ABSTRACT
The states that make up the Legal Amazon Region, which include the state of Maranhão, account for 99% of registered cases of human malaria in Brazil. It is also believed that transmission of malaria from nonhuman primates (NHP) to humans occurs in this region, because of current reports of seroepidemiological results from samples from humans and NHP coexisting in the same areas. This study aimed to make morphological, serological and molecular diagnoses of Plasmodium spp. in neotropical primates on the island of São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil. The diagnostic techniques used were optical microscopy, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). From June 2009 to April 2010, 70 NHP were sampled: 50 at the Wild Animal Screening Center (CETAS), located in the municipality of São Luís and 20 free-living individuals that were caught in a private reserve located in the municipality of São Jose de Ribamar, state of Maranhão. Under an optical microscope, 140 slides (two from each animal) were evaluated and five animals (7.1%) were found to be positive. IFA did not detect anti-Plasmodium spp. From PCR on the 70 animals sampled, amplified Plasmodium spp. products were observed in 13 samples, of which eight (61.5%) were from free-living animals and five (38.5%) were from animals at CETAS.
Os Estados que compõem a Amazônia Legal, entre eles o Estado do Maranhão, respondem a 99% dos casos registrados de malária humana no Brasil. Também se acredita que nessa região ocorra a transmissão de malária de primatas não humanos (PNH) para humanos, devido a relatos atuais de resultados soroepidemiológicos de amostras de humanos e PNH que coexistem nas mesmas áreas. O presente estudo objetivou realizar o diagnóstico morfológico, sorológico e molecular de Plasmodium spp. em primatas neotropicais na Ilha de São Luís, Estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Foram utilizadas como técnicas de diagnóstico: a microscopia de luz, a reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) e a imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). No período de junho de 2009 a abril de 2010, foram amostrados 70 PNH, sendo 50 provenientes do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres (CETAS), localizado no município de São Luís, e 20 de vida livre, capturados em reserva particular localizada no município de São José de Ribamar, Estado do Maranhão. Foram avaliadas pela microscopia de luz 140 lâminas (duas de cada animal), das quais cinco animais (7,1%) foram positivos. Pela RIFI não se detectou anticorpos anti-Plasmodium spp. Pela PCR, dos 70 animais amostrados, foi possível observar produtos amplificados para Plasmodium spp. em 13 amostras, das quais oito (61,5%) eram de animais de vida livre e cinco (38,5%) de CETAS.
Subject(s)
Animals , Primates , Malaria/veterinary , Plasmodium/immunology , Brazil , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Malaria/diagnosis , Malaria/bloodABSTRACT
In recent years haemosporidian infection by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium and Haemoproteus, has been considered one of the most important factors related to the extinction and/or population decline of several species of birds worldwide. In Brazil, despite the large avian biodiversity, few studies have been designed to detect this infection, especially among wild birds in captivity. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence of Plasmodium spp. and Haemoproteus spp. infection in wild birds in captivity in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil using microscopy and the polymerase chain reaction. Blood samples of 119 different species of birds kept in captivity at IBAMA during the period of July 2011 to July 2012 were collected. The parasite density was determined based only on readings of blood smears by light microscopy. The mean prevalence of Plasmodium spp. and Haemoproteus spp. infection obtained through the microscopic examination of blood smears and PCR were similar (83.19% and 81.3%, respectively), with Caracara plancus and Saltator similis being the most parasitized. The mean parasitemia determined by the microscopic counting of evolutionary forms of Plasmodium spp. and Haemoproteus spp. was 1.51%. The results obtained from this study reinforce the importance of the handling of captive birds, especially when they will be reintroduced into the wild...
Nos últimos anos infecção por protozoários hemosporídeos dos gêneros Plasmodium e Haemoproteus, tem sido considerada um dos fatores mais importantes relacionados com a extinção e / ou declínio da população de várias espécies de aves em todo o mundo. No Brasil, apesar da grande biodiversidade aviária, poucos estudos foram desenvolvidos para detectar a infecção, especialmente entre as aves silvestres mantidas em cativeiro. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a prevalência de infecção por Plasmodium spp. e Haemoproteus spp. em aves silvestres em cativeiro na Mata Atlântica do sudeste do Brasil, utilizando microscopia convencional e reação em cadeia da polimerase. Amostras de sangue de 119 aves mantidas em cativeiro no Ibama durante o período de julho de 2011 a julho de 2012, foram coletadas. A densidade parasitária foi determinada com base apenas em leituras de esfregaços de sangue por microscopia fotônica. A prevalência média de infecção por Plasmodium spp. e Haemoproteus spp. obtida por exame microscópico de esfregaços sanguíneos e PCR foi semelhante (83,19% e 81,3%, respectivamente), com Caracara plancus e Saltator similis sendo as espécies mais parasitadas. A parasitemia média determinada pela contagem microscópica de formas evolutivas de Plasmodium spp. e Haemoproteus spp. foi de 1,51%. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo reforçam a importância do manejo de aves em cativeiro, especialmente quando serão reintroduzidas na natureza...
Subject(s)
Animals , Bird Diseases/parasitology , Falconiformes/parasitology , Haemosporida/isolation & purification , Passeriformes/parasitology , Plasmodium/isolation & purification , Animals, Wild/parasitology , Malaria, AvianABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the method of plasmodium DNA template extraction from dried blood on filter paper . Methods Collectedand tested 47 blood samples of suspected imported malaria patients ,the DNA was extracted and tested by using conventional procedures and PCR ,then count and analyze test results of matched design .Results The Kappa value was 0 .492 when compared filter paper dried blood spots with thick and thin blood smear test results ,and the Kappa value was 0 .686 when com‐pared with whole blood sample .Using the results of thick and thin blood smear and whole blood samples as the gold standard to e‐valuate the sensitivity and specificity of filter paper dried blood spot method respectively ,the sensitivity was 75 .0% ,71 .4% and specificity was 78 .9% ,100 .0% .Conclusion Collected blood samples using filter paper can′t get good results in PCR test ,still needs further research .
ABSTRACT
Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) routinely migrate from their breeding colonies to Southern Brazil often contracting diseases during this migration, notably avian malaria, which has been already reported in Brazil and throughout the world. Detection of Plasmodium spp. in blood smears is the routine diagnostic method of avian malaria, however it has a low sensitivity rate when compared to molecular methods...
O pinguim-de-Magalhães (Spheniscus magellanicus) migra das suas colônias reprodutivas até o extremo sul do Brasil. Esses pinguins frequentemente são acometidos por doenças, notavelmente a malária aviária, que é relatada no Brasil e no mundo. A detecção de Plasmodium spp. no esfregaço sanguíneo é o método de rotina mas apresenta baixa sensibilidade quando comparado aos métodos moleculares...
Subject(s)
Animals , Plasmodium/chemistry , Plasmodium/virology , Spheniscidae/immunology , Spheniscidae/metabolism , Spheniscidae/parasitologyABSTRACT
With the aim of determining the prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium spp. infection by thick smear and PCR and its association with demographic and epidemiological characteristics in the village of Nuevo Tay, Tierralta, Córdoba, Colombia, a cross-sectional population study was carried out, using random probabilistic sampling. Venous blood samples were taken from 212 people on day 0 for thick smear and PCR. Clinical follow-up and thick smears were carried out on days 14 and 28. The prevalence of Plasmodium spp. infection was 17.9 percent (38/212; 95 percent CI: 12.5-23.3 percent) and the prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodiumspp. infection was 14.6 percent (31/212; 95 percent CI: 9.6-19.6 percent). Plasmodium vivax was found more frequently (20/31; 64.5 percent) than Plasmodium falciparum (9/31; 29 percent) and mixed infections (2/31; 6.5 percent). A significantly higher prevalence of asymptomatic infection was found in men (19.30 percent) than in women (9.18 percent) (prevalence ratio: 2.10; 95 percent CI: 1.01-4.34 percent; p = 0.02). People who developed symptoms had a significantly higher parasitemia on day 0 than those who remained asymptomatic, of 1,881.5 ± 3,759 versus 79 ± 106.9 (p = 0.008). PCR detected 50 percent more infections than the thick smears. The presence of asymptomatic Plasmodium spp. infection highlights the importance of carrying out active searches amongst asymptomatic populations residing in endemic areas.