Potencial dendrocronológico de tres especies de Podocarpáceas de la Cordillera de los Andes / Dendrochronological potential of three Podocarpaceae species from the Andean Cordillera

Resumen Introducción: Poco se conoce del potencial dendrocronológico de las Podocarpáceas en el trópico. Objetivo: Explorar el potencial dendrocronológico de tres especies de podocarpáceas: Retrophyllum rospigliosii, Podocarpus oleifolius y Prumnopitys harmsiana. Métodos: De plantaciones no manejadas localizadas en los Andes colombianos, se muestrearon y analizaron 88 árboles: 30 muestras de R. rospigliosii provenientes de secciones transversales, 30 y 28 muestras de P. oleifolius y P. harmsiana, respectivamente, provenientes de núcleos de madera extraídos con barreno de incrementos. Las muestras se procesaron siguiendo las técnicas dendrocronológicas estándar. Resultados: En general, las características anatómicas de los anillos de crecimiento son similares para las tres especies, con una anatomía simple de traqueidas alineadas radialmente por tratarse de coníferas. Dado que la edad conocida de la plantación coincide con el número de anillos se considera una fuerte evidencia de la frecuencia anual de su formación en R. rospigliosii y P. oleifolius, las cuales presentaron buena sincronización (cofechado) con una inter-correlación promedio de 0.55 (r-Pearson). Para P. harmsiana no fue posible concretar series de ancho de anillos de las muestras recolectadas. Las series estandarizadas de R. rospigliosii y P. oleifolius mostraron una relación con los registros instrumentales de precipitación y temperatura, indicando que estas especies pueden ser promisorias para estudios adicionales. Conclusión: La investigación dendrocronología con especies de Podocarpáceas podría realizarse exitosamente con R. rospigliosii y P. oleifolius, pero no con P. harmsiana.

Abstract Introduction: Little is known about the dendrochronological potential of Podocarpaceaes in the tropics. Objective: To explore the dendrochronological potential of three Podocarpaceae species: Retrophyllum rospigliosii, Podocarpus oleifolius, and Prumnopitys harmsiana. Methods: From a non-managed plantation in the Andean cordillera in Colombia, a total of 88 trees were analyzed: 30 samples of cross-sections of R. rospigliosii, and 30 and 28 samples of P. oleifolius and P. harmsiana, respectively, obtained with an increment borer. Samples were processed according to standard dendrochronological methods. Results: The anatomical characteristics of the growth rings of the three species are similar, with a simple conifer anatomy with radially oriented tracheids. Since the known age of the plantation coincides with the number of tree rings this is strong evidence of annual tree-ring frequency of R. rospigliosii and P. oleifolius which also showed a satisfactory cross-dating with an average inter-correlation of 0.55 (r-Pearson). For P. harmsiana, it was not possible to build a tree-ring series from the collected samples. R. rospigliosii and P. oleifolius standardized ring-width chronologies showed a relationship with the instrumental records of rainfall and temperature, indicating these species may be promising further studies. Conclusions: Dendrochronological research with Podocarpaceae species could be carried out successfully with R. rospigliosii and P. oleifolius but not with P. harmsiana.

Potential effect of methanol leaf extracts from three Podocarpus species on experimental cryptosporidiosis

@#Cryptosporidiosis causes diarrhea in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, with acute manifestations occurring particularly in children and the elderly. Up till now, there is no curative therapy for cryptosporidiosis, so discovery of new classes of drugs are of great importance. This study aimed to examine the effect of methanol leaves extracts of the three Podocarpus species; P. macrophyllus (Thunb.), P. gracilior (Pilg.) and P. elongatus (Aiton) L’ Hér. ex Pers and their combination on Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) in experimentally infected mice in comparison with the commercially used drug, Nitazoxanide. As well as spectrophotometric estimation of the total phenolic and flavonoid content of these extracts was done. Results revealed that treatment with these three Podocarpus extracts and their combination showed a significant reduction of the number of C. parvum oocyst shed in the stool of infected mice compared to infected control group and Nitazoxanideinfected treated group at P < 0.001. The combination of the three Podocarpus extracts was the most effective treatment showing the lowest number of oocysts shedding in comparison with other used extracts and Nitazoxanide. Histopathological inspection of sections from ilium and colon displayed signs of improvement after treatment with P. macrophyllus and P. gracilior extracts and more remarkable improvement when the three extracts were combined. It was concluded that the three Podocarpus species extracts used in this study had a promising anti-Cryptosporidium activity especially when they were combined.

Vegetative propagation of an ornamental conifer: some techniques in podocarpo cutting / Propagação vegetativa de uma conífera ornamental: algumas técnicas no estaqueamento de podocarpo

ABSTRACT: The asexual propagation of conifers, such as Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) Sweet, faces difficulties. Among the factors that can improve the efficiency of asexual propagation are the types of cuttings used and lesions performed at the base of the cuttings, and the use of plant regulators, such as indolebutyric acid (IBA). This study determined the types of lesions to be performed at the cutting base, the type of cuttings used, the method to convey IBA at the cutting base, and the concentration of IBA required to obtain a proper rooting condition for the species. Two experiments were performed from March to July, 2018, in randomized blocks and with a factorial scheme, as follows: 2 x 4 (IBA application in solution and talc x IBA at concentrations of 0, 500, 1,000, and 1,500 mg L-1 IBA); and 2 x 3 (basal and apical cuttings x bevel, wedge, and horizontal lesions at the cutting base). In both experiments, the cuttings used were arranged on a masonry bed containing medium-textured sand. After 120 days of experimentation, the study concluded that the rooting percentage was favored by the use of basal cuttings with wedge lesions at the cutting base and treated with IBA in solution at a concentration of approximately 550 mg L-1.

RESUMO: A propagação assexuada de coníferas, como o Podocarpus macrophyllus, apresenta dificuldades. Entre os fatores que podem tornar mais eficientes a propagação assexuada tem-se o tipo da estaca utilizada, lesões na base da estaca e uso de fitoreguladores, como o ácido indolbutírico (AIB). Objetivou-se determinar o tipo de lesão a ser efetuado na base da estaca e o tipo de estaca bem como método de veiculação do AIB na base da estaca e a concentração do AIB visando obter melhor enraizamento para a espécie. Dois experimentos foram realizados, no período de março a julho de 2018, em blocos casualizados e esquema fatorial, sendo o primeiro 2 x 4 [aplicação AIB em solução e em talco x concentração de 0, 500, 1000 e 1500 mg L-1 de ácido indolbutírico (AIB)] e o segundo 2 x 3 [estaca basal e apical x lesões na base da estaca do tipo bisel, cunha e horizontal].Em ambos experimentos as estacas utilizadas foram dispostas em canteiro de alvenaria contendo areia de textura média. Após 120 dias de experimentação conclui-se que o uso de estacas basais com lesões na base da estaca em cunha e tratadas com AIB em solução na concentração de aproximadamente 550 mL L-1favorecem a porcentagem de enraizamento.

Ciclo de vida de corynelia tropica, patógeno foliar en podocarpus saligna / Life cycle of corynelia tropica, leaf pathogen on podocarpus saligna

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el ciclo de vida de Corynelia tropica, patógeno de hojas y ramillas en mañío de hoja larga (Podocarpus saligna). Mensualmente se recolectaron ramillas de P. saligna. En la medida que se fueron detectando estadíos interesantes dentro del ciclo de vida de este patógeno, la frecuencia de las colectas se intensificó en forma quincenal, e incluso semanal. Se pudo constatar que C. tropica presentó un ciclo de vida anual muy definido, con gran regularidad en la aparición y desarrollo de sus estructuras fructíferas. Invariablemente el ciclo de vida se inició en la primera quincena de noviembre con la inoculación de los nuevos brotes de P. saligna. A inicios de enero se manifestaron los primeros síntomas de la infección y a comienzos de marzo ya eran notorias las estructuras del anamorfo. A fines de mayo las estructuras del teleomorfo se hacían protuberantes y se iniciaba la formación de los ascos. A fines de julio los ascocarpos presentaban forma y tamaño ya adulto, y las ascosporas al interior de los ascos se encontraban en proceso de maduración. A fines de octubre las ascosporas ya estaban maduras y su liberación a comienzos de noviembre, sincronizaba con la emergencia de los brotes de P. saligna, con lo que se daba inicio una vez más a un nuevo ciclo de vida de C. tropica. Se pudo constatar que además del follaje y ramas, este patógeno también atacaba a los frutos de P.saligna.

This study aimed to determine the life cycle of Corynelia tropica, pathogen leaves and twins in longleaf mañío (Podocarpus saligna). Monthly P. saligna twigs were collected. As they were detecting interesting stages in the life cycle of this pathogen, the frequency of collections were intensified fortnightly or even weekly. It was found that C. tropica presented a very defined, with great regularity in the occurrence and development of their fruiting structures annual life cycle. Invariably the life cycle began in the first half of November with the inoculation of new outbreaks of P. saligna. In early January the first symptoms of infections manifested and early March were already notorious the anamorph structure. In late May teleomorph structures became prominent and the formation of the asci began. In late July the ascocarps presented adult size and shape, and the ascospores within the asci were maturing. In late October ascospores were ripe and in early November, release synchronized with outbreaks of P. saligna, which was given start again a new life cycle of C. tropica. It was found that besides the foliage and branches, this pathogen also attacked the fruits of P. saligna.

Studies on Volatile Constituents and Their Anti-tumor Activities from the Peel and Shell of Podocarpus nagi Fruits / 医药导报

Objective To compare the volatile constituents and anti-tumor activity from the peel and shell parts of Podocarpus nageia fruits. Methods Steam distillation was used for extracting volatile oil from the peel and nutshell of Podocarpus nageia, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was exploited to compare the chemical compositions. Their anti-tumor activities were studied by the MTT assay. Results The yield of volatile oil from nageia peel was 0. 23%. 21 kinds of composition were isolated and 18 kinds were identified, the main composition was caryophyllene, accounting for 72. 44% contents of the total volatile oil. The volatile oil from nageia nutshell was 0. 15%. 15 kinds of composition were isolated and 13 species were identified from the nutshell. 4 compositions were found in both two parts. The volatile oil from both of nageia peel and nutshell inhibitted nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells proliferation in vitro, and the IC50 were 54. 58 and 114. 83 μg·mL-1 , which indicated that the volatile oil from the peel showed stronger inhibitory activity. Conclusion The main components in the volatile oil from nageia fruit are alkenes, alcohols and terpenes. The volatile oil extracted from peel shows comparable stronger anti-tumor activity.

Importancia de los deslizamientos en el Parque Nacional Podocarpus, Loja, Ecuador

Se presentan datos preliminares de la flora pionera en deslizamientos naturales y antrópicos en el Parque Nacional de Podocarpus (PNP), así como de la vegetación antes de estos eventos. Los deslizamientos naturales fueron seleccionados y distribuidos entre los 2100 a 3200 m de altitud, (216 parcelas), mientras que los deslizamientos antropogénicos fueron estudiados alrededor de la zona de amortiguamiento, entre los 1900 a 2800 m (216 parcelas). El muestreo se efectuó según Blanquet (1979) tomando como referencia la gradiente altitudinal. Los deslizamientos naturales y antrópicos fueron seleccionados en dos sitios hacia el flanco oriental (144 parcelas) y cuatro sitios en el flanco occidental (288) parcelas, totalizando 432 parcelas. Para la vegetación natural, el tamaño de la parcela fue establecido de acuerdo al tipo de vegetación (herbácea, arbustiva y arbórea). El bosque natural presenta 75 familias, 185 géneros y 412 especies, de estas 58 son endémicas entre los 2800 m y 3200 m; deslizamientos naturales con 56 familias, 127 géneros y 264 especies; y deslizamientos antropogénicos con 69 familias, 127 géneros y 313 especies. No existen diferencias entre la vegetación pionera de los deslizamientos naturales y antrópicos, sin embargo la gradiente influencia directamente en el tipo de vegetación y estructura. Siendo el estrato herbáceo bajo el más representativo, luego el estrato herbáceo de tamaño mediano y finalmente el estrato arbustivo, especialmente en el rango 2400 a 2700 m. Se registra que en los dos flancos del PNP existe una elevada frecuencia de deslizamientos principalmente entre los 2200-2500 m. Existen algunos grupos predominantes o que restablecen estas áreas, entre ellas las Criptógamas, los estratos herbáceos con familias dominantes (Violaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Blechnaceae, Lycopodiaceae), el estrato arbustivo con otro juego de familias (Asteraceae, Melastomataceae, Ericaceae, Poaceae, Aquifoliaceae), y en el bosque todavia otras familias dominantes (Asteraceae, Clusiaceae, Bromeliaceae, Ericaceae, Lycopodiaceae, Melastomataceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae, Cunoniaceae).

We present preliminary data on the pioneer vegetation found on natural and man-made landslides in the Parque Nacional de Podocarpus (PNP). The natural landslides selected were distributed between 2100 and 3200 m (216 study sites), while the man-made landslides were situated between 1900 and 2800 m above sea-level (216 study sites). Sampling followed Blanquet (1979) and the altitudinal gradient was used as reference. The land-slides were selected in two areas on the eastern flank (144 study sites) and in four areas on the western flank (288 study sites), totaling 432 study sites. For the natural vegetation the size of the study sites was selected according to vegetation type (herbaceous, shrubby, arboreal). The natural forest has 75 plant families, 185 genera and 412 species, 58 of the latter are endemic to the region between 2800 m and 3200 m above sea-level; natural land-slides have 56 families, 127 genera and 264 species; and man-made land-slides have 69 plant families, 127 genera and 313 species. There are no differences between the vegetation of the natural and the man-made land-slides, but rather the gradient has a direct influence on vegetation type and structure. The low herbaceous layer is the dominant feature, followed by medium-sized herbaceous plants and finally the shrub layer, especially between 2400 and 2700 m above sea-level. Within the PNP there are an elevated number of natural land-slides especially between 2200 and 2500 m above sea-level. There are some plant groups which predominate in these areas, such as Cryptogams, the herbaceous layer has some dominant plant families (Violaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Blechnaceae, Lycopodiaceae), as has the shrub layer (Asteraceae, Melastomataceae, Ericaceae, Poaceae, Aquifoliaceae), while in the natural forest other families are dominant (Asteraceae, Clusiaceae, Bromeliaceae, Ericaceae, Lycopodiaceae, Melastomataceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae, Cunoniaceae).

Las Podocarpáceas de los bosques montanos del noroccidente peruano

Los bosques montanos del noroccidente peruano son formaciones vegetales que presentan una alta diversidad y endemismos. Lamentablemente, en muchos lugares están sujetos a procesos acelerados de deterioro por la deforestación y colonización, aspecto que los convierte en uno de los ecosistemas más amenazados por el hombre. Lo que ahora queda de estos bosques, alguna vez extensos, son sólo fragmentos. Los bosques montanos relictos son ecosistemas ubicados por encima de los 1000 m de altitud, en la Vertiente Occidental de los Andes. Es en estos bosques, donde se pueden encontrar especies de coníferas nativas de nuestro país, pertenecientes a la familia Podocarpaceae. Estas especies juegan un rol de suma importancia en la dinámica de estos ecosistemas tan frágiles; no obstante, debido a la calidad de sus maderas, están siendo extraídas de manera alarmante. En el noroccidente peruano existen zonas de bosques homogéneos de Podocarpáceas tal es el caso del bosque de Cachil en la provincia de Contumazá, bosque de Tongod-Quellahorco en la provincia de San Miguel (en los cuales predomina la especie Podocarpus oleifolius) y los bosques de San Ignacio en Cajamarca, en los que reportamos cinco especies de Podocarpáceas distribuidas en tres géneros: Podocarpus (P. oleifolius, P. macrostachys, P sprucei), Prumnopitys (P. harmsiana) y Nageia (N. rospigliosii), las cuales representan el 50% del total de especies reportadas para el Perú.

The montane forests of north-western Peru are plant formations with high biodiversity and numerous endemic taxa. Unfortunately, in many places, they are deteriorated by deforestation and colonization processes, to turning into one of the most threatened ecosystems of the world. At the present, montane forests are reduced to isolated fragments. The relict forests are distributed above 1000 m on the western slope of the Andes. These forests are habitat for Peruvian native coniferous of the Podocarpaceae family. These species are supporting the fragility of montane forests ecosystems, however they are being cut down in large numbers because of the excellent timber quality. There are some forests largely dominated by Podocarpaceae in north-western Peru, we have the Cachil forest (Cajamarca, Province Contumazá) and Tongod-Quellahorco (Cajamarca, Province San Miguel) which are dominated by Podocarpus oleifolius. The San Ignacio forests (Cajamarca, Province San Ignacio) where we find half the species known from Peru, there are five species from three genera: Podocarpus oleifolius, P. macrostachys, P. sprucei, Prumnopitys harmsiana and Nageia rospigliosii.

Chemical Constituents of Podocarpus milanjianus Rendle / 中国药科大学学报

AIM:To study the chemical constituents of the root bark of Podocarpus milanjianus Rendle.METHOD:Isolation and elucidation of the chemical constituents were conducted by chromatography and spectral evidences.RESULTS:Nine compounds,isolated from the root bark of P. milanjianus,were identified as nagilactone D ( 1), nagilactone G (2), nagilactone F (3), podolactone C (4), totarol (5), 19-hydroxytotarol (6), β-sitosterol (7), daucosterol (8) and stigmasterol (9),on the basis of spectral data and physical constants. Among them, compounds 1,2,7,8,9 were isolated from this species for the first time.