seniorhood is diverse and it is influenced by gender and social beliefs, which evidences the psychological complexity of this sphere of life.
ABSTRACT
Resumen Este artículo indaga las narrativas médicas ácratas referidas al placer sexual en Argentina durante los años treinta y cuarenta del s. XX. El abordaje de las intervenciones de los médicos Juan Lazarte y Manuel Martín Fernández nos permite matizar periodizaciones en relación con el discurso sexológico y la Revolución Sexual. Lazarte y Fernández, que participaban del movimiento anarquista, defendieron la legitimidad del placer sexual independiente de la reproducción, y se opusieron a la institución matrimonial, y a la prostitución, como únicos ámbitos aceptados para el ejercicio sexual. Es decir, anticiparon propuestas que fueron los ejes centrales de la Revolución Sexual de los años 1960. Asimismo, al definir los vínculos sexuales, recrearon exclusiones a partir de la matriz heterosexual de la cual partían. A través de las herramientas del Análisis Crítico del Discurso, y desde una perspectiva de género, analizaremos dichas narrativas médicas, difundidas en libros y revistas culturales.
Abstract This article analyzes the anarchist medical narratives about sexual pleasure during the thirties and forties in Argentina. Juan Lazarte and Manuel Martín Fernández interventions allow a periodization of sexual discourse and the Sexual Revolution. These doctors, participants of the anarchist movement, defended the legitimacy of sexual pleasure independent of reproduction, and opposed the matrimonial institution and prostitution as the only recognized sexual exercise spaces - anticipating the main propositions of the sixties Sexual Revolution. By defining sexual bonds, they also recreated exclusions derived from the heterosexual matrix which served as their foundation. Through a Critical Analysis of Discourse, and from a gender studies perspective, this article analyzes their medical narratives published in books and cultural magazines.
Resumo Este artigo explora as narrativas médicas anarquistas relativas ao prazer sexual durante os anos trinta e quarenta, na Argentina. A abordagem das intervenções dos médicos Juan Lazarte e Manuel Martín Fernández nos permite nuançar periodizações sobre o discurso sexológico e a Revolução Sexual. Estes médicos, que participaram do movimento anarquista, defenderam a legitimidade do prazer sexual independente da reprodução e se opuseram à instituição do casamento e a prostituição como as únicas áreas aceitas para o exercício sexual. Ou seja, eles anteciparam propostas consideradas basilares da Revolução Sexual dos anos 1960. Além disso, ao definir os vínculos sexuais, recriaram exclusões a partir da matriz heterossexual que lhes servia de alicerce. Através das ferramentas de Análise Crítica do Discurso e de uma perspectiva de gênero nos propomos analisar as suas narrativas médicas divulgadas em livros e revistas culturais.