Actividad antibacteriana de Plantago major, Eucalyptus globulus y Matricaria chamomilla, frente a Streptococcus mutans / Antibacterial actividad of Plantago Major, Eucalyptus globulus and Matricaria chamomilla against Streptococcus mutans

Introducción: Debido al consumo indiscriminado de fármacos, muchas bacterias han comenzado a mostrar resistencia. No obstante, cada vez hay más investigaciones que buscan soluciones a este problema, y para lograrlo indagan en los beneficios médicos de determinadas plantas sobre la cavidad oral y su menor efecto tóxico. El 10 % de las plantas a nivel mundial se usan con fines medicinales. El Instituto Nacional de Cáncer indica que el 67 por ciento de los fármacos tiene su origen en la naturaleza, y el 25 % derivan de las plantas. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto inhibitorio del crecimiento in vitro de los extractos de Plantago major, Eucalyptus globulus y Matricaria chamomilla a diferentes concentraciones (100 por ciento, 50 por ciento, 25 por ciento y 12,5 por ciento) sobre cepas de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). Métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental, in vitro, longitudinal y prospectivo. El universo estuvo formado por las cepas Streptococcus mutans, y la población por las cepas de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). El tamaño de la muestra se basó en el método estandarizado del CLSI. La muestra fueron 10 discos por extracto, embebidos con 50 uL., colocados sobre agar Mueller Hinton con sembrado de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). Se realizaron las medidas de los halos de inhibición a las 24 horas. Se usaron pruebas paramétricas de análisis de varianza y la prueba Tukey. Resultados: El halo inhibitorio promedio de la clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento fue de 12,76 mm (p = 0,006). El extracto de "eucalipto" al 25 por ciento presentó diferencias significativas respecto a los otros grupos (p = 0,040), al 50 por ciento (p = 0,002) y al 100 por ciento (p = 0,000). Conclusiones: El extracto hidroalcohólico de Eucalyptus globulus al 100 por ciento presentó efecto inhibitorio frente al Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) in vitro(AU)

Introduction: Due to the indiscriminate consumption of drugs, many bacteria have begun to show resistance. However, there is more and more research that seeks solutions to this problem, and to achieve this they investigate the medical benefits of certain plants on the oral cavity and its less toxic effect. 10 percent of the world's plants are used for medicinal purposes. The National Cancer Institute indicates that 67 percent of drugs originate in nature, and 25% are derived from plants. Objective: Determine the inhibitory effect of in vitro growth of the extracts of Plantago major, Eucalyptus globulus and Matricaria chamomilla at different concentrations (100 percent, 50 percent, 25 percent and 12.5 percent) on strains of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). Methods: Quasiexperimental, in vitro, longitudinal and prospective study. The universe was formed by the strains Streptococcus mutans, and the population by the strains of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). The sample size was based on the standardized CLSI method. The sample was 10 discs per extract, embedded with 50 uL., placed on Mueller Hinton agar with Streptococcus mutans seeding (ATCC 25175). Inhibition halos measurements were performed at 24 hours. Parametric analysis of variance tests and the Tukey test were used. Results: The average inhibitory halo of 0.12 percentchlorhexidine was 12.76 mm (p = 0.006). The extract of "eucalyptus" at 25 percent showed significant differences with respect to the other groups (p = 0.040), 50 percent (p = 0.002) and 100 percent (p = 0.000). Conclusions: The hydroalcoholic extract of Eucalyptus globulus at 100 percent presented inhibitory effect against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) in vitro(AU)

Actividad analgésica y gastroprotectora de extractos e infusión de Minthostachys Mollis y Plantago Major

La muña y el llantén son plantas de la región andina de Bolivia, tradicionalmente sus hojas son utilizadas en forma de infusión debido a sus propiedades analgésica y gastroprotectora. Objetivo: evaluar la actividad analgésica y gastroprotectora de extractos e infusión de hojas de muña (Minthostachys mollis) y llantén (Plantago major), mediante de pruebas biológicas en Rattus norvegicus. Métodos: estudio de tipo experimental, prospectivo, longitudinal, en el que se evaluó la actividad analgésica y gastroprotectora en 30 Rattus norvegicus divididos en seis lotes: control, patrón, problema I, II, III, IV, a los cuales se les indujo contorsiones abdominales con ácido acético glacial y ulceras gástricas con etanol absoluto. Resultados: la infusión de muña y llantén presento 81,4% de actividad analgésica y un porcentaje por encima del 100% de efectividad, 60% de actividad gastroprotectora y 100% de efectividad con relación al número de lesiones. Asimismo, 69,6% de actividad gastroprotectora y 95,9% de efectividad con respecto al grado de la lesión. Estos porcentajes descritos fueron superiores en comparación a los porcentajes del extracto de muña, llantén, extractos combinados. La prueba de ANOVA un factor de Kruskal-Wallis, revelo diferencia estadística significativa (p0,05 (p=0,167 número de lesiones y p=0,384 grado de lesión); IC 95%). Conclusiones: la infusión de muña y llantén tienen mejor actividad analgésica y gastroprotectora en comparación con los extractos.

Muña and llantén are plants from the Andean region of Bolivia, traditionally their leaves are used as an infusion due to their analgesic and gastroprotective properties. Objective: to evaluate the analgesic and gastroprotective activity of extracts and infusion of muña (Minthostachys mollis) and llantén (Plantago major) leaves, using biological tests in Rattus norvegicus. Methods: an experimental, prospective, longitudinal study was conducted in which the analgesic and gastroprotective activity was evaluated in 30 Rattus norvegicus divided into six lots: control, standard, problem I, II, III, IV, to which abdominal convulsions were induced with glacial acetic acid and gastric ulcers with absolute ethanol. Results: the infusion of muña and llantén presented 81.4% analgesic activity and an effectiveness percentage above 100%, 60% gastroprotective activity and 100% effectiveness in relation to the number of lesions. Similarly, 69.6% gastroprotective activity and 95.9% effectiveness with respect to the degree of injury. These percentages described were higher in comparison to the percentages of muña extract, llantén extract, combined extracts. The ANOVA one-factor Kruskal-Wallis test revealed a statistically significant difference (p0.05 (p=0.167 number of lesions and p=0.384 degree of injury); 95% CI). Conclusions: the infusion of muña and llantén has better analgesic and gastroprotective activity compared to the extracts.

Technological study for preparing granule formulation from the concen trated extract of Plantago Major.L / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Introduction@#Nowadays, there is a growing trend to use natural medicines with low side effects, and research on medicinal raw materials used in traditional medicine has become more widespread. Therefore, it is important to obtain a suitable drug form from <i>Plantago Major</i> L and to conduct chemical and pharmaceutical technology research.@*Material and method@#The research was conducted in the pharmaceutical industry and technology laboratory. A granule formulation with several variants consisting of a concentrated extract and excipients was obtained. The sum of flavonoids of <i>Plantago Major</i> L extracts and Granular Dosage Forms was detected by thin-layer chromatography in a suitable solvent system prepared in the ratio of ethyl acetate, formic acid, glacial acetic acid, and water (100: 11:11:26). The total flavonoid content of the drug forms was determined by spectrophotometry.@*Result@#Technological researches were carried out with lactose and glucose fillers, gelatin 8%, polyvinyl chloride (PVP) 6%, starch 5% binders, talc 1%, magnesium stearate 1% sliding and lubricating agents and the wet granulation method was used to obtain granules in several variants and was determined by using parameters such as particle spill weight and flow quality. In this research, the flow rate of <i>Plantago Major</i> L grains with lactose as a filler and PVP as a binder was -2.8 ± 0.18 g / sec (p <0.001) and the spill weight was -0.54 ± 0.03 g /cm3 (p <0.001). Based on the results of the above research, lactose was added as a filler, PVP as a binder, 6% as a slide and lubricant, 3% as talc and 1% as magnesium stearate, and the granular drug technology was developed by wet granulation. Analysis of the total flavonoids by thin-layer chromatography revealed the same level of yellow-brown spots (Rf = 0.4) on the plate. The total flavonoid content of the granules from <i>Plantago Major</i> L was 3.8 ± 0.2% (p <0.002).@*Conclusion@#In this study, a simple and suitable drug formulation from <i>Plantago Major</i> L was successfully obtained and it was a basic research to make new drug formulations in further needs.

The study of some biologically active substances in liquid extract’s from Plantago Major.L / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Introduction@#According to the annual health report of Mongolia, non-communicable diseases are rising. Digestive system diseases, the second leading cause of morbidity in the population, account for an average of 15.5 percent of all morbidity over the last 10 years. In traditional Mongolian medicine, <i>Plantago Major</i> L has been widely used as a remedy for wound healing, cholangitis, gastric and duodenal ulcers.@*Material and method@#The research was conducted in the pharmaceutical industry and technology laboratory. The leaves of <i>Plantago Major</i> L were chosen as the main raw materials and UV spectrophotometer, shaker, thin-layer chromatographic plates (Silica gel 60 F 254, Germany), and UV light were used in the experiment. The leaves of <i>Plantago Major</i> L were extracted with 40% ethyl alcohol in a soxlet apparatus and evaporated in a vacuum evaporator to obtain a thick extract.@*Result@#Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of granule and ethyl alcohol extracts of <i>Plantago Major</i> L revealed yellow-brown spots (Rf = 0.4) at the same level as the standard substance rutin on the plate, indicating the presence of flavonoids. The highest light absorption was 250 nm when determining the sensitive wavelength of ethyl alcohol extract of <i>Plantago Major</i> L between 200 nm and 520 nm. The total flavonoids contained 3.95 ± 0.17% (p <0.001) in 40% ethyl alcohol extract of <i>Plantago Major </i>L.@*Conclusion@#It was detected that quantitative mass of total flavonoids in liquid extracts from was 3.95±0.17%.

The study of some biologically active substances in liquid extract’s from Plantago Major.L / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Introduction@#According to the annual health report of Mongolia, non-communicable diseases are rising. Digestive system diseases, the second leading cause of morbidity in the population, account for an average of 15.5 percent of all morbidity over the last 10 years. In traditional Mongolian medicine, <i>Plantago Major</i> L has been widely used as a remedy for wound healing, cholangitis, gastric and duodenal ulcers.@*Material and method@#The research was conducted in the pharmaceutical industry and technology laboratory. The leaves of <i>Plantago Major</i> L were chosen as the main raw materials and UV spectrophotometer, shaker, thin-layer chromatographic plates (Silica gel 60 F 254, Germany), and UV light were used in the experiment. The leaves of <i>Plantago Major</i> L were extracted with 40% ethyl alcohol in a soxlet apparatus and evaporated in a vacuum evaporator to obtain a thick extract.@*Result@#Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of granule and ethyl alcohol extracts of <i>Plantago Major</i> L revealed yellow-brown spots (Rf = 0.4) at the same level as the standard substance rutin on the plate, indicating the presence of flavonoids. The highest light absorption was 250 nm when determining the sensitive wavelength of ethyl alcohol extract of <i>Plantago Major</i> L between 200 nm and 520 nm. The total flavonoids contained 3.95 ± 0.17% (p <0.001) in 40% ethyl alcohol extract of <i>Plantago Major</i> L.@*Conclusion@#It was detected that quantitative mass of total flavonoids in liquid extracts from was 3.95±0.17%.

Actividad antibacteriana del extracto etanólico de Plantago major frente a Streptococcus mutans / Antibacterial activity of Plantago major ethanolic extract against Streptococcus mutans

Introducción: Las propiedades antibacterianas de Plantago major frente a microorganismos orales no se ha estudiado ampliamente. Objetivo: Identificar los metabolitos secundarios presentes en el extracto etanólico de Plantago major y determinar su actividad antibacteriana frente a Streptococcus mutans. Métodos: Se prepararon concentraciones del 25 por ciento, 50 por ciento, 75 por ciento y 100 por ciento de extracto etanólico (EE) de Plantago major. Se cargaron seis discos de papel con 10 µL, 15 µL, 20 µL y 25 µL de cada concentración, haciendo un total de 96 discos. Los discos fueron colocados en placas Petri con agar cerebro-corazón inoculadas con Streptococcus mutans, se empleó clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento como control positivo. Se calcularon seis repeticiones para cada concentración. Las placas fueron incubadas a 37 °C por 48 horas. La medición de los halos de inhibición se realizó con un compás digital. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante la prueba ANOVA de un factor seguido por la prueba post hoc de Tukey. Resultados: El análisis químico del extracto etanólico de Plantago major identificó la presencia de terpenos, diterpenos, saponinas, terpenoidales y aceites esenciales. Las concentraciones del 25 por ciento y 50 por ciento no mostraron efecto antibacteriano, los volúmenes mayores de 20 µL de la concentración del 75 por ciento y todas los del 100 por ciento fueron efectivos para inhibir el crecimiento de Streptococcus mutans con halos de inhibición de 8,36 mm a 14,64 mm. La clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento inhibió el crecimiento de Streptococcus mutans con halos de inhibición de 17,77 mm en promedio, presentando diferencias significativas con todas las concentraciones del extracto etanólico de Plantago major (P < 0,05). Conclusiones: El extracto etanólico de Plantago major presentó derivados de los terpenos y saponinas, y mostró actividad antibacteriana frente a Streptococcus mutans en volúmenes y concentraciones mayores a 20 µL/75 por ciento(AU)

Introduction: The antibacterial properties of Plantago major against oral microorganisms have not been widely studied. Objective: Identify the secondary metabolites present in an ethanolic extract of Plantago major and determine their antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans. Methods: The Plantago major ethanolic extract (EE) was prepared at concentrations of 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent and 100 percent. Six paper discs were loaded with 10 µl, 15 µl, 20 µl and 25 µl of each concentration, for a total 96 discs, which were then placed on Petri plates with brain heart agar inoculated with Streptococcus mutans. The positive control was 0.12 percent chlorhexidine. Six replicates were estimated for each concentration. The plates were incubated at 37ºC for 48 hours. Inhibition haloes were measured with a digital caliper. Statistical analysis was based on one-factor ANOVA testing followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Results: Chemical analysis of the Plantago major ethanolic extract identified the presence of terpenes, diterpenes, saponins, terpenoids and essential oils. The 25 percent and 50 percent concentrations did not display an antibacterial effect, whereas volumes above 20 µl of the 75 percent concentration and all 100 percent volumes were effective to inhibit Streptococcus mutans growth with inhibition haloes of 8.36 mm to 14.64 mm. 0.12 percent chlorhexidine inhibited Streptococcus mutans with inhibition haloes of 17.77 mm on average, presenting significant differences with all the concentrations of the Plantago major ethanolic extract (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The Plantago major ethanolic extract was found to contain terpene and saponin derivatives, and displayed antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans at volumes and concentrations above 20 µl / 75 percent(AU)

Effectiveness of different methods for the extraction of principle actives and phytochemicals content in medicinal herbals / Efectividad de diferentes métodos para la extracción de principios activos y contenido de fitoquímicos en hierbas medicinales

In this present study, we investigated the influence of various extraction methods including maceration, sonication, infusion, decoction, and microwave extraction, on the chemical and biological potential of phytochemicals extracted from three medicinal plants (Ageratum conyzoides, Plantago majorand Arctium lappa L). The results were subsequently analyzed by variance analysis. Our results suggested that sonication is the most effective extraction method among the five methods tested herein, for the extraction of phytochemicals that have a high antioxidant potential and high phenolic content. The three plants employed for this study had a high concentration of flavonoids and phenolics which was compatible with the chemosystematics of the species. All the samples possessed a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of less than 6. Interestingly, a maximum reaction time of approximately 20 min was noted for the complexation of AlCl3 with the flavonoids present in the phytochemical extract during analyses of the kinetic parameters. We finally identified that the Ageratum conyzoides extract, prepared by sonication, possessed a significant pharmacological potential against hepatocarcinoma tumour cells, whose result can guide further studies for its therapeutic efficacy.

En el presente estudio, investigamos la influencia de varios métodos de extracción, incluyendo maceración, sonicación, infusión, decocción y extracción por microondas, sobre el potencial químico y biológico de los fitoquímicos extraídos de tres plantas medicinales (Ageratum conyzoides, Plantago majory Arctium lappa L). Los resultados se analizaron posteriormente mediante análisis de varianza. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la sonicación es el método de extracción más eficaz entre los cinco métodos aquí probados, para la extracción de fitoquímicos que tienen un alto potencial antioxidante y un alto contenido fenólico. Las tres plantas empleadas para este estudio tenían una alta concentración de flavonoides y fenólicos que era compatible con la quimiosistemática de las especies. Todas las muestras poseían un factor de protección solar (SPF) menor a 6. Curiosamente, se observó un tiempo máximo de reacción de aproximadamente 20 min para la complejación de AlCl3con los flavonoides presentes en el extracto fitoquímico durante los análisis de los parámetros cinéticos. Finalmente, identificamos que el extracto de Ageratum conyzoides, elaborado por sonicación, posee un importante potencial farmacológico frente a las células tumorales del hepatocarcinoma, cuyo resultado puede orientar nuevos estudios sobre su eficacia terapéutica.

Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Some Medicinal Plants on Obesity

Aims: Obesity is a significant cause of disability and death. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of some medicinal plants in the treatment of obesity and its complications. Study Design: Male Wistar rats were treated in different groups. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Physiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences (Iran), December 2015 to July 2017. Methodology: The groups were defined as the control, the high-fat diet and the high-fat diet with hydroalcoholic extracts of Camellia sinensis, Rosa canina, Althaea officinalis, Plantago major and Orlistat in their food, for 48 days. In the serum, the profiles of the liver enzymes and the thyroid hormones were measured as parameters of their appetite. Results: The lowest increase in appetite happened in the Camellia sinensis group and the lowest levels of blood glucose and creatinine were in the Plantago primary group. The lowest cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were seen in the Camellia sinensis group (P<0.05). The amount of alanine aminotransferase (ALP) and the level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the Plantago major group were significantly lower than the positive control group (P<0.05). In Althaea officinalis group were higher Orlistat and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) than the control group (P<0.05). The level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in control group was significantly lower than the positive control, Camellia sinensis and Rosa canina groups (P<0.05). The level of thyroxin in Althaea officinalis, Rosa canina and Camellia sinensis groups were significantly lower than the positive control group, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: Hydroalcoholic extracts of Camellia sinensis, Rosa canina, Althaea officinalis, and Plantago major are effective in reducing the damages caused by high-fat diet through decreasing lipid profiles, liver enzymes, without causing side effects on thyroid and renal functions.

Estudio comparativo de la acción gastroprotectora del Plantago major y el omeprazol sobre la gastritis inducida por la administración de ketorolaco / Comparative study of gastroprotection between Plantago major L and omeprazol in experimentally induced gastritis by ketorolaco

Objetivo: Evaluar si el extracto alcohólico de Plantago major L. tiene actividad gastroprotectora frente a gastritis experimental inducida por ketorolaco administrado en dosis estomatológicas en comparación al omeprazol, en ratas Wistar. Materiales y métodos: Estudio experimental. Se usaron 30 ratas albinas, que fueron divididas en tres grupos de 10 cada uno. El Grupo I recibió ketorolaco a una dosis diaria de 15 mg/kg de peso, el Grupo II recibió 15 mg/kg de ketorolaco + 1 mg/kg de omeprazol, y el Grupo III, recibió los 15 mg/kg de ketorolaco + 500 mg/kg de extracto alcohólico de Plantago major L; por tres días. La evaluación de la actividad gastroprotectora del omeprazol y el extracto alcohólico de Plantago major L. se realizaron por medio de conteo de lesiones en los estómagos de las ratas y cortes histopatológicos. Resultados: Se encontraron 60 lesiones erosivas en las mucosas gástricas de los animales pertenecientes al Grupo I; 3 lesiones en el Grupo II, y 2 lesiones en el Grupo III. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre grupos (p<0,001). Entre los grupos II y III no se hallaron diferencias significativas. Con respecto al examen histológico, en el grupo control se observaron soluciones de continuidad calificadas como úlceras gástricas, mientras que en los grupos II y III, solo se encontraron erosiones sin alteraciones morfológicas. Conclusión: La administración del extracto alcohólico del Plantago major L. a 500 mg/kg, presentó un efecto gastroprotector similar a la administración de omeprazol en gastritis experimental por AINE en un modelo murino.

Efecto inhibitorio del extracto de manzanilla (Matricaria Chamomilla), extracto de llantén (Plantago major L) y la combinación del extracto de manzanilla y llantén comparado con la clorhexidina sobre cepa de Porphyromona gingivalis / Inhibitory effect of chamomile extract (Matricaria Chamomilla), plantain extract (Plantago major L) and the combination of chamomile and plantain extract compared with chlorhexidine on Porphyromona gingivalis strain

En la Enfermedad Periodontal el uso de terapias convencionales junto con las complementarias, proporcionan una mayor recuperación de las condiciones periodontales; el mundo moderno está retomando el empleo de la medicina natural para curar o aliviar ciertas enfermedades, no solamente por ser un medio más saludable, eficaz y accesible para la mayor parte de la sociedad, sino porque también brinda un amplio campo para el estudio y la investigación, bajo la perspectiva de que lo empírico tenga un sustento científico. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo demostrar mediante un estudio in ­ vitro el efecto inhibitorio del extracto de manzanilla (matricaria chamomilla), extracto de llantén ( plantágo major l.) y la combinación del extracto de manzanilla y llantén sobre cepa de Porphyromona gingivalis. Éste estudio se realizó en 30 cultivos bacterianos, colocando en su interior discos blancos estériles embebidos de cada extracto, tomando como control positivo la Clorhexidina al 0,12% y agua destilada como control negativo. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio reflejaron un efecto positivo de inhibición de los tres extractos frente a Porphyromona gingivalis; demostrando así su potencial inhibitorio en la medición de sus halos de inhibición, obteniendo un promedio de efectividad de 10,20mm para el extracto de manzanilla, el extracto de llantén obtuvo 12,47mm, y la combinación del extracto de manzanilla y llantén un promedio de 16,57mm, siendo mayor el efecto inhibitorio para la combinación de extracto de manzanilla y llantén seguido al halo inhibitorio de la sustancia de control Clorhexidina al 0.12% de 17,50mm; resultando éstos dos últimos estadísticamente similares entre sí, determinados por la prueba de análisis Kruskall Wallis.

Plantago major treatment enhanced innate antioxidant activity in experimental acetaminophen toxicity

To determine the effect of Plantago major (P. major) extract on the liver injury following acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity. Methods: The male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 38) were randomly divided into normal control (n= 6) and experiment (n = 32) groups. The latter was subdivided into four groups and induced with APAP (1000 mg/kg) per oral, followed by P. major extract and N-acetylcysteine orally to the respective groups for six days. Results: On the seventh day, the serum bilirubin, liver enzymes and tissue malondialdehyde were increased in APAP groups whereas the total protein in serum, tissue superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels were reduced. The plant extract treatment reduced the histological deteriorations such as aggregation of hepatocellular cords, formation of binucleated cells and vacuolisation of the cells with scanty cytoplasm. It also revealed significant reduction of malondialdehyde and increased level of superoxide dismutase and glutathione. The findings in the extract treated groups were comparable to the group treated with N-acetylcysteine. Conclusions: In conclusion, P. major can enhance innate antioxidant activity and ameliorate the APAP-induced liver injury.

ИХ ТАВАН САЛААНЫ НАВЧНЫ /Plantago Major (L)/ ХАНДНААС БИОЛОГИЙН ИДЭВХИТ БОДИСЫГ ИЛРҮҮЛЭХ ЗАРИМ СУДАЛГААНЫ ДҮНГЭЭС / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Abstract:In the recent years, The pharmaceutical manufacturers interest to natural medicines and biological active preparations from animal, plant and mineral raw materials. According to some sources, Plantago majus contains polysaccharides and aucubin. Some researchers investigated aucubin that is anti inflammation and antimicrobial activity. Many anti cough formulations that are contains Plantago majus sold in pharmaceutical market. For example: Herbion, Pectoral manufactured by KRKA, Naturwaen and Mepha, respectively.The aim of this study determination of aucubin and biological active substances in Plantago majus that is growth commonly in Mongolia.The result of this study, Plantago majus leaves are estabilished polysaccharide 4.66%. Leaves of Plantago majus has been extracted by water(1:5), water (1:10), 30 % sorbitol and 20% ethanol, then determination aucubin and polysaccharide. The results, polysaccharide was 4.12%, 3.46%, 0.336% and 2.65%, respectively. Aucubin was 2.88%, 3.44%, not determined 30% sorbitol extract and 1.88%, respectively.

Plantago major treatment enhanced innate antioxidant activity in experimental acetaminophen toxicity

Objective: To determine the effect of Plantago major (P. major) extract on the liver injury following acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity. Methods: The male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 38) were randomly divided into normal control (n = 6) and experiment (n = 32) groups. The latter was subdivided into four groups and induced with APAP (1. 000 mg/kg) per oral, followed by P. major extract and N-acetylcysteine orally to the respective groups for six days. Results: On the seventh day, the serum bilirubin, liver enzymes and tissue malondialdehyde were increased in APAP groups whereas the total protein in serum, tissue superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels were reduced. The plant extract treatment reduced the histological deteriorations such as aggregation of hepatocellular cords, formation of binucleated cells and vacuolisation of the cells with scanty cytoplasm. It also revealed significant reduction of malondialdehyde and increased level of superoxide dismutase and glutathione. The findings in the extract treated groups were comparable to the group treated with N-acetylcysteine. Conclusions: In conclusion, P. major can enhance innate antioxidant activity and ameliorate the APAP-induced liver injury.

Estudo da ação antimicrobiana conjunta de extratos aquosos de Tansagem (Plantago major l, Plantaginaceae) e Romã (Punica granatum l, Punicaceae) e interferência dos mesmos na ação da amoxicilina in vitr / Study of the joint antimicrobial action of aqueous extracts of broadleaf plantain (Plantago major l, Plantaginaceae) and Pomegranate (Punica granatum l, Punicaceae) and their interference in the in vitro activity of amoxicillin

O uso de plantas medicinais no tratamento de doenças (fitoterapia) é uma prática de diversos povos, sendo realizada desde a Antiguidade. Diversos estudos são realizados para determinar a eficácia dessas plantas, sendo desconhecida a existência de interações e interferências na combinação das mesmas, quer seja benéfica, quer cause algum dano para o organismo. A fim de descobrir a existência dessas interações ou a interferência na ação do antibiótico amoxicilina testou-se Punica granatum e Plantago major contra as bactérias Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli. A matéria prima foi obtida nas regiões de Montes Claros e Curvelo e seus extratos aquosos foi obtido através da decocção. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) dos extratos foi determinada pela técnica de microdiluição em caldo. Para o teste de interferência realizou-se o teste de disco-difusão. No teste de microdiluição em caldo, Punica granatum apresentou CIM de 6,25% contra o S. aureus e de 25% contra E. coli. O extrato de Plantago major não apresentou atividade contra as bactérias. O teste de disco-difusão confirmou a existência de interações, sendo apenas quatro resultados significativos (Amoxicilina + Plantago major Pura (PgP), Amoxicilina + Plantago major Diluição 1 (PgD1) e Amoxicilia + Plantago major Diluição 2 (PgD2) contra E. coli e Amoxicilina + PgP contra S. aureus). Conclui-se que existe interação dos extratos entre si e dos extratos com a amoxicilina, o que também pode acontecer com outros antibióticos e gerar riscos para a população. Portanto é indispensável à realização de testes que complementem essa pesquisa oferecendo mais informação à população para segurança na utilização de plantas medicinais. informações à população assegurando sua segurança na utilização de plantas medicinais.

The use of medicinal plants in treating diseases (herbal medicine) is a practice of many peoples, being done since ancient times. Several studies are conducted to determine the effectiveness of these plants, but the existence of interactions and interference with their combined use, whether beneficial or detrimental to the body, are unknown. In order to discover the existence of these interactions or interferences in the activity of the antibiotic amoxicillin, we tested in this research Punica granatum and Plantago major against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The raw material was obtained in the regions of Montes Claros and Curvelo, and their aqueous extracts were obtained from decoction. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts was determined by the broth microdilution technique. For interference, we performed the disk diffusion test. In the broth microdilution test, Punica granatum had MICs of 6.25% against S.aureus and 25% against E. coli. The Plantago major extract showed no activity against the bacteria. The disk diffusion test confirmed the existence of interactions and only four significant results (amoxicillin + pure Punica granatum (PgP), amoxicillin + Punica granatum dilution 1 (PgD1) and amoxicillin + Punica granatum dilution 2 (PgD2) against E. coli and amoxicillin + PgP against S. aureus). We conclude, as a result, that there really is interaction between the extracts themselves and between the extracts and amoxicillin, which can also occur with other antibiotics and cause some risk to the population. Therefore, it is essential to carry out tests to complement this research, providing more information to the public and ensuring the safety in the use of medicinal plants.

Plantas medicinales: Efecto antibacteriano in vitro de Plantago major L, Erythroxylum novogranatense, Plowman var truxillense y Camellia sinensis sobre bacterias de importancia estomatológica / Medicinal plants: Antibacterial effect in vitro de Plantago major L, Erythroxylum novogranatense, Plowman var truxillense and Camellia sinensis on stomatologic importance bacteria

El objetivo de la investigación fue comparar la actividad antibacteriana in vitro de los extractos hidroalcohólicos de tres plantas medicinales: Plantago major L. (llantén), Erythroxylum novograntense var truxillense (coca trujillo) y Camellia sinensis (té verde) mediante el método de difusión en agar con discos, sobre cinco cepas patrones de bacterias orales: Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Lactobacillus acidophilus. ATCC 314, Actinomyces viscosus ATCC 15987, Prevotella melaninogenicus ATCC 25845 y Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586. Se obtuvieron extractos hidroalcohólicos de principios activos totales procedentes de las hojas secas de cada una de las plantas, mediante maceración alcohólica con alcohol etílico al 70 % y posterior evaporación del solvente con el empleo del rotavapor. Cada extracto se diluyó en alcohol etílico al 70 % en las concentraciones de 25 µg/mL y 50 µg/mL. Estas soluciones fueron comparadas con PerioAid® (clorhexidina 0,012 %) como control positivo y con alcohol etílico al 70 %, como control negativo. Al realizar las pruebas de sensibilidad in vitro, se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: los tres extractos hidroalcohólicos en ambas concentraciones presentaron actividad antibacteriana mayor al alcohol etílico (5,8 mm) y menor que el PerioAid® (22,0 mm) sobre las cinco cepas bacterianas en estudio. La mayor actividad presentó el extracto hidroalcohólico de Camellia sinensis a 50 µg/mL, la menor actividad presento Plantago major a 25 µg/mL. Se concluye que los tres extractos hidroalcohólicos en las diluciones de 25 y 50 µg/mL presentaron actividad antibacteriana sobre Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Actinomyces viscosus, Prevotella melaninogenica y Fusobacterium nucleatum. El efecto antibacteriano aumentó con la concentración en P. melaninogenica, que fue la cepa más sensible y A. viscosus la menos sensible.

Produtividade da marcela [Achyrocline satureioides (lam. ) DC. ] em cultivo solteiro e consorciado com tansagem (Plantago major l. ) / Productivity of "marcela" [Achyrocline satureioides (Lam. ) DC. ] in a monocrop and intercropped with common plantain (Plantago major L. )

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o crescimento e a produção de biomassa de marcela [Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.], em cultivo solteiro e consorciado com tansagem (Plantago major L.) e determinar a população de plantas dessas espécies medicinais, em consorciação mais eficiente, visando o aumento produtivo e retorno econômico. Foram constituídos seis tratamentos:duas fileiras de marcela espaçadas de 0,40m (M0,40); duas fileiras de marcela espaçadas de 0,25m (M0,25); duas fileiras de tansagem espaçadas de 0,75m (T0,75); três fileiras de tansagem espaçadas de 0,40m (T0,40); duas fileiras de marcela alternadas com três fileiras de tansagem (M0,40T0,40) e duas fileiras de marcela alternadas com duas fileiras de tansagem (M0,25T0,75). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram efetuadas colheitas de marcela aos 180, 210 e 225 dias após o transplante. Os tratamentos não influenciaram as alturas das plantas da marcela e da tansagem. As produções da marcela foram influenciadas apenas pelas três épocas de colheita sendo significativamente superior nas duas primeiras, apresentando massas de flores frescas de 2,51, 2,63 e 1,28 t ha-1, respectivamente, aos 180, 210 e 225 dias após o transplante. A massa de folhas frescas da tansagem não foi influenciada pelo consórcio mas foi maior sob o espaçamento T0,40 (6,13 t ha-1) do que sob o T0,75 (3,32 t ha-1). A Razão de Área Equivalente do consórcio M0,40T0,40, foi 1,6 e o de M0,25T0,75 foi 2,4. Quanto à renda bruta observaram-se acréscimos de 30% para o tratamento M0,40T0,40 e 77% para o tratamento M0,25T0,75 comparadas ao tratamento da marcela solteira M025 e de 70% e 131%,respectivamente, em relação à tansagem solteira T0,40.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and the yield of marcela [Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.] biomass, in a monocrop system and intercropped with common plantain (Plantago major L.) as well as to determine the population of these medicinal plants in a more efficient intercrop system, in order to increase the yield and the economic return. Six treatments were established: two rows of marcela spaced 0.4 m from each other (M0,40), two rows of marcela spaced 0.25 m (M0.25), two rows of common plantain spaced 0.75 m (T0.75), three rows of common plantain spaced 0.40 m (T0.40), two rows of marcela alternated with three rows of common plantain (M0.40T0.40), and two rows of marcela alternated with three rows of common plantain (M0.25T0.75). The experimental design was the randomized blocks with four replications. Harvests of marcela were performed at 180, 210 and, 225 days after the transplantation. The treatments did not influence the heights of marcela and common plantain. Yields of marcela were influenced only by the harvest dates and they were significantly higher in the first and the second dates, showing fresh mass of flowers of 2.51; 2.63 and 1.28 t ha-1, respectively, at 180, 210 and 225 days after the transplantation. Fresh mass of common plantain leaves was not influenced by the intercropping, but it was higher under T0.40 (6.13 t ha-1) space than under T0.75 (3.32 t ha-1). Land Equivalent Ratio of the M0.40 T0.40 intercropping was 1.6 and that of M0.25T0.75 was 2.4. Regarding the gross income, increases of 30% were observed for the treatment M0.40 T0.40 and 77% for the treatment M0.40 T0.40 when compared to the treatment M0.25 and 70% and 131%, respectively, when compared to T0.40.

Evaluación del efecto antifúngico in vitro de una crema de Plantago major en cepas de Candida albicans / Evaluation of the in vitro antifungal effect of a Plantago major cream on strains of Candida albicans

La Candida es un hongo dimorfo de distribución universal que forma parte de la flora residente de la boca, tracto digestivo y genital femenino de sujetos sanos. Bajo algunas condiciones, por razones a veces bien establecidas y en otros casos no bien conocidos, pudieran ser responsables de patologías de alto riesgo y en ocasiones fatales. Pueden producir lesiones en piel, uñas, cavidad oral, bronquios, pulmones y alcanzar todos los órganos y sistemas mediante la diseminación sanguínea de la levadura, lo que se denomina fungemia o candidemia. El aumento de las infecciones causadas por levaduras es un fenómeno creciente a nivel mundial y Perú no escapa a esta problemática. El tratamiento antifúngico se ha enriquecido, recientemente, con nuevos preparados que están mejorando las opciones terapéuticas de muchos de estos pacientes. Las determinaciones de este estudio experimental nos dan ciertas esperanzas en una posible alternativa para tratamiento antimicótico para Cándida albicans. Se demostró mediante un estudio in vitro, según el método de difusión con discos en agar Sabouraud, el efecto antifúngico de una crema elaborada con las hojas de Plantago major en una concentración de 18.5 g de sólidos por cada gramo de crema; ésta resultó muy efectiva frente a la Candida albicans los halos de inhibición producidos por las cremas de Plantago major L., nistatina y ketoconazol 2% en cepas de Candida albicans, se observo una diferencia minina entre sus diámetros, las cuales corresponden 0.15 ± 0.05 mm. y 0.32 ± 0.05 para crema de Plantago major - Crema de Ketoconazol 2% y Crema de Plantago de major L.- Nistatina. El porcentaje de inhibición de la crema de Plantago Major L. frene a los fármacos ( ketoconazol 2% y Nistatina), es 95.63 % y de 99.06 %, lo cual indica que existe un buen efecto antifúngico; el análisis estadísticos de los datos obtenidos en el experimento, con un valor de significancia del 0.95 y con un valor de P< 0.05; se obtuvo un valor de P > 0.05, lo cual indica que no existe significancia entre las cremas antifúngicas utilizadas con respecto a la puesta en evaluación

Evaluación de la actividad gastroprotectora de los extractos de llantén (Plantago major) / Evaluation of the gastroprotective activity of plantain extracts (Plantago major)

Plantago major, también conocido como llantén, es una planta herbácea que se encuentra principalmente en zonas templadas y cálidas de Bolivia. Las hojas de esta planta se utilizan en forma tradicional como medicina astringente, antiinflamatoria, diurética y antiulcerosa. Sin embargo esta última actividad no ha sido validada científicamente a través de pruebas biológicas en nuestro país. En el presente trabajo se evaluó la actividad del extracto acuoso y etanólico del Plantago major a través de la prueba de inducción de úlcera gástrica por etanol absoluto. Los resultados han sido sometidos a un análisis estadístico, para lo cual se aplicó el programa estadístico SPSS con un intervalo de confianza del 95%, encontrando que tanto el extracto acuoso como el extracto etanólico de llantén (500 mg/Kg peso) presentan una actividad gastroprotectora similar al omeprazol; medicamento patrón. Así también se determinó que los compuestos que posiblemente son responsables de la actividad gastroprotectora son los taninos y flavonoides presentes. (AU)

Crescimento da espécie medicinal tansagem (Plantago major L. ) em função da adubação fosfatada e nitrogenada / Phosphatic and nitrogenous fertilization effects on tansagem medicinal plant (Plantago major L. ) growth

Objetivou-se neste estudo, avaliar a biomassa de tansagem (Plantago major L.) sob diferentes doses de fósforo e nitrogênio. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5x2, com quatro repetições, envolvendo cinco doses de adubação fosfatada no plantio (0, 50, 100, 200 e 400 kg ha-1, de P2O5) e dois níveis de adubação nitrogenada (40 e 80 kg ha-1 de N) em cobertura. Avaliaram-se a altura total, o número de folhas, a área foliar e as massas fresca e seca das plantas inteiras. Verificou-se que a altura das plantas não foi influenciada pelas doses de P e nem de N. A adubação fosfatada elevou o número de folhas por planta. As maiores doses dos nutrientes (400 kg ha-1 de P2O5 e 80 kg ha-1 de N) propiciaram maior área foliar e maior massa fresca e seca.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomass of tansagem (Plantago major L.) under different doses of phosphorus and nitrogen. The experimental design used was the one of randomized blocks in a 5x2 factorial arrangement with four repetitions involving the phosphorus fertilization (0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 kg ha-1, of P2O5) and nitrogen fertilization (40 and 80 kg ha-1 of N). The total height, leaf number, foliar area and fresh and dry masses of the entire plants were evaluated. The height of the plants was not influenced by the doses of P and nor of N. The phosphorus fertilization increased the leaf number for plant. The biggest doses of the nutrients (400 kg ha-1 of P2O5 and 80 kg ha-1 of N) propitiated greater foliar area and bigger fresh and dry masses.

La Homeopatía: un reto en el tratamiento de la gingivoestomatitis herpética aguda[subtitle] [title language=en]Homeopaty[ign]: [subtitle]A challenge in the treatment of Acute Herpetic gingivostomatitis

Las enfermedades bucales constituyen uno de los problemas de salud más comunes en todo el mundo, siendo la más representativa la Gingivoestomatitis Herpética Aguda (GEHA). Con el objetivo de evaluar la efectividad de los medicamentos homeopáticos en el control de la GEHA, evolución clínica, necesidad de hospitalización y uso de antibióticos, se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, longitudinal y correlacional a 504 pacientes de edad pediátrica, divididos en dos grupos, uno el grupo estudio, tratado con medicamentos homeopáticos a baja potencia, y el segundo el grupo control, en el cual se empleó también medicación natural (colutorios de Llantén). El estudio fue realizado de Septiembre de 2004 a Enero 2006. Se empleó como método estadístico la media porcentual, test Chi cuadrado y la prueba de comparación K para proporciones de grupos independientes, teniendo como resultado que el grupo de niños mas afectado fue el de 1-5 años y del sexo masculino. Fue estadísticamente significativa la aparición de ulceraciones, sangramiento y dolor. La evolución con el tratamiento homeopático fue estadísticamente significativa (p>1000 E13), para 1-2 días, obteniéndose al cuarto día el 79.5% de curación. Ninguno de los niños estudiados en el período repitió la enfermedad. La conclusión fundamental fue que la homeopatía es un método muy útil en el tratamiento de la gingivoestomatitis herpética aguda.

Oral diseases constitute one of the most common health problems world wide, being the most representative Acute Herpetic Gingivostomatitis. Aimed at assessing the effectiveness of homeopathic treatment in the control of this entity, clinical course, necessity of hospital admission and use of antibiotics, a descriptive, prospective, longitudinal and correlational study in 504 pediatric patients was carried out. These patients were divided into two groups: No. 1 study group, treated with low-potency homeopathic medications; No. 2 control group, where natural medications were also used (collutories of plantago major). The study was performed from September 2004 to January 2006, as statistic methods were established percentage mean, Chi square test and comparison K for proportions of independent groups, having as results that the most affected group of children was the group of 1 - 5 years old, prevailing masculine sex. The onset of ulcerations, bleedings and pain was of statistical significanc (p > 1000 E 13), for 1 - 2 days, obtaining at the fourth day 79.5% of curing. None of the children studied during this period repeated the disease. The main conclusion was that homeopathy is a very useful method in the treatment of Acute Herpetic Gingivostomatitis.