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Objective: To evaluate the thermal environment of different types of public places and the thermal comfort of employees, so as to provide scientific basis for the establishment of microclimate standards and health supervision requirements. Methods: From June 2019 to December 2021, 50 public places (178 times) of 8 categories in Wuxi were selected, including hotels, swimming pools (gymnasiums), bathing places, shopping malls (supermarkets), barber shops, beauty shops, waiting rooms (bus station) and gyms. In summer and winter, microclimate indicators such as temperature and wind speed were measured in all kinds of places, combined with the work attire and physical activity of employees in the places. Fanger thermal comfort equation and center for the built environment (CBE) thermal comfort calculation tool were used to evaluate the predicted mean vote (PMV), predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD) and standard effective temperature (SET) according to the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 55-2020. The modification effects of seasonal and temperature control conditions on thermal comfort were analyzed. The consistency of GB 37488-2019 "Hygienic Indicators and Limits in Public Places" and ASHRAE 55-2020 evaluation results on thermal environment was compared. Results: The thermal sensation of hotel, barber shop staff and the gym front-desk staff were moderate, while the thermal sensation of swimming place lifeguard, bathing place cleaning staff and gym trainer were slightly warm in summer and winter. Waiting room (bus station) cleaning and working staff, shopping mall staff felt slightly warm in summer and moderate in winter. Service staff in bathing places felt slightly warm in winter, while staff in beauty salons felt slightly cool in winter. The thermal comfort compliance of hotel cleaning staff and shopping mall staff in summer was lower than that in winter (χ(2)=7.01, 7.22, P=0.008, 0.007). The thermal comfort compliance of shopping mall staff in the condition of air conditioning off was higher than that in the condition of air conditioning on (χ(2)=7.01, P=0.008). The SET values of front-desk staff in hotels with different health supervision levels were significantly different (F=3.30, P=0.024). The PPD value and SET value of the front-desk staff, and the PPD value of cleaning staff of hotels above three stars were lower than those of hotels below three stars (P<0.05). The thermal comfort compliance of front-desk staff and cleaning staff in hotels above three stars was higher than that in hotels below three stars (χ(2)=8.33, 8.09, P=0.016, 0.018). The consistency of the two criteria was highest among waiting room (bus station) staff (100.0%, 1/1) and lowest among gym front-desk staff (0%, 0/2) and waiting room (bus station) cleaning staff (0%, 0/1) . Conclusion: There are different degrees of thermal discomfort in different seasons, under the condition of air conditioning and health supervision, and the microclimate indicators can not fully reflect the thermal comfort of human body. The health supervision of microclimate should be strengthened, the applicability of health standard limit value should be evaluated in many aspects, and the thermal comfort of occupational group should be improved.
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Humans , Temperature , Cold Temperature , Air Conditioning , Wind , SeasonsABSTRACT
Shanghai is one of the cities with the highest economic level in China. Environmental health in Shanghai has always been a national pilot and at the forefront of the country. After 70 years of development, Shanghai has established a public health monitoring network for major environmental health issues. The main line of research work has turned to be on health risk assessment, exposure-health effect, and the relationship between environment and population health. This article reviews the achievements and problems of in various aspects of environmental health in the past 70 years, including drinking water, the atmosphere, public places, rural environments, emergency handling and featured researches. It provides reference for the development of environmental health in the future.
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Objective To compare the detection effects of Legionella pneumophila in water samples from public places by the Legiolert enzyme-substrate method and the conventional cultivation. Methods The Legiolert enzyme-substrate method and the conventional cultivation method were used to detect Legionella pneumophila in cooling water and shower water samples collected in public places. Isolated strains were verified and serotyped. Results A total of 68 samples were collected and tested. The positive rate of the conventional cultivation and the Legiolert enzyme-substrate method were 5.88%（4/68）and 35.29%（24/68）, respectively, with a significant difference （χ2=16.41，P2=16.41，P=0.000). A total of 25 strains of Legionella pneumophila were isolated，and the serum types were mainly LP1（14/25）. Conclusion The Legiolert enzyme-substrate method represente a higher detection rate of Legionella pneumophila in water samples from public places than the conventional cultivation.
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Hippocrates (460-370 BC) is a famous doctor in ancient Greece and the founder of Western medicine. He is a “landmark” in the long history of human medicine and is considered as the first epidemiologist in history. He created the “Four Body Fluids” theory of medicine, freeing human medicine from theology and entering the natural medical model; His hard work on Airs, Waters, and Places, laid the epidemiological ideological foundation for more than 2 000 years; He was praised for his noble medical ethics, and his “Hippocrates Oath” has been extolled to today; he and his disciples have integrated the masterpiece “Hippocrates Collection” and passed on a generation of doctors. Therefore, Hippocrates is now known as the western “father of medicine”.
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Novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP), a new respiratory infectious disease, has become an important public health problem. Inappropriate protection and disinfection measures are potential risk factors of transmission and outbreak of NCP in key places. This theme issue is concerned with the prevention and control of NCP. Comprehensive measures and suggestions for protection and disinfection are put forward from perspectives of functional areas in key places, such as hotels, mobile cabin hospitals, passenger transport stations and public transport facilities, environment and facilities, personal protection, operation management system, etc., so as to provide technical support for the prevention and control of new respiratory infectious diseases.
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Objective To investigate the sanitation status of centralized air ventilation system in Putuo District of Shanghai, to analyze correlation between different indexes and to provide basis for improving the health status of public places and strengthening health supervision. Methods According to the requirements of WS 394-2012 The Sanitation Criterion of the Centralized Air Ventilation System in Public Places, 18 centralized air ventilation systems in public places in Putuo District of Shanghai were randomly selected for sampling, testing and evaluation during 2014-2018, and 9 indexes of air supply, inner surface of air duct and indoor air were analyzed for correlation. Results The overall qualified rate of centralized air ventilation system in 10 hotels, 4 restaurants and 4 supermarkets was 86.0%.The over standard rate of PM10, bacteria and fungi in air supply was 3.4%, 31.8% and 33.0%, respectively, but β-hemolytic streptococcus was not detected.The dust amount and microbial index on the inner surface of the air duct were up to standard.Another two indexes of fresh air quantity and Legionella pneumophila were tested in the hotel.The qualified rate of fresh air quantity was 25.6%, the positive rate of Legionella pneumophila type 1(LP1) in cooling water was 30.0%, and no Legionella pneumophila was detected in condensate water.The correlation analysis of 9 indexes showed that there was a significant positive correlation between PM10 in air supply and in indoor air; the amount of microbial pollution on the inner surface of air duct and in air supply; and the amount of microbial pollution in air supply and in indoor air. Conclusions In Putuo District, the general sanitary condition of the centralized air ventilation system in public places is not to be optimistic.The qualified rate of bacteria and fungi in the air supply and fresh air quantity is low, and Legionella pneumophila was detected.The indoor air quality can be improved by installing efficient air purification device and regular cleaning and disinfection.
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Objective To investigate the current status of tobacco control in public places in Jiading District, after the introduction of "Tobacco Control Regulation in Public Places of Shanghai" (amendment), providing basic data for further implementing regulations. Methods The method of field observation was adopted to conduct the monitoring in 14 representative public places, including site staff in 109 places in April and September. Results The display rate of tobacco control propaganda increased(χ2=10.588, P < 0.001), but the posting rate of pictures for smoking control warnings decreased(χ2=6.272, P=0.012);the differences between two monitoring results were both statistically significant; the smoking rate in the staff within the workplaces decreased to 5.17%(χ2=20.973, P < 0.05);the differences between two monitoring results were both statistically significant. Conclusion The situation of tobacco control in Jiading District public places is good, but in some places smoking control should be further strengthened, and the intensity of tobacco control in public places should be maintained.
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Objective To investigate the current status of tobacco control in public places in Jiading District, after the introduction of "Tobacco Control Regulation in Public Places of Shanghai" (amendment), providing basic data for further implementing regulations. Methods The method of field observation was adopted to conduct the monitoring in 14 representative public places, including site staff in 109 places in April and September. Results The display rate of tobacco control propaganda increased(χ2=10.588, P < 0.001), but the posting rate of pictures for smoking control warnings decreased(χ2=6.272, P=0.012);the differences between two monitoring results were both statistically significant; the smoking rate in the staff within the workplaces decreased to 5.17%(χ2=20.973, P < 0.05);the differences between two monitoring results were both statistically significant. Conclusion The situation of tobacco control in Jiading District public places is good, but in some places smoking control should be further strengthened, and the intensity of tobacco control in public places should be maintained.
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Objective In order to strengthen health supervision and management of public places and prevent occurrence of sudden public health events, we explored the effect of quantified and graded management of public places health supervision in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, and drew relevant research results, improving the efficiency of supervision and management in public places. Methods In 2018 from Zhuqiao Town of Pudong New Area Zhuqiao, 200 public places were randomly selected for quantified and graded management of health supervision and quantitative grading including public regulations, tobacco control and appliances, cleaning and disinfection procedures, and according to the score of evaluation results, public health levels A, B, C were rated for those public places.Single factor and multi factor conditional logistic regression model were used for comprehensive analysis to identify related factors affecting the quantitative and graded effect of public health supervision. Results With regard to quantitative and graded health supervision, the relevant knowledge in the 200 public places was updated.By univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis of multiple factors were ultimately selected 3 factors for public health supervision and quantitative grading management:with or without a health certificate valid (OR=1.121, P=0.026), with or without ashtrays placed in public places (OR=1.012, P=0.032), with or without health inspection report (OR=1.412, P=0.012). Conclusion The influencing factors of quantifying hygienic supervision in public places are mainly effective health certificates, ashtrays in public places and health inspection reports.In future, health supervision of public places should be enhanced in this regard.
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@#Novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP), a new respiratory infectious disease, has become an important public health problem. Inappropriate protection and disinfection measures are potential risk factors of transmission and outbreak of NCP in key places. This theme issue is concerned with the prevention and control of NCP. Comprehensive measures and suggestions for protection and disinfection are put forward from perspectives of functional areas in key places, such as hotels, mobile cabin hospitals, passenger transport stations and public transport facilities, environment and facilities, personal protection, operation management system, etc., so as to provide technical support for the prevention and control of new respiratory infectious diseases.
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RESUMO Este artigo tem como objetivo problematizar a produção de lugares perigosos, a partir de narrativas de usuários das políticas de assistência social, em uma pesquisa cartográfica que trata dos discursos sobre a redução da maioridade penal. Para tanto, utilizamos o conceito de governamentalidade, de Michel Foucault, a fim de pensar a produção desses lugares e de suas políticas públicas, de acordo com marcadores trazidos nas narrativas da pesquisa. Trata-se de uma lógica territorial que legitima a atuação sobre seus sujeitos, independentemente de suas ações, reforçando a conexão pobreza-marginalidade-criminalidade, a partir das políticas públicas de segurança e assistência social.
RESUMEN Este articulo tiene como objetivo la problemática de la producción de lugares peligrosos, en base de cronicas de beneficiarios de las políticas de asistencia social, en una investigacion cartográfica que trata dos maneras sobre la reducción de la mayoría de edad penal. Para eso, utilizamos el concepto de gubernamentalidad de Michel Foucault, con el objeto de analizar y reflexionar en el surgimiento de estos lugares y de la implementacion de políticas públicas, de acuerdo con indicadores marcados en las cronicas de la investigacion. Se trata de una lógica territorial que legitima la accion del estado sobre los sujetos, independentemente de sus acciones, reforzando la coneccion pobreza-marginalidad- criminalidad, a partir de políticas públicas de seguridad y asistencia social.
ABSTRACT This article aims to discuss the emergence of dangerous places, having as a starting point the narratives of users of social work policies, collected in a cartographic research addressing the discourses about reducing the minimum age for criminal responsibility in Brazil. For that, we used Michel Foucault's concept of governmentality, in order to reflect on the emergence of these places and their public policies, in accordance with markers present in the studied narratives. It is a territorial logic that justifies actions on its subjects, regardless of their own actions, reinforcing a connection between poverty, marginality and crime, based on public policies of security and social work.
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Public Policy , Safety , Social Work , Poverty Areas , Exposure to ViolenceABSTRACT
A partir do conceito de lugar e não-lugar de Marc Augé, tomado emprestado da geografia e da antropologia, discutiremos o uso do espaço virtual como possibilidade de diferentes formas de subjetivação. A importância que os territórios físicos e virtuais adquirem na forma como nos constituímos, os usos que fazemos de ambos e como navegamos nesses espaços serão analisados à luz das contribuições de Pierre Lévy e de Donald Winnicott. Tomando Winnicott como interlocutor no campo psicanalítico, em suas postulações acerca do olhar e da localização da experiência cultural, vamos investigar o lugar da experiência virtual como possibilidade de um novo território de existência. Se, para Pierre Lévy, a virtualidade está estritamente vinculada à criatividade, para Winnicott, antes de olhar criativamente o mundo, o indivíduo deve te r internalizado a experiência de ter sido olhado. Trata-se, portanto, de discutir as múltiplas possibilidades que o mundo virtual pode oferecer como experiência de olhar ou de não ser visto. Em outras palavras, a leitura da internet como um lugar ou não-lugar dependerá dos usos que o sujeito faz de seus recursos, da relação que estabelece com os mesmos e consigo mesmo.
Based on Marc Augé's concept of places and non-places, and borrowing from Geography and Anthropology, we shall discuss the use of virtual space as a possibility of different forms of subjectivity. The importance that physical and virtual territories have acquired in the way we are made, the uses we make of both and how we navigate these spaces will be analyzed in the light of Pierre Lévy's and Donald Winnicott's contributions. Taking Winnicott as an interlocutor in the psychoanalytic field, in his postulations about the perspective and the location of cultural experiences, we will investigate the place of virtual experience as the possibility of a new territory of existence. To Pierre Lévy, virtuality is closely linked to creativity; Winnicott, on the other hand, tells us that, in order to look at the world in a creative way, an individual must, above all, have internalized the experience of being looked at. It is therefore the case of discussing the many opportunities that the virtual world can offer as an experience of looking or of not being seen. That is, reading the internet as a place or a non-place will depend on the uses which an individual makes of its resources, and on the relationship established with them and with him or herself.
Desde el concepto de lugar y no lugar citado por Marc Augé y que proviene de la geografía y de la antropología, discutiremos el uso del espacio virtual como una posibilidad de diferentes formas de subjetivación. La importancia que adquieren los territorios físicos y virtuales en la forma en que nos constituimos, los usos que les damos y cómo navegamos en estos espacios se analizarán a la luz de los aportes de Pierre Lévy y de Donald Winnicott. Considerando a Winnicott como interlocutor en el campo psicoanalítico, en sus postulados sobre la mirada y la ubicación de la experiencia cultural, vamos a investigar el lugar de la experiencia virtual como un nuevo territorio posible de existencia. Si para Pierre Lévy la virtualidad está íntimamente relacionada a la creatividad, Winicott nos dice que el individuo, para ver el mundo creativamente, antes que nada, debe haber internalizado la experiencia de haber sido observado. Se trata entonces de discutir las múltiples posibilidades que el mundo virtual puede ofrecer como experiencia de observar o de no ser visto. Es decir, la lectura del internet como un lugar o no lugar dependerá del uso de los recursos por parte del individuo, de la relación que establece con los mismos y consigo mismo.
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El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de una intervención educativa nutricional en un entorno laboral. Para ello se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental, longitudinal, con una intervención educacional de cuatro meses de duración. Participaron 90 trabajadores, 44 mujeres y 46 hombres, edad promedio 29,3 ± 5,4 años, de una empresa de telefonía celular de Asunción-Paraguay. Se efectuaron encuestas de datos clínicos, hábitos alimentarios, actividad física y mediciones antropométricas al inicio y final de la intervención. Para hábitos alimentarios se utilizaron el cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo cuantificado y el registro de consumo alimentario de una semana, ambos previamente validados y utilizados en otras investigaciones. La actividad física se estimó con el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física IPAQ que divide a la misma en tres categorías (baja, moderada y alta). La antropometría incluyó peso, talla, IMC y circunferencia de cintura. La educación nutricional consistió en consultas de consejería individual, concurso para bajar de peso, acciones colectivas de apoyo e intervenciones del entorno del lugar de trabajo. La ingesta de frutas y verduras fue significativamente mayor (p<0,001 y p=0,001); el consumo de pan disminuyó en un 56% (p=0,001); mejoró el estado nutricional (p<0,001) y disminuyó la circunferencia de cintura (p<0,001) al final del estudio. Los niveles de actividad física moderado y alto aumentaron de 43,4% a 59%. Esta intervención integral en el lugar de trabajo, con un concurso para bajar de peso, mejoró el estado nutricional e impactó positivamente en el estilo de vida de los empleados(AU)
The objective is to evaluate a nutrition educational intervention in a work place. This is a quasi-experimental and four- month longitudinal study in 90 participants (44 women and 46 men), average age 29.3 ± 5.4 years, from a telephone company in Asunción, Paraguay. Anthropometry, nutritional assessment and physical activity evaluation were carried out at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. For food habits, a food frequency questionnaire and one-week food consumption registration system were applied, both validated and used previously in other studies. The level of physical activity was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) which divides physical intensity in three levels (low, moderate and high). Anthropometry included weight, height and waist circumference. Nutrition education consisted in individual lifestyle counseling, a contest to lose weight, collective support actions and environmental intervention at the work place. A significant increase of intakes of fruits and vegetables (p<0.001 y p= 0.001 respectively); a 56% reduction in bread consumption (p= 0.001); significantly (p<0.001) improvement of nutritional status, and waist circumference reduction (p<0.001) were observed al the end of the study. High and moderate physical activity improved from 43.4% to 59%. This integral nutrition intervention at the work place with a weight loss contest improved the nutritional status and had a positive impact in the workers life styles(AU)
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Humans , Male , Female , Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology , Nutritive Value , Occupational Diseases/etiology , Food Planning , Motor ActivityABSTRACT
Objective: To determine abundance, distribution and diversity of potential breeding container habitats of the dengue vectors in public places including schools, restaurants, mosques and parks in southwest areas of Penang Island, Malaysia. Methods: Premises at restaurants, schools, parks and mosques were surveyed simulta-neously and inspected visually for container habitats and production of immature mosquitoes from March 2015 to March 2016. Abundance (mean ± SE) of breeding containers between sites was compared using One-way ANOVA. Independent sample t-test was used to compare total number of Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus) and Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) surveyed. Results: The surveyed locations yielded a total of 3741 breeding containers and 19537 immature mosquitoes from four areas. Concurrent artificial and natural containers pro-duced 78.4%immature Ae. albopictus and 6.3%Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in wet season, with 14.2% Ae. albopictus and 1.1% Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in dry season. Artificial containers accounted for 98.1% of the total containers recorded, with restaurants being the most productive locations (8012) and schools being the least productive (2234). Conclusions: It was concluded that public places are good sources of potential container habitats of Aedes mosquitoes in Penang Island, Malaysia and Ae. albopictus has exclu-sively replaced the home-grown Ae. aegypti even in urban areas. Therefore, treatment of artificial containers in such locations is critical in Aedes mosquito control campaigns during dengue outbreaks.
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Objective To determine abundance, distribution and diversity of potential breeding container habitats of the dengue vectors in public places including schools, restaurants, mosques and parks in southwest areas of Penang Island, Malaysia. Methods Premises at restaurants, schools, parks and mosques were surveyed simultaneously and inspected visually for container habitats and production of immature mosquitoes from March 2015 to March 2016. Abundance (mean ± SE) of breeding containers between sites was compared using One-way ANOVA. Independent sample t-test was used to compare total number of Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus) and Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) surveyed. Results The surveyed locations yielded a total of 3 741 breeding containers and 19 537 immature mosquitoes from four areas. Concurrent artificial and natural containers produced 78.4% immature Ae. albopictus and 6.3% Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in wet season, with 14.2% Ae. albopictus and 1.1% Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in dry season. Artificial containers accounted for 98.1% of the total containers recorded, with restaurants being the most productive locations (8 012) and schools being the least productive (2 234). Conclusions It was concluded that public places are good sources of potential container habitats of Aedes mosquitoes in Penang Island, Malaysia and Ae. albopictus has exclusively replaced the home-grown Ae. aegypti even in urban areas. Therefore, treatment of artificial containers in such locations is critical in Aedes mosquito control campaigns during dengue outbreaks.
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La exposición a humo ambiental en lugares cerrados es peligrosa para la salud. Las partículas de hasta 2,5 micras son marcadores del humo en los lugares cerrados. Este estudio monitoreó la calidad de aire en 4 locales gastronómicos de Asunción, Paraguay, y algunas condiciones que influyen en los niveles de exposición explorados. Los niveles más altos de partículas encontrados fueron 9,9 µg/m3. En ninguno de los locales estudiados se detectaron fumadores. Falta mayor investigación sobre contaminación del aire en lugares cerrados para una mejor protección de la salud.
Exposure to indoor smoke is hazardous to health. Particles up to 2.5 microns are smoke markers in enclosed places. This study monitored the air quality in 4 gastronomic places in Asunción, Paraguay, and some conditions that influence the levels of exposure explored. The highest levels of particles found were 9.3 µg / m3. In none of the premises studied were smokers detected. There is a lack of further research on indoor air pollution for better health protection.
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Objective To investigate the influences and effects on hygienic inspection management in public places after the implementation of the Regulations on Hygienic Management in Public Pl aces ( hereinafter referred to as Regulations ) . Methods Data of hygienic management and administrative penalty in public places of Hongkou District from 2009 to 2013 were analyzed and investigated.Further-more, questionnaires and individual interviews were surveyed among 10%of proprietors and 250 employees in public places of Hongkou District. Results After the implementation of Regulatinos, administrative punishments for violators were more strictly .Meanwhile proprietors in public places fulfilled the added specific hygienic management requirements of the Rgeulations conscientiously.Moreover, the legal aware-ness was enhanced gradually. Conclus ion The proprietors and employee in public places lack a basic knowledge of the Regulations.Therefore, it is recommended that more intensive efforts should be made to study, publicize and implement the Regulations through various channels.Legal awareness and supervise consciousness of the proprietors and employee should be intensified, respectively.Meanwhile, their own management should be normalized.Furthermore, the professional quality, the abilities of administration by law and the level of supervision and law enforcement of health supervisors should be improved , respectively.Thus the enduring hygienic management system of the public places will be established.
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Objective:To study the effects of basic medical insurance ecdemic settlement policy on health services utilization.Methods:Based on data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey conducted in 2011 and 2013, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to compare the effect of basic health insurance registering site on health services utilization before and after the implementation of basic medical insurance ecdemic settlement policy .Results:Af-ter the basic medical insurance ecdemic settlement policy was carried out , health services utilization was improved .Con-clusions:The basic medical insurance ecdemic settlement policy can effectively improve the portability of health insur-ances, reducing the crowd remote medical disorders of off-site medical services to improve health care accessibility .
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Objective To investigate the compassion fatigue and stress status and the relationship between them of nurses working in secondary hospitals of integrated areas of urban and rural places, and explore the social factors that influence the compassion fatigue and stress status. Methods 378 nurses from secondary hospitals in urban-rural integrated area were selected as samples in Nanjing. Paramedic′s Compassion Fatigue Scale and Chinese Nurse Stressor Questionnaire were adopted to develop the survey. Results The nurse compassion fatigue score was (15.9 ± 1.83) points; Stress status score was (86.18 ± 19.96) points. Urban-rural fringe secondary hospital nurse compassion fatigue status was positively associated with the pressure (r=0.218, P<0.01), and loss of enthusiasm, nervousness, loss of ability to doubt, and morale were on the medical staff work pressure had significant influence (P<0.05). Conclusions The nurse compassion fatigue and stress level were in the medium level; Nursing managers should pay more attention to the psychological health level of the nurses, increase nurses' enthusiasm, alleviate the occupational stress of nurses caused by compassion fatigue.
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Objective To understand the situation on exposure to second-hand smoke among Chinese adults aged 15 and above and their support to policy on banning smoking in public places in 2015.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted based on the protocol on Global Adult Tobacco Survey.Stratified multi-stage cluster sampling was used to select 16 800 households in China.Data were collected through household survey,using the electronic devices.One eligible respondent was selected by random sampling in each household.Standardized questionnaire was used from Global Tobacco Surveillance System.Data were weighted and analyzed by SAS 9.3 and SUDAAN 10.0.1 complex survey data analysis program.Results 93.1％ (60 128 × 103/64 575 × 103),76.3％(455 473 × 103/596 782 × 103),57.1％ (621 793 × 103/1 089 582 × 103),54.3％ (218 792 × 103/402 732 × 103),38.1％ (61 208 × 103/160 574 × 103),26.9％ (119 783 × 103/444 679 × 103),23.8％(17 598 × 103/73 993 × 103),17.2％ (41 099 × 103/239 022 × 103) and 16.4％ (102 153 × 103/623 015 ×103) of the respondents reported that smoking did exsit in the following places as:inside of bars or night clubs,in the restaurants,households homes,working places,government buildings,health care facilities,universities,primary and high schools (both indoor and outdoor areas),and on public transportation,respectively.Compared with those data in 2010,the proportions of exposure to indoor areas of restaurants,government buildings,health care facilities,primary and high schools (both indoor and outdoor areas),public transportation,and homes all significantly decreased after standardization of data.Results also showed that most respondents were supportive to the policy on banning smoking in public and working places.However,the proportions of exposure to indoor areas of restaurants were still high but almost 70％ of the respondents thought smoking should not be allowed in indoor areas of restaurants.Conclusion From 2010 to 2015,proportions of exposure to indoor areas of public places,working places,public transportation and homes were obviously declining in China.The Chinese public seemed supportive to the policy on banning smoking in public places.