ABSTRACT
El Plomo (Pb) es un metal altamente tóxico que afecta diversos órganos y tejidos. Aún no se ha descrito un mecanismo único para su toxicidad, pero se ha evidenciado que el estrés oxidativo cumple un rol fundamental. El objetivo fue relacionar niveles de plomo en sangre (PbS), malondialdehido (MDA) y vitaminas antioxidantes (A, E y C) en escolares del Municipio Naguanagua, Estado Carabobo, Venezuela. Fue un estudio descriptivo y correlacional, en el cual participaron 147 niños. Se tomaron muestras de sangre venosa para determinar PbS, MDA y vitaminas antioxidantes. El 89,8% de los niños presentaron niveles de PbS (9,85 ± 5,31 μg/dL) estadísticamente superiores (P<0,05) al límite permisible (<5 μg/dL), establecido por el Centro para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC). El 49,6% de los escolares vivían cerca de un taller mecánico, 34,1% de un taller de latonería y pintura, 38,3 % de una parada de autobús, 49,6% de una avenida o calle muy transitada y 39,0% manifestó hábito mano-boca. Los niveles de MDA fueron significativamente superiores (P<0,05) en los niños que presentaron niveles de PbS por encima del límite permisible. Se observó correlación negativa (P<0,05) entre vitamina C y PbS y correlación positiva (P<0,05) entre MDA y PbS. Los hallazgos sugieren que el Pb puede ser capaz de producir peroxidación lipídica y que la Vitamina C parece actuar como un protector ante tal proceso. Se debe mejorar el aporte dietético de vitaminas A y E para garantizar protección antioxidante sinérgica ante la exposición al plomo.
Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic metal that affects various organs and tissues. Not yet described a unique mechanism for its toxicity, but has been demonstrated that oxidative stress plays a fundamental role. The objective was to relate blood lead levels (PbS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant vitamins (A, E and C) in school children Naguanagua, Carabobo State, Venezuela. It was a descriptive and correlational study in which 147 children participated. Venous blood samples were taken to determine PbS, MDA and antioxidant vitamins. 89.8% of children had BPb levels (9.85 ± 5.31 mg / dL) statistically higher (P<0.05) than the permissible limit (<5 μg/dL), established by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 49.6% of the school children lived near a garage, 34.1% of an autobody and painting workshop, 38.3% of a bus stop, 49.6% of a busy street or avenue and 39.0% said hand-mouth habit. MDA levels were significantly higher (P<0.05) in children who had BPb levels above the allowable limit. Negative correlation (P<0.05) between vitamin C and PbS and positive correlation (P<0.05) between PbS and MDA were observed. The findings suggest that Pb may be able to produce lipid peroxidation and that vitamin C appears to act as a protector against such a process. An improvement in the dietary intake of vitamins A and E will ensure synergistic antioxidant protection from exposure to lead.
ABSTRACT
Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a relação entre diferentes níveis de plumbemia e o repertório de habilidades sociais, problemas de comportamento e competência acadêmica de crianças e adolescentes. Participaram 155 crianças e adolescentes, com idade média de 13,10 anos, pertencentes a três grupos: alta plumbemia (superior a 10μg/dl), baixa plumbemia (inferior a 5μg/dl) e que viviam em ambiente similar, mas livre da contaminação por chumbo (grupo de comparação). Foram utilizados os instrumentos SSRS-BR e o IHSA-Del-Prette, respondidos pelos participantes e seus professores. Identificou-se comprometimento no repertório comportamental, acadêmico e social, associado ao nível de plumbemia. Esses resultados evidenciam os riscos associados à exposição ao chumbo. São discutidas explicações para alguns resultados contraditórios, levantando-se hipóteses e questões para novos estudos.
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between varying levels of lead poisoning and social skills repertoire, frequency of behavior problems and academic competence in children and adolescents. Participants were 155 children and adolescents, with an average age of 13.10 years, who belonged to three groups: high blood lead levels (over 10μg/dl), low blood lead levels (less 5μg/dl) and children who lived in a similar, but lead-free environment (comparison group). We used the Social Skills Rating System - Brazilian version (SSRS-BR) and the Social Skills Inventory for Adolescents (IHSA-Del-Prette) which were answered by the children and their teachers. Impairment in children's behavioral, academic and social repertoire was associated with blood lead levels. These results show the risks associated to lead exposure. Explanations are discussed for some contradictory results, rising hypotheses and questions for further studies.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Aptitude , Lead Poisoning/epidemiology , Social Behavior , Conduct Disorder/chemically induced , Educational MeasurementABSTRACT
A reciclagem de baterias pode contaminar o ar, o solo e a água, não só no lugar de processamento, mas também nas regiões circunvizinhas, sendo que os resíduos permanecem no local mesmo após o término da atividade. No presente artigo descrevemos os resultados da avaliação da plumbemia em 53 operários que trabalhavam com reciclagem de baterias automotivas e em 53 indivíduos sem história de exposição. Os dados obtidos foram comparados e discutidos em relação às normas do Ministério do Trabalho (MT) e da Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). A plumbemia no sangue do grupo controle foi de 2,44±1,15 µg/dl e, no grupo exposto, de 59,43±28,34 µg/dl, sendo que 79,2 por cento dos indivíduos mostraram níveis acima do valor de referência (até 40 µg/dl). Estudos recentes recomendam estratégias para prevenir a intoxicação com chumbo: identificação, eliminação ou controle da fonte, monitoração da exposição e respectivos danos e um programa de recompra de baterias usadas das por parte da indústria de origem.
Battery recycling may contaminate soil, air and water not only at the processing site but also in the neighboring areas, inasmuch as the residues remain at the site even after the end of the activity. In the present article, we describe the results of plumbism evaluation in 53 individuals that work with car battery recycling and 53 individuals without history of lead exposure. The obtained data were compared and discussed according to the regulations of Brazilian Ministry of Labor and OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). Blood lead levels in the control group were 2.44 ± 1.15 µg/dl and 59.43 ± 28.34 µg/dl in the exposed group. 79.2 percent of the individuals presented levels above the reference value (40 µg/dl). Recent studies recommend strategies to prevent lead intoxication: source identification, control or elimination, monitoring of environmental exposure and hazards and a buy-back program of used batteries by the industry of origin.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Lead/toxicity , Occupational Diseases/prevention & control , Lead Poisoning/prevention & control , Batteries , Brazil , Lead/analysis , Occupational Diseases/blood , Lead Poisoning/blood , Occupational GroupsABSTRACT
La obtencion del clorhidrato de cocaina a partir de la hoja de coca requiere el uso de gasolina; residuos de esta pueden permanecer en la pasta base(basuca); al fumar esta, mezclada con cigarrillo o marihuana (basuco) el consumidor puede captar residuos de plomo e incrementar sus concentraciones sanguineas del mismo; quisimos saber si el uso del basuco durante el embarazo podria tener tal efecto en los recien nacidos de madres consumidoras. Se midieron las concentraciones de plomo serico en 19 recien nacidos hijos de gestantes consumidoras de basuco y en 18 de sus madres, asi como en 20 parturientas no consumidoras y en 19 de sus hijos. Se utilizo un espectrofotometro de absorcion atomica Perkin-Elmer modelo 2380. Las madres se dividieron en 4 grupos segun el grado de consumo, asi: leve, moderado, intenso y ninguno. Las cifras promedio y las DE encontradas fueron respectivamente: en los hijos:13.5 mas o menos 9.4; 15.8 mas o menos 6.5; 16.6 mas o menos 7.8; 6.9 mas o menos 5.0 ug/dl, y en las madres, 13.3 mas o menos 4.6; 13.5 mas o menos 6.9; 16.2 mas o menos 4.9; 8.4 mas o menos 4.6 ug/dl. Las pruebas estadisticas demostraron diferencias altamente significativas entre las madres e hijos expuestos al basuco y la cohorte no expuesta; no existio diferencia entre las concentraciones segun el grado de consumo. Los altos niveles de plomo detectados ameritan seguimiento de los recien nacidos y estudios adicionales, con el fin de evaluar su repercusion a largo plazo
Obtention of cocaine clorhydrate from coca leaves requires the use of gasoline; therefore residues such as lead may remain in the base paste (basuca); the latter is smoked, under the name basuco, mixed with tobacco or marijuana; It is conceivable that the smoker takes up lead residues that Increase lead blood levels; we wanted to determine whether the use of basuco during pregnancy could produce such effect In the newborninfant. Serum lead concentrations were measured In 19 newborn children and In 18 of their mothers. The latter were basuco consumers. They were compared to those of 20 non consuming delivering women along with 19 of their newborn Infants. Measurements were performed on a Perkin-Palmer model 2380 atomic absorptionspectrophotometer. Women were divided in four groups according to the degree of consumption, as follows: mild, moderate, Intense or non existent. Mean levels and SDs in the children were respectively: 13.5 ± 9.4; 15.8 ± 6.5; 16.6 ± 7.8; 6.9 ± 5.0 ug/dl; and In their mothers: 13.3 ± 4.6; 13.5 ± 6.9; 16.2 ± 4.9; 8.4 ± 4.6 ug/dl Statistic analysis revealed highly significant differences between mothers and children exposed to basuco and those that were not exposed. No difference was observed ac. cording to the degree of consumption. In conclusion: newborn from basuco consuming mothers have Increased lead blood levels; the long term effects of such alteration should be the subject of further studies