Investigation and Ethical Consideration of Perioperative Complications in Patients with Liver Transplantation / 中国医学伦理学

To explore the prevention and treatment of perioperative complications of adult liver transplantation patients from the perspective of ethics, and carry out ethical thinking in order to provide theoretical support. Through a cross-sectional study, 189 patients selected by strict admission criteria who received liver transplantation in the department of hepatobiliary surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University from January 2018 to May 2019, to explore the incidence and ethical problems of perioperative complications in adult liver transplantation. The results showed that 87 patients had complications among 189 patients, the incidence was 46.03%. Among them, 28 patients with pleural effusion, the incidence was 14.81%; 15 patients with biliary complications, the incidence was 7.94%; 14 patients with diabetes mellitus, the incidence was 7.41%. The incidence of complications after liver transplantation is high, mainly including pleural effusion, biliary complications and diabetes mellitus. Thus, the prevention and intervention from the perspective of nursing ethics is worth exploring.

Pharmaceutical care for rare ADR in a patient with ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer induced by alectinib / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for safe drug use in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase （ALK）-positive non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC）. METHODS Clinical pharmacists participated in the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with ALK-positive NSCLC who developed bilateral pleural effusion and hemolytic anemia after taking alectinib； regarding symptoms such as pleural effusion and hemolytic anemia in the patient， clinical pharmacists investigated the patient’s history of medication and disease， as well as potential drug interaction； to consider the correlation between the patient’s use of alectinib and the duration of pleural effusion and hemolytic anemia， clinical pharmacists suggested that clinical doctors discontinued alectinib and used reduced dose treatment after the pleural effusion improved， but the patient suffered from bilateral pleural effusion and hemolytic anemia again； after evaluating the correlation between alectinib and bilateral pleural effusion and hemolytic anemia using the Naranjo’s assessment scale， clinical pharmacists recommend permanent discontinuation of alectinib and jointly recommend replacement with ensartinib with clinical physicians. RESULTS Physicians adopted the suggestions of clinical pharmacists. The pleural effusion subsequently regressed and hemolytic anemia improved after replacing the drug. The correlation between alectinib and bilateral pleural effusion and hemolytic anemia was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS Clinical pharmacists participate in pharmaceutical monitoring of ALK-positive NSCLC patients， assist clinical doctors in developing personalized medication recommendations， and ensure the safety of patient medication.

Biliotórax: una entidad rara para un diagnóstico frecuente. Un reporte de caso / Bilothorax: a Rare Entity for a Frequent Diagnosis. A Case Report

Introducción: El biliotórax es una condición infrecuente definida por la presencia de bilis en el espacio pleural. Actualmente, hay alrededor de 70 casos descritos en la litera-tura. Sigue siendo relativamente desconocido, por lo tanto, poco sospechado. Esta entidad suele ser el resultado de una lesión iatrogénica, a menudo secundaria a cirugías o traumatismos del tracto biliar, que conduce a la formación de una fístula pleurobiliar.

Introduction: Bilothorax is a rare condition defined by the presence of bile in the pleural space. Currently, there are around 70 cases described in the literature. It remains relatively unknown and, therefore, little suspected. This entity is usually the result of an iatrogenic injury, often secondary to surgery or trauma to the biliary tract, leading to the formation of a pleurobiliary fistula

Manejo conservador del neumotórax oculto en trauma

Introducción: El neumotórax oculto (NTXO) se encuentra hasta en el 15% de los traumatismos torácicos. Existen antecedentes del manejo conservador de esta patología (sólo observación), aunque su práctica continúa siendo discutida, especialmente, en traumatismos penetrantes. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir nuestra experiencia en el manejo conservador del NTXO. Materiales y Método: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo realizado durante un período de 3 años en un Hospital de Trauma nivel I. Se incluyeron pacientes con traumatismo torácico (cerrado o penetrante) con NTXO. Se dividieron en dos grupos (conservados o drenados), realizándose una comparación de su evolución. Resultados: En 3 años fueron admitidos con traumatismo torácico 679 pacientes. De 93 pacientes con NTXO, 74 (80%) fueron conservados inicialmente y 19 (20%) tratados con drenaje pleural. Dos (3%) presentaron progresión del neumotórax en el seguimiento radiológico (conservación fallida). No se registraron complicaciones relacionadas con la ausencia de drenaje pleural. Las complicaciones y estancia hospitalaria fueron menores en el grupo de manejo conservador. Conclusión: Pacientes con NTXO por traumatismo de tórax (cerrado o penetrante), sin requerimiento de ventilación asistida y hemodinámicamente estables, pueden manejarse de manera conservadora con un monitoreo cercano durante 24 horas en forma segura, con menor tasa de complicaciones y de estancia hospitalaria.

Background: Occult pneumothorax (OPTX) is found in up to 15% of chest injuries. There is a history of conservative management of this pathology (only observation), although its practice continues to be discussed, especially in penetrating trauma. The objective of this paper is to describe our experience in the conservative management of OPTX. Materials and Method: Retrospective cohort study conducted over a 3-year period at a level I Trauma Center. Patients with thoracic trauma (blunt or penetrating) with OPTX were included. They were divided into two groups (preserved or drained) comparing their evolution. Results: Over a 3-year period 679 patients were admitted with chest trauma. From 93 patients with OPTX, 74 (80%) were initially preserved and 19 (20%) drained. Two patients (3%) presented pneumothorax progression in the follow-up imaging. There were no complications related to the absence of pleural drainage. Complications and hospital stay were lower in the conservative management group. Conclusion: Patients with OPTX due to chest trauma (blunt or penetrating), without requiring assisted ventilation and hemodynamically stable, can be safely conservative managed with close monitoring for 24 hours, with a lower rate of complications and hospital stay.

Massive pleural empyema secondary to amoebic liver abscess in a child / Empiema pleural masivo secundario a absceso hepático amebiano en un niño

Abstract Background: Pleural empyema secondary to a ruptured amoebic liver abscess is a rare complication in the pediatric population. Case report: We report the case of a 13-year-old male with right flank abdominal pain, productive cough with foul-smelling sputum, fever, and respiratory distress. Physical examination revealed breathlessness, decreased vesicular murmur in the right hemithorax, abdominal distension, hepatomegaly, and lower limb edema. Laboratory tests revealed mild anemia, leukocytosis without eosinophilia, elevated alkaline phosphatase, hypoalbuminemia, and positive immunoglobulin G antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica in pleural fluid. He required a chest tube and treatment with metronidazole. After 2 months of follow-up, the abscesses disappeared, and the empyema decreased. Conclusions: Massive pleural empyema secondary to a ruptured liver abscess is a rare complication. The epidemiological link associated with the symptoms and serological tests can help in the diagnosis.

Resumen Introducción: El empiema pleural secundario a ruptura de absceso amebiano hepático es una complicación poco frecuente en la población pediátrica. Caso clínico: Se reporta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 13 años que presentó dolor abdominal en flanco derecho, tos productiva con esputo de mal olor, fiebre y dificultad respiratoria. Al examen físico se encontró amplexación y murmullo vesicular disminuido en hemitórax derecho, distensión abdominal, hepatomegalia y edema de miembros inferiores. Los resultados del laboratorio evidenciaron anemia leve, leucocitosis sin eosinofilia, elevación de fosfatasa alcalina, hipoalbuminemia y anticuerpos IgG contra Entamoeba histolytica positivo en líquido pleural. Requirió tubo de drenaje torácico y tratamiento con metronidazol. A los dos meses de seguimiento los abscesos desaparecieron y el empiema disminuyó. Conclusiones: El empiema pleural masivo secundario a ruptura de absceso hepático es una complicación poco frecuente. El nexo epidemiológico asociado con la sintomatología y pruebas serológicas pueden ser de ayuda en el diagnóstico.

Características clínicas, diagnóstico e tratamento de mulher com síndrome de Meigs: relato de caso e revisão narrativa / Clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of a woman with Meigs syndrome: case report and narrative review

O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o caso de mulher com síndrome de Meigs e apresentar a revisão narrativa sobre o tema. Paciente do sexo feminino, 30 anos, nulípara, encaminhada ao hospital por massa anexial e história prévia de drenagem de derrame pleural. Evoluiu com instabilidade hemodinâmica por derrame pleural hipertensivo à direita, sendo submetida a drenagem torácica, com citologia do líquido negativa. Após, foi submetida a laparotomia: realizada salpingo-ooforectomia esquerda. A congelação e a análise histopatológica diagnosticaram fibroma ovariano. A citologia ascítica foi negativa. CA-125 elevado, presença de derrames cavitários e exame de imagem suspeito podem mimetizar um cenário de neoplasia maligna de ovário em estágio avançado. Entretanto, na síndrome de Meigs clássica, o tratamento é cirúrgico, sendo o diagnóstico obtido por meio da análise histopatológica do tumor ovariano. O manejo da síndrome de Meigs clássica é cirúrgico e, após a remoção do tumor, o derrame pleural e a ascite desaparecem.

To describe a case of Meigs syndrome and present a narrative review of the condition. Female patient, 30 years old, nulliparous, referred to the hospital due to an adnexal mass and a previous drainage of pleural effusion. She developed hemodynamic instability due to a hypertensive right pleural effusion being submitted to chest drainage, with negative cytology of the fluid. She underwent laparotomy: Left salpingo-oophorectomy was performed and frozen section and histopathological analysis diagnosed an ovarian fibroma. Ascites cytology was negative. Elevated CA-125, presence of cavitary effusions, suspicious imaging exam can mimic a scenario of ovarian cancer at an advanced stage. However, in classical Meigs syndrome, treatment is surgical, and the diagnosis is obtained through histopathological analysis of the ovarian tumor. Classical Meigs syndrome' management is surgical. After tumor removal, pleural effusion and ascites resolve.

A comparative study of conventional cytology and cell block in the diagnosis of pleural effusion with special reference to immunohistochemistry

Background: Body cavity fluids are evaluated by cell block (CB) technique. In conventional cytological smears (CS), appropriate identification of the cells as either reactive mesothelial cells or malignant cells is a diagnostic problem. In CB method, there is increase in cellularity, so it gives more morphological details of cells and improving the sensitivity of diagnosis. Sections obtained by CB method are also can be stored for future study like immunohistochemistry (IHC). Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the diagnostic efficacy of CB technique over conventional CS and to study of IHC in CB of malignant pleural effusion. Materials and Methods: This will be institution-based, cross-sectional, and observational study. The pleural fluid (except blood and pus) obtained by thoracocentesis from both male and female patient (>18 years of age) 100 cases was included in the study. Pleural fluid mixed with blood/pus, fluid from cystic lesion, and inadequate sample (<15 ml vol.) were excluded in the study. Results: Association between architectural pattern in CB versus architectural pattern in cytology smear showed statistically significant value Chi-square: 201.7417, P < 0.0001. Conclusion: We may conclude that CB technique is better than conventional cytology smear technique especially in case of malignant pleural effusion. It increases true positive cases and decreases false negative cases. It also increases cellularity, maintain architectural pattern, and cellular morphology.

Infección del miocardio por Mycobacterium tuberculosis: una localización infrecuente de una infección antigua

La tuberculosis miocárdica es una localización infrecuente que, en general, se caracteriza por cuadros clínicos silentes. Su diagnóstico se basa en la alta sospecha clínica y hallazgos inespecíficos en las imágenes cardíacas, pero la histopatología continúa siendo el estándar de oro para establecer el diagnóstico. La terapia antituberculosa ha sido exitosa, presentando mejoría radiológica y clínica en la mayoría de los casos. Presentamos el caso de una infección miocárdica por Mycobacterium tuberculosis en un hombre de 34 años que consultó por un cuadro de disnea de varias semanas de evolución. Se pesquisó un derrame pleural derecho y pericárdico grave, sin signos de taponamiento cardíaco. La RPC para M. tuberculosis en líquido pleural resultó positiva. El estudio histológico de pericardio y miocardio evidenció una pericarditis crónica y una inflamación granulomatosa, no necrosante, con células gigantes multinucleadas en el tejido miocárdico. Se estableció el diagnóstico de tuberculosis pleural, pericárdica y miocárdica y se inició tratamiento antituberculoso, presentando una mejoría clínica significativa.

Myocardial tuberculosis is a rare location that is generally characterized by silent clinical pictures. Diagnosis is based on high clinical suspicion and some nonspecific findings on cardiac imaging, but histological findings remain the gold standard. Treatment with standard antitubercular drugs llave been successful, presenting radiological and clinical improvement in most cases. We report a case of myocardial infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a 34-year-old man, who presented with several weeks of dyspnea and evidence of right pleural effusion and severe pericardial effusion, without signs of cardiac tamponade. PCR for M. tuberculosis was positive in pleural fluid. The histologic study of pericardium and myocardium showed myocardial fibers with non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation with multinucleated giant cells. Due to all the above, a diagnosis of pleural and myocardial tuberculosis was made, and tuberculosis treatment was started with significant clinical improvement.

Uma rara apresentação de plexopatia braquial por empiema de necessidade / A rare presentation of brachial plexopathy due to need empyema

Contexto: O empiema tem aumentado sua incidência ao longo das últimas décadas e ainda é a complicação mais comum de pneumonias. Apesar dos avanços no tratamento clínico, o acometimento do tecido pleural por infecções pode levar a sequelas irreparáveis e ainda apresenta uma alta mortalidade. Descrição do caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, 55 anos de idade, relatou queixa de dor em hemitórax e ombro esquerdos e parestesia difusa em membro ipsilateral há três dias. Tomografia de tórax revelou empiema pleural em lobo superior esquerdo e eletroneuromiografia evidenciou plexopatia braquial. Foi feita a punção guiada do empiema que demonstrou infecção por Staphylococcus aureus sensível à meticilina. Após drenagem do abscesso e antibioticoterapia, o paciente apresentou melhora progressiva dos sintomas. Discussão: O empiema de necessidade raramente se apresenta secundário a uma infecção bacteriana aguda, sendo geralmente causado por longas efusões pneumônicas tuberculosas. Sua manifestação clínica mais comum é a presença de massa dolorosa na região anterior do tórax, com exames de imagem mostrando alterações inflamatórias. A terapêutica preconizada se constitui de drenagem e antibioticoterapia. Conclusão: O diagnóstico de empiema de necessidade foi poucas vezes descrito na literatura e deve ser suspeitado em quadros infecciosos pulmonares com repercussão neurológica em plexo braquial.

Non-traumatic esophageal perforation: A case report on Boerhaave’s syndrome

Boerhaave’s syndrome is a potentially fatal condition characterized by spontaneous perforation of a previously healthy esophagus, due to severe vomiting or straining. It often presents with non-specific symptoms such as fever, pain, and vomiting and hence may go undiagnosed. The Makler’s triad, consisting of vomiting, chest pain, and subcutaneous emphysema, may be seen in only 50% of cases. Delayed diagnosis may result in complications such as sepsis, mediastinitis, pneumothorax, and multi-organ dysfunction. In general, patients presenting later than 48 h are conservatively managed with esophageal stenting. Surgical repair is usually reserved for those patients who present within 24 h, or are managed conservatively and develop complications. Mortality rises from 0% if treated within 24 h to about 29% if delayed more than 48 h. We present a case of Boerhaave’s syndrome in a 35-year-old male who presented with spontaneous respiratory distress and hemodynamic instability, about 36 h after the onset of vigorous vomiting. The case was managed initially with endoscopic insertion of a self-expanding metallic stent, followed later by surgical closure of the esophageal perforation. The patient, however, developed post-operative septic complications and died after a week

A rare case of tuberculous polyserositis � A case report

Polyserositis is defined as chronic inflammation of several serous membranes with effusions in serous cavities like Pericardial, Pleural and Peritoneal membranes, resulting in fibrous thickening of the serous membranes and sometimes constrictive pericarditis. There are various causes of polyserositis which include autoimmune diseases, neoplasia, endocrine diseases, drug � related causes and infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. Polyserositis in disseminated TB is a very rare presentation. Diagnosis is often delayed due to the non-specific presentation like polyserositis and its unusual nature. We herewith report a rare case of TB polyserositis, involving pleura, pericardium and peritoneum.

Esquema antituberculoso modificado por hepatotoxicidad causada por Pirazinamida: reporte de caso

Introducción: La tuberculosis es una de las 10 principales causas de muerte a nivel mundial. En 2020, causó 1,5 millones muertes. Se estima que llegó a 10,0 millones de nuevos casos durante el mismo año. Reporte de caso: varón de 93 años, antecedente de TBC pulmonar hace 15 años y contacto TBC actual. Presenta disnea y dolor pleurítico por 4 meses. Toracocentesis concluye exudado, biopsia pleural compatible con pleuritis granulomatosa no caseificante. Recibe esquema antituberculoso, desarrollando RAFA hepática. Se realiza reto farmacológico para diseñar un nuevo esquema de tratamiento. Paciente logra recuperarse. Se concluye que el manejo de tuberculosis debe individualizarse según paciente.

Introduction: Tuberculosis is one of the 10 leading causes of death worldwide. In 2020, it caused 1.5 million deaths. It is estimated that it reached 10.0 million new cases during the same year. Case of report: 93-year-old male, history of pulmonary TB 15 years ago and current TB contact. He presented dyspnea and pleuritic pain for 4 months. Thoracocentesis concludes exudate, pleural biopsy compatible with non-caseating granulomatous pleurisy. Receive antituberculosis regimen, developing hepatic RAFA. Pharmacological challenge is performed to design a new treatment scheme. Patient manages to recover. It is concluded that the management of tuberculosis should be individualized.

Empiema pleural por Parvimonas micra en un paciente inmunocompetente: reporte de un caso / Pleural empyema by Parvimonas micra in an immunocompetent patient: a case report

Se presenta el caso de un paciente joven inmunocompetente, con antecedente de tuberculosis pulmonar, que acude al hospital por un cuadro clínico subagudo de fiebre persistente, baja de peso, disnea y abolición del murmullo vesicular. La tomografía de tórax mostró un extenso empiema en hemitórax izquierdo. Se le toman muestras para detección de gérmenes comunes y se le colocan un tubo de drenaje torácico y se inicia antibioticoterapia. La prueba de MALDI-TOF MS identificó a Parvimonas micra, una bacteria anaerobia, comensal de la flora oral, asociado a periodontitis severa, escasamente reportado en empiema pleural, especialmente, en personas inmunocompetentes. En la evaluación odontológica se realizó el diagnóstico de gingivitis y pericoronaritis de la tercera molar. El paciente evolucionó favorablemente. Se sugiere que, en casos de empiemas pleurales subagudos o crónicos, se debe considerar, además de las micobacterias, como agente etiológico al Parvimonas micra, y optar por exámenes como MALDI-TOF MS o secuenciamiento del 16S rRNA, colocación de tubo de tórax, cobertura antibiótica empírica y evaluación odontológica.

We present the case of a young immunocompetent patient, with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis, who attended the hospital with a subacute clinical picture of persistent fever, weight loss, dyspnea and abolition of vesicular murmur. Chest CT scan showed an extensive empyema in the left hemithorax. Samples were taken for detection of common germs. Then, a chest drainage tube was placed and antibiotic therapy started. The MALDI-TOF MS test identified Parvimonas micra, an anaerobic bacterium, commensal to the oral flora, associated with severe periodontitis, but rarely reported in cases of pleural empyema, especially in immunocompetent patients. Gingivitis and pericoronaritis of the third molar were diagnosed during oral evaluation. The patient progressed favorably. Parvimonas micra should be considered as a possible etiological agent in cases of subacute or chronic pleural empyema, in addition to mycobacteria. Tests such as MALDI-TOF MS or 16S rRNA sequencing, chest tube placement, empirical antibiotic coverage and an adequate oral evaluation should be considered in these cases.

Deep learning for diagnosis of malign pleural effusion on computed tomography images

Abstract Background The pleura is a serous membrane that surrounds the lungs. The visceral surface secretes fluid into the serous cavity and the parietal surface ensures a regular absorption of this fluid. If this balance is disturbed, fluid accumulation occurs in the pleural space called "Pleural Effusion". Today, accurate diagnosis of pleural diseases is becoming more critical, as advances in treatment protocols have contributed positively to prognosis. Our aim is to perform computer-aided numerical analysis of Computed Tomography (CT) images from patients showing pleural effusion images on CT and to examine the prediction of malignant/benign distinction using deep learning by comparing with the cytology results. Methods The authors classified 408 CT images from 64 patients whose etiology of pleural effusion was investigated using the deep learning method. 378 of the images were used for the training of the system; 15 malignant and 15 benign CT images, which were not included in the training group, were used as the test. Results Among the 30 test images evaluated in the system; 14 of 15 malignant patients and 13 of 15 benign patients were estimated with correct diagnosis (PPD: 93.3%, NPD: 86.67%, Sensitivity: 87.5%, Specificity: 92.86%). Conclusion Advances in computer-aided diagnostic analysis of CT images and obtaining a pre-diagnosis of pleural fluid may reduce the need for interventional procedures by guiding physicians about which patients may have malignancies. Thus, it is cost and time-saving in patient management, allowing earlier diagnosis and treatment.

Cáncer de mama metastásico y embarazo: reporte de caso / Metastatic breast cancer and pregnancy: a case report

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: El cáncer de mama es la segunda neoplasia maligna más común asociada con el embarazo. Su tratamiento es complejo debido a los riesgos en el feto en el contexto del tratamiento de la madre. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 28 años, enviada del Hospital Naval de Chetumal, Quintana Roo, con 13.1 semanas de embarazo por fecha de la última menstruación. En la tomografía computada se advirtió la existencia de un derrame pleural del 70%, otro pericárdico y sospecha de metástasis osteoblástica a la columna torácica. En la exploración física se encontró con dinámica ventilatoria, amplexión y amplexación disminuida derecha, hipoventilación interescapular y basal derecha, con disminución a la trasmisión de voz, submatidez basal derecha y, hacia el lado izquierdo, un murmullo vesicular. Los estudios citoquímico y citológico de líquido pericárdico y pleural se reportaron positivos para malignidad. En la resonancia magnética de la columna se encontraron lesiones sugerentes de actividad tumoral en los cuerpos vertebrales T12 a L5. Debido al avanzado estado metastásico del cáncer se propuso la interrupción del embarazo con el propósito de no retrasar el tratamiento. El perfil biológico reportó: inmunofenotipo triple negativo (receptores de estrógeno y progesterona: negativo, HER2: negativo en células neoplásicas). Se le indicó tratamiento con quimioterapia sistémica (carboplatino-paclitaxel). CONCLUSIÓN: El diagnóstico de cáncer de mama durante el embarazo dificulta la detección e interpretación de las anormalidades mamarias, retrasa el diagnóstico, permite el crecimiento del tumor y se incrementa el riesgo metastásico de la enfermedad. El tratamiento oncológico adecuado y su valoración multidisciplinaria son decisivos para favorecer la supervivencia.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy associated with pregnancy. Its treatment is complex due to fetal risks in the context of treatment of the mother. CLINICAL CASE: 28-year-old patient, referred from the Naval Hospital of Chetumal, Quintana Roo, with 13.1 weeks of pregnancy by date of last menstrual period. The CT scan showed a 70% pleural effusion, another pericardial effusion and suspicion of osteoblastic metastasis to the thoracic spine. Physical examination showed ventilatory dynamics, decreased right amplexion and amplexation, interscapular and right basal hypoventilation, with decreased voice transmission, right basal submatitis and, to the left side, a vesicular murmur. Cytochemical and cytological studies of pericardial and pleural fluid were positive for malignancy. MRI of the spine showed lesions suggestive of tumor activity in the vertebral bodies T12 to L5. Due to the advanced metastatic stage of the cancer, termination of pregnancy was proposed in order not to delay treatment. The biological profile reported: triple negative immunophenotype (estrogen and progesterone receptors: negative, HER2: negative in neoplastic cells). Treatment with systemic chemotherapy (carboplatin-paclitaxel) was indicated. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of breast cancer during pregnancy hinders the detection and interpretation of breast abnormalities, delays diagnosis, allows tumor growth and increases the metastatic risk of the disease. Adequate oncologic treatment and its multidisciplinary assessment are decisive in favoring survival.

Factores de riesgo de neumonía adquirida en la comunidad, complicada con empiema pleural

Introducción: la neumonía es la principal causa de derrame pleural (DP) en los niños. Un elevado número de los pacientes ingresan a las unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos con derrame pleural paraneumónico (DPP), terminando en el empiema pleural. Objetivo: identificar los factores de riesgo que influyen de forma independiente en la aparición de neumonía adquirida en la comunidad, complicada con empiema pleural. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de casos y controles, se seleccionaron 30 casos y 90 controles. Con una proporción de 1:3. Se realizó el análisis estadístico univariado y multivariado. Resultados: en el análisis univariado, la edad menor de 5 años y el sexo masculino se mostraron sin influencia estadísticamente significativa, mientras que el multivariado mostró que el factor con independencia más importante fue el uso previo de antimicrobiano (OR 6,329 ajustado IC 95% 2,764-8,678), seguido del diagnóstico tardío (OR ajustado 5,492IC 95% 2,559-8,522) y la presencia de comorbilidad (OR ajustado 4,341 IC 95% 2,321−7,529) de manera similar. Conclusiones: los factores de mayor riesgo que contribuyeron al riesgo de desarrollar la neumonía complicada con empiema pleural fueron el uso previo de antimicrobiano, el diagnóstico tardío de empiema y la presencia de comorbilidad.

Introduction: pneumonia is the main cause of pleural effusion (PE) in children. A high number of patients enter pediatric intensive care units with parapneumonic pleural effusion (PPE), ending in pleural empyema. Objective: to identify the risk factors that independently influences the occurrence of community-acquired pneumonia, complicated by pleural empyema. Methods: an analytical observational study of cases and controls was carried out, 30 cases and 90 controls were selected. With a ratio of 1:3. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis was performed. Results: in the univariate analysis, age under 5 years and male sex showed no statistically significant influence, while the multivariate analysis showed that the most important independent factor was the previous use of antimicrobial (OR 6.329 adjusted CI 95% 2.764-8.678), followed by late diagnosis (adjusted OR 5.492 CI 95% 2.559-8.522) and the presence of comorbidity (adjusted OR 4.341 CI 95% 2.321−7.529) similarly. Conclusions: the highest risk factors that contributed to the risk of developing pneumonia complicated with pleural empyema were previous use of antimicrobials, late diagnosis of empyema, and the presence of comorbidity.

Introdução: A pneumonia é a principal causa de derrame pleural (DP) em crianças. Um número elevado de pacientes é admitido em unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica com derrame pleural parapneumônico (DPP), terminando em empiema pleural. Objetivo: Identificar os fatores de risco que influenciam independentemente a ocorrência de pneumonia adquirida na comunidade complicada por empiema pleural. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional analítico caso-controle, selecionados 30 casos e 90 controles. Com uma proporção de 1:3. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas univariada e multivariada. Resultados: Na análise univariada, idade menor de 5 anos e sexo masculino não foram estatisticamente significativos, enquanto a análise multivariada mostrou que o fator independente mais importante foi o uso prévio de antimicrobianos (OR ajustado 6,329 IC 95% 2,764-8,678), seguido pelo diagnóstico tardio (OR ajustado 5,492 IC 95% 2,559-8,522) e presença de comorbidade (OR ajustado 4,341 IC 95% 2,321−7, 529) da mesma forma. Conclusões: Os maiores fatores de risco que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento de pneumonia complicada com empiema pleural foram o uso prévio de antimicrobianos, o diagnóstico tardio de empiema e a presença de comorbidade.

Fibroelastosis pleuroparenquimatosa e hipertension pulmonar: un fenotipo diferente?

La fibroelastosis pleuroparenquimatosa es una enfermedad pulmonar inusual con características clínicas, radiológicas y patológicas únicas, que se ha incluido recientemente en el consenso actualizado sobre neumonías intersticiales idiopáticas. Su nombre hace referencia a una combinación de fibrosis que involucra la pleura visceral y cambios fibroelastóticos que predominan en el parénquima pulmonar subpleural. Aunque se han descrito varias asociaciones de enfermedades, no se ha identificado de manera inequívoca ninguna causa única. El diagnóstico se sustenta en criterios clínicos-radiológicos y de hallazgos histopatológicos cuando se dispone de biopsias. Son escasos los reportes sobre la asociación entre esta entidad y la hipertensión pulmonar. No existe tratamiento hasta la fecha, aunque se relatan sucesos en algunos casos de transplante pulmonar. Describimos las características clínicas de un paciente atendido en un hospital del Paraguay.

Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis is an unusual lung disease with unique clinical, radiological, and pathological characteristics that has recently been included in the updated consensus on idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Their name refers to a combination of fibrosis involving the visceral pleura and fibro-elastic changes that predominate in the subpleural pulmonary parenchyma. Although several associations between diseases have been described, no single cause has been unequivocally identified. The diagnosis is based on clinical-radiological criteria and histopathological findings when biopsies are available. There are few reports on the association between this entity and pulmonary hypertension. There is no treatment to date, although some cases of lung transplantation have been successful. We describe the clinical characteristics of a patient treated in a hospital in Paraguay.

Correlación fisiopatológica, diagnóstica y terapéutica en el derrame pleural paraneumónico / Pathophysiological, diagnostic and therapeutic correlation in parapneumonic pleural effusion

Introducción: La inflamación de la pleura desencadenada por bacterias y mediada por citocinas, aumenta la permeabilidad vascular y produce vasodilatación, lo cual genera desequilibrio entre la producción de líquido pleural y su capacidad de reabsorción por eficientes mecanismos fisiológicos. La condición anterior conduce al desarrollo de derrame pleural paraneumónico. Objetivo: Exponer la importancia de la correlación fisiopatológica y diagnóstica con los pilares fundamentales de actuación terapéutica en el derrame pleural paraneumónico. Métodos: Revisión en PubMed y Google Scholar de artículos publicados hasta abril de 2021 que abordaran el derrame pleural paraneumónico, su fisiopatología, elementos diagnósticos, tanto clínicos como resultados del estudio del líquido pleural, pruebas de imágenes, y estrategias terapéuticas. Análisis y síntesis de la información: El progreso de una infección pulmonar y la producción de una invasión de gérmenes al espacio pleural favorece la activación de mecanismos que conllevan al acúmulo de fluido, depósito de fibrina y formación de septos. Este proceso patológico se traduce en manifestaciones clínicas, cambios en los valores citoquímicos y resultados microbiológicos en el líquido pleural, que acompañados de signos radiológicos y ecográficos en el tórax, guían la aplicación oportuna de los pilares de tratamiento del derrame pleural paraneumónico. Conclusiones: Ante un derrame pleural paraneumónico, con tabiques o partículas en suspensión en la ecografía de tórax, hallazgo de fibrina, líquido turbio o pus en el proceder de colocación del drenaje de tórax, resulta necesario iniciar fibrinólisis intrapleural. Cuando el tratamiento con fibrinolíticos intrapleurales falla, la cirugía video-toracoscópica es el procedimiento quirúrgico de elección(AU)

Introduction: The inflammation of the pleura triggered by bacteria and mediated by cytokines, increases vascular permeability and produces vasodilation, which generates imbalance between the production of pleural fluid and its resorption capacity by efficient physiological mechanisms. The above condition leads to the development of parapneumonic pleural effusion. Objective: To expose the importance of the pathophysiological and diagnostic correlation with the fundamental pillars of therapeutic action in parapneumonic pleural effusion. Methods: Review in PubMed and Google Scholar of articles published until April 2021 that addressed parapneumonic pleural effusion, its pathophysiology, diagnostic elements, both clinical and results of the pleural fluid study, imaging tests, and therapeutic strategies. Analysis and synthesis of information: The progress of a lung infection and the production of an invasion of germs into the pleural space favors the activation of mechanisms that lead to the accumulation of fluid, fibrin deposition and formation of septa. This pathological process results in clinical manifestations, changes in cytochemical values and microbiological results in the pleural fluid, which accompanied by radiological and ultrasound signs in the chest, guide the timely application of the pillars of treatment of parapneumonic pleural effusion. Conclusions: In the event of a parapneumonic pleural effusion, with septums or particles in suspension on chest ultrasound, finding fibrin, turbid fluid or pus in the procedure of placement of the chest drain, it is necessary to initiate intrapleural fibrinolytic. When treatment with intrapleural fibrinolytics fails, video-thoracoscopic surgery is the surgical procedure of choice(AU)

Ensayo controlado y aleatorizado del uso de Heberkinasa® en el derrame pleural paraneumónico en niños / Randomized Controlled Trial of the Use of Heberkinase® in Parapneumonic Pleural Effusion in Children

Introducción: El derrame pleural paraneumónico resulta la complicación más frecuente de la neumonía bacteriana, de manejo complejo y muchas veces quirúrgico. No existen publicaciones en Cuba provenientes de ensayos clínicos controlados y aleatorizados ni del uso de la estreptoquinasa recombinante (Heberkinasa®) en el derrame pleural. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de la Heberkinasa® en el tratamiento del derrame pleural paraneumónico complicado complejo y el empiema en niños. Métodos: Ensayo clínico fase III, abierto, aleatorizado (2:1), en grupos paralelos y controlado. Se concluyó la inclusión prevista de 48 niños (1-18 años de edad), que cumplieron los criterios de selección. Los progenitores otorgaron el consentimiento informado. Los pacientes se distribuyeron en dos grupos: I- experimental: terapia estándar y administración intrapleural diaria de 200 000 UI de Heberkinasa® durante 3-5 días y II-control: tratamiento estándar. Las variables principales: necesidad de cirugía y la estadía hospitalaria. Se evaluaron los eventos adversos. Resultados: Ningún paciente del grupo I-experimental requirió cirugía, a diferencia del grupo II-control en el que 37,5 por ciento necesitó cirugía video-toracoscópica, con diferencia altamente significativa. Se redujo la estadía hospitalaria (en cuatro días), las complicaciones intratorácicas y las infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria en el grupo que recibió Heberkinasa®. No se presentaron eventos adversos graves atribuibles al producto. Conclusiones: La Heberkinasa® en el derrame pleural paraneumónico complicado complejo y empiema resultó eficaz y segura para la evacuación del foco séptico, con reducción de la necesidad de tratamiento quirúrgico, de la estadía hospitalaria y de las complicaciones, sin eventos adversos relacionados con su administración(AU)

Introduction: Paraneumonic pleural effusion is the most frequent complication of bacterial pneumonia, with complex and often surgical management. There are no publications in Cuba from randomized controlled clinical trials or the use of recombinant streptokinase (Heberkinase®) in pleural effusion. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Heberkinase® in the treatment of complex complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion and empyema in children. Methods: Phase III, open-label, randomized (2:1), parallel-group, controlled clinical trial. The planned inclusion of 48 children (1-18 years of age), who met the selection criteria, was completed. Parents gave informed consent. The patients were divided into two groups: I-experimental: standard therapy and daily intrapleural administration of 200,000 IU of Heberkinase® for 3-5 days; and II-control: standard treatment. The main variables: need for surgery and hospital stay. Adverse events were evaluated. Results: No patient in group I-experimental required surgery, unlike group II-control in which 37.5 percent required video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, with a highly significant difference. Hospital stay (to 4 days), intrathoracic complications and infections associated to healthcare in the group that received Heberkinase® was reduced. No serious adverse events attributable to the product occurred. Conclusions: Heberkinase® in complex complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion and empyema was effective and safe for the draining of the septic focus, with reduction of the need for surgical treatment, hospital stay and complications, with no adverse events related to its administration(AU)

Tomographic pleuropulmonary manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis: a pictorial essay / Manifestações pleuropulmonares tomográficas na artrite reumatoide: ensaio pictórico

ABSTRACT Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory and heterogeneous disease that affects several systems, especially the joints. Among the extra-articular manifestations of RA, pleuropulmonary involvement occurs frequently, with different presentations, potentially in all anatomic thoracic compartments, and may determine high morbidity and mortality. The most common pleuropulmonary manifestations in patients with RA include interstitial lung disease (ILD), pleural disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, rheumatoid lung nodules, airway disease (bronchiectasis and bronchiolitis), and lymphadenopathy. Pulmonary hypertension and ILD are the manifestations with the greatest negative impact in prognosis. HRCT of the chest is essential in the evaluation of patients with RA with respiratory symptoms, especially those with higher risk factors for ILD, such as male gender, smoking, older age, high levels of rheumatoid factor, or positive anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody results. Additionally, other etiologies that may determine tomographic pleuropulmonary manifestations in patients with RA are infections, neoplasms, and drug-induced lung disease. In these scenarios, clinical presentation is heterogeneous, varying from being asymptomatic to having progressive respiratory failure. Knowledge on the potential etiologies causing tomographic pleuropulmonary manifestations in patients with RA coupled with proper clinical reasoning is crucial to diagnose and treat these patients.

RESUMO A artrite reumatoide (AR) é uma doença inflamatória autoimune e heterogênea que afeta vários sistemas, principalmente as articulações. Dentre as manifestações extra-articulares da AR, o acometimento pleuropulmonar ocorre com frequência, com diferentes apresentações, potencialmente em todos os compartimentos anatômicos do tórax e pode determinar alta morbidade e mortalidade. As manifestações pleuropulmonares mais comuns em pacientes com AR incluem doença pulmonar intersticial (DPI), doença pleural, hipertensão arterial pulmonar, nódulos pulmonares reumatoides, doença das vias aéreas (bronquiectasia e bronquiolite) e linfadenopatia. A hipertensão pulmonar e a DPI são as manifestações com maior impacto negativo no prognóstico. A TCAR de tórax é essencial na avaliação de pacientes com AR sintomáticos respiratórios, principalmente aqueles com fatores de risco maiores para DPI, como sexo masculino, tabagismo, idade mais avançada, níveis elevados de fator reumatoide ou anticorpos antipeptídeos citrulinados cíclicos positivos. Além disso, outras etiologias que podem determinar manifestações pleuropulmonares tomográficas em pacientes com AR são infecções, neoplasias e doença pulmonar induzida por drogas. Nesses cenários, a apresentação clínica é heterogênea, variando de ausência de sintomas a insuficiência respiratória progressiva. O conhecimento das possíveis etiologias causadoras de manifestações pleuropulmonares tomográficas em pacientes com AR, aliado a um raciocínio clínico adequado, é fundamental para o diagnóstico e tratamento desses pacientes.