ABSTRACT
Este estudo aborda a criação de praças de jogos pela Inspetoria de Educação Física de Minas Gerais (1927-1937). As análises das fontes, prioritariamente constituídas pelo jornal oficial do estado, permitem afirmar que a construção de tais espaços aconteceu em um contexto de mudanças educacionais informadas pelo ideário da Escola Nova e foi motivada pela compreensão de que as praças seriam um complemento educativo da escola, pelo apelo à natureza infantil e ao entendimento do brincar como prática essencial às crianças, pela possibilidade de incorporação de valores sociais. Esses elementos estavam sintonizados com o projeto educativo que se desenvolvia em Minas e revelam sentidos culturais produzidos para a relação entre a recreação e a educabilidade da infância.
This study addresses the creation of playgrounds by Inspetoria de Educação Física de Minas Gerais, during the period of its existence (1927-1937). The analysis of the sources, primarily the official state newspaper, indicates that the building of such spaces happened in a context of educational changes grounded on the ideology of the New School and that it was motivated through the understanding of playgrounds as educational complements to the school, due to the appeal to the nature of children and to the concept of playing as an essential practice for them because of the possibility of incorporating social values. These elements were in tune with the educational project that was being developed in the state of Minas Gerais, and reveal cultural meanings produced for the relationship between recreation and the educability of childhood.
Subject(s)
Leisure ActivitiesABSTRACT
RESUMO no contexto escolar, o parque infantil é um local importante para as crianças participarem de atividades lúdicas. Por meio das brincadeiras, as crianças adquirem conhecimentos, desenvolvem habilidades e capacidades, conseguem ter prazer e expressar seus sentimentos. Entretanto, para que o parque infantil possa favorecer o desenvolvimento das crianças, ele precisa estar acessível e seguro para todas as crianças, inclusive para aquelas com deficiência. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a acessibilidade de um parque de uma escola de Educação Infantil e analisar a participação dos alunos com paralisia cerebral nas atividades lúdicas desenvolvidas nele. Participaram três crianças com paralisia cerebral, de quatro a seis anos, de uma escola de Educação Infantil de um município do interior do estado de São Paulo. A coleta de dados foi dividida em duas etapas: 1) avaliação da acessibilidade do parque infantil utilizando o Protocolo para avaliação da acessibilidade física em escolas de Educação Infantil; 2) observação das crianças com paralisia cerebral nas atividades lúdicas do parque infantil. Notou-se que o parque escolar não se encontra acessível para as crianças com paralisia cerebral; no entanto, estas participaram das atividades com o auxílio de professores e cuidadores. A falta de adequação nos equipamentos recreativos pode ter dificultado o melhor desempenho das crianças nas atividades do parque da escola. Há necessidade de formação dos profissionais para ampliar a participação da criança durante as atividades lúdicas e a adequação do parque, tornando acessível e seguro a todas as crianças, assim como é proposto pelo Desenho Universal.
ABSTRACT: In the school context, the playground is an important place for children to participate in recreational activities. Through play, children acquire knowledge, they develop skills and abilities, they can feel pleasure and express their feelings. However, for the playground to promote the development of children, it must be accessible and safe for all children, including those with disabilities. The aim of this research was to evaluate the accessibility of a school playground of Early Childhood Education and also to analyse the participation of children with cerebral palsy in recreational activities developed in it. The participants were three children with cerebral palsy, from four to six years old, from a school of Early Childhood Education in a municipality of São Paulo - Brazil. Data collection was divided into two stages: 1) evaluation of the accessibility of the playground using the Protocol for evaluation of physical accessibility in Early Childhood Education schools; 2) observation of children with cerebral palsy during play activities in the playground. It was noted that the playground is not accessible for children with cerebral palsy. However, they participated in activities with the help of teachers and caregivers. The lack of adequate recreational equipment may have hindered the best performance of the children in school playground activities. It is necessary to educate professionals to increase the participation of children during play activities and to adequate the playground, making it accessible and safe for all children, as it is proposed by the Universal Design.
ABSTRACT
Estudos sobre o uso do espaço para brincadeiras em ambientes abertos têm evidenciado que meninos e meninas apresentam diferenças nas brincadeiras, na preferência por determinados tipos de espaço e na forma de se organizar. Este trabalho se propõe a descrever e discutir as formas de uso do espaço em dois parquinhos na cidade de Salvador, priorizando os aspectos associados a como meninas e meninos os utilizam para brincar. Para tal foram realizadas sessões de observação, através de registro cursivo focal do evento de brincadeira e observação em varredura nos parques do Dique do Tororó e do Campo Grande. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na presença de meninos e meninas e as crianças brincaram predominantemente de brincadeiras de exercícios físicos, com diferenças de frequência na participação de grupos segregados e mistos. Constataram-se diferenças na ocupação do espaço relacionadas ao gênero e algumas delas associadas às dimensões dos espaços disponíveis e presença de adultos.
Studies about the use of space to play in open environments have shown that boys and girls show differences in play, preference for certain kinds of spaces and in how they organize themselves. This study proposes to describe and discuss ways to use space in two playgrounds in the city of Salvador,prioritizing the issues associated with how girls and boys use them to play. Sessions of observation were registered, through focus on cursive records of the event of play and scanning observations in Tororos Dock and Campo Grande. There were no significant differences in the presence of boys and girls. Children played predominantly using physical exercise, with differences in the frequency of participation of segregated and mixed groups. Differences were found in the use of space based ongender, linked to the size of the available spaces and the adults presence.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Child Development , Gender Identity , Recreation/psychologyABSTRACT
Objective To establish a rapid,accurate and sensitive method for the determination of toluene diisocyanate(TDI) in plastic playground.Methods The samples were distilled continuously for 12 hours by acetone at 80-85 ℃ in water bath,and after centrifuged,precipitated and filtered,separated by using GC1490,7% SE-30 column,the contents of TDI in the samples were determined by gas chromatography.The qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out by the retention time and peak area respectively.Results The linear range of the method was 0.001 30-0.043 80 mmol/L.Regression equation was y=28 612x-29.336,with r=0.999,and the limit of detection was 0.001 30 mmol/L.The rates of recovery ranged 100.8%-103.6%,with RSD of 5.7%.Conclusion The developed method was rapid,accurate,sensitive and is applicable to the determination of TDI inplastic playground.
ABSTRACT
To assess the safety of playground equipments in the elementary schools of Taegu, a site visit was made to 117 elementary schools out of 119 schools between 1st and 30th April 1991. Safety criteria were developed on the bases of Massachusetts' Playground Safety Check List, standard height of Korean children of 6-12 years old, and source book for designing playground equipments. There were eleven different kinds of playground equipments installed in 117 schools but the number of equipments was about 50-60% of the minimum requirement set by the Ministry of Education except chin-up bar. Among the installed equipments, 47.3% of swings, 16.6% of parallel bars, 20.0% of monkey bars, and 16.0% of slides were broken down. None of the swings, slides, seesaws, monkey bars, and sandboxes met the safety criteria to the full but 59.0 of chin-up bars, 31.4% of parallel bars, and 13.5% of stumps met the criteria fully. The proportions of equipments that were dangerous for children to play on were 26.4% for slides, 20.0% for monkey bars, 11.6% for seesaws, 10.4% for parallel bars, 9.85 for sandboxes, 7.4% for swings and stumps, and 3.9% for chin-up bars. The rests were either in need of repair of broken down. It was revealed by this survey that the playground equipments were too short in number to meet the minimum requirement, designs and size were not standardized, and many of the equipments were involved with the risk of child accidents. Therefore, a safety standard for the playground equipments should be developed and the existing equipments should be repaired immediately.