Resultado da miotomia endoscópica peroral (POEM) em acalasia avançada em um seguimento mediano de 17 meses / Outcome of per oral endoscopic myotomy (poem) in sigmoid achalasia at a median follow up of 17 months

ABSTRACT Background: Advanced achalasia cardia (AC) represents the end stage in the natural history of AC. Role of per oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) in this technically difficult subset is emerging. Methods: Retrospective review of the patients who had undergone POEM for advanced AC with sigmoid esophagus. We assessed the technical success, clinical success and adverse event rate. Pre and post POEM Eckardt score (ES), integrated relaxation pressure-4sec (IRP-4), lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) and height and width of barium column at 5 minutes were noted. Results: Of the 85 patients who underwent POEM for AC, 10 patients had advanced AC with sigmoid esophagus of which eight were sigmoid and two were advanced sigmoid. The clinical and technical success was 100% with significant reduction of ES, IRP-4, LESP and height and width of barium column at 5 minutes. One patient had a minor adverse event in the form of mucosal injury that was closed with hemoclips. At a median follow up of 17 months there was no recurrence. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates POEM to be a safe and effective modality of treatment in this technically difficult subset of AC with sigmoid morphology.

RESUMO Contexto: Acalasia cárdia avançada representa o estágio final na história natural do megaesôfago. Está emergindo o papel da miotomia endoscópica peroral (POEM) neste subconjunto tecnicamente difícil. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão retrospectiva dos pacientes submetidos a POEM para tratamento do megaesôfago avançado. Avaliamos o sucesso técnico, o sucesso clínico e a taxa de eventos adversos. O escore de Eckardt, pré e pós POEM, a pressão integral de relaxamento de 4 seg (IRP-4), a pressão do esfíncter inferior do esôfago e a altura e largura da coluna de bário em 5 minutos, foram anotadas. Resultados: Dos 85 pacientes submetidos a POEM para acalasia cárdia, 10 pacientes apresentaram acalasia cárdia avançado com esôfago com aspecto sigmoide, dos quais dois eram muito avançados. O sucesso clínico e técnico foi de 100% com redução significativa do escore de Eckardt, do IRP-4, da pressão do esfíncter inferior do esôfago e da altura e largura da coluna bário em 5 minutos. Um paciente teve um pequeno evento adverso na forma de lesão mucosa que foi fechada com hemoclipes. Em um seguimento mediano de 17 meses não houve recorrência. Conclusão: Nosso estudo demonstra que a POEM é uma modalidade segura e eficaz de tratamento neste subconjunto tecnicamente difícil de megaesôfago com morfologia sigmoide.

"O Amor", a pandemia e o analista confinado / "The Love", the pandemic and the analyst in confinement / "El amor", la pandemia y el analista confinado

No presente artigo, o autor parte da análise do poema "O amor", de Vladímir Maiakóvski, em que o sentimento amoroso é usado como estratégia revolucionária, para estabelecer relações com a desigualdade brasileira, a pandemia motivada pela disseminação do Coronavírus e o possível lugar do analista nesse contexto.

In this article, the author analyses the poem "The love", by Vladímir Maiakovski, in which the loving feeling is used as a revolutionary strategy, to establish relations with Brazilian inequality, the pandemics motivated by the spread of Coronavirus and the role of the psychotherapist in this context. ■

En el presente artículo, el autor parte del análisis del poema "El amor", de Vladímir Maiakóvski, en el cual el sentimiento de amor se usa como estrategia revolucionaria, para establecer relaciones con la desigualdad brasileña, la pandemia motivada por la propagación del Coronavirus y el posible lugar del analista en este contexto. ■

Desarrollo de modelos educativos para el aprendizaje de nuevas técnicas endoscópicas: miotomía endoscópica por vía oral (POEM) y elastografía por ultrasonido endoscópico / Educational models for learning Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM) and Endoscopic Ultrasound Elastography

Resumen Objetivos: presentar el desarrollo de modelos educativos para el aprendizaje de dos técnicas endoscópicas vigentes, ampliamente difundidas y de gran implicación clínica, con la única intención de permitir la adquisición de destrezas básicas y avanzadas a residentes y gastroenterólogos. Materiales y métodos: se idearon dos modelos sencillos, de muy bajo costo, fácilmente reproducibles y reutilizables, con los cuales se logra ejecutar la totalidad de los procedimientos descritos. Además, permiten al operador integrar el desarrollo de habilidades y la adquisición de los conceptos teóricos mínimos requeridos, sin las presiones generadas por el riesgo existente de complicaciones. Resultados: la tendencia actual a nivel mundial se conduce hacia el desarrollo de modelos de enseñanza que aceleren la curva de aprendizaje, así como de procedimientos altamente exigentes y asociados a complicaciones potencialmente graves. Con estos modelos es posible poner a prueba al endoscopista, mediante una evaluación continua y supervisada. Su implementación en unidades de gastroenterología es sencilla, sin la necesidad de una inversión superlativa o el desplazamiento a otros países. Conclusiones: se trata de un gran aporte al desarrollo científico y educativo de nuestro país, ya que la creación y la implementación de nuevas técnicas endoscópicas y su aprendizaje no deben ser asumidos por los pacientes. En este punto, estamos de acuerdo con los conceptos emitidos por diferentes asociaciones médicas respecto a que los cursos teórico-prácticos de corta duración -y en algunas ocasiones virtuales- no constituyen una formación mínima, requerida para lograr la acreditación.

Abstract Objectives: This article presents the development of educational models for learning two widespread recent endoscopic techniques which have great clinical implications. Its sole intention is to allow acquisition of basic and advanced skills by residents and gastroenterologists. Materials and methods: Two simple, very low cost, easily reproducible and reusable models were devised. Procedures are fully described in ways that allow the operator to integrate the development of skills and acquisition of the minimum theoretical concepts required without the pressures generated by risks of complications. Results: The current global trend is to develop teaching models that accelerate the learning curve for highly demanding procedures that are associated with potentially serious complications. With these models it is possible to test endoscopists through continuous supervised evaluations. Implementation by gastroenterology units can be done easily without the need for large investments or travel to other countries. Conclusions: This is a great contribution to the scientific and educational development of Colombia since neither development of new endoscopic techniques nor the process of learning how to perform them should put patients at risk. We agree with the ideas of numerous medical associations regarding theoretical-practical courses of short duration even though some virtual sessions, "do not constitute the minimum training required needed for accreditation".

Practice guideline of peroral endoscopic myotomy of achalasia: Zhongshan experience / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a novel clinical technique developed in 2010, and has been widely accepted for treating achalasia and esophageal motility disorders, because of its minimal invasiveness and good efficacy. Zhongshan Hospital has published the practice guideline (the "Zhongshan experience") of peroral endoscopic myotomy of achalasia (v1.2018) based on experience combined with literatures. (1) Preoperative evaluation includes clinical symptom assessment, gastroscopy, high-resolution manometry and upper gastrointestinal radiography. (2) Absolute indication is idiopathic achalasia, and age is no longer a contraindication. (3) The criteria include the medical centers with legal qualifications and the operators with over 5 years of clinical experience in gastroenterological surgery or gastroenterology and more than 30 cases of esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). (4) The length of the myotomy is 8 to 10 cm. The recommended location of the myotomy is the anterior or posterior wall. Whether a full-thickness or circular muscle myotomy is chosen is based on patient′s condition. (5) If pleural effusion, atelectasis or pneumothorax occurs, CT examination is recommended during the postoperative period. If patients presents with symptoms such as vomiting and high fever, endoscopic examination and upper gastrointestinal radiography should be performed. (6) Major adverse events include mucosal injury, perforation, bleeding, pneumothorax and pleural effusion. (7) The Eckardt score system and endoscopic examination are used for evaluating the effectiveness after POEM.

Miotomía endoscópica por vía oral (POEM) en un paciente pediátrico para tratamiento de la acalasia esofágica / Per oral endoscopic myotomy in a pediatric patient with achalasia

INTRODUCCIÓN: La acalasia es el trastorno motor primario más frecuente del esófago. Su incidencia reportada es baja, aún más en pacientes pediátricos. La miotomía de Heller laparoscópica corresponde al estándar actual de tratamiento. Durante los últimos años la miotomía endoscópica por vía oral (POEM) se ha posicionado como una alternativa terapéutica segura y tan efectiva como el Heller para la acalasia esofágica. OBJETIVO: Describir la técnica de POEM y reportar el primer caso pediátrico en nuestro país. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 11 años, previamente sano, que se presentó con disfagia ilógica progresiva y baja de peso. El estudio concluyó una acalasia tipo II. Fue sometido a POEM y cursó un postoperatorio sin incidentes. A un año de la intervención se ha documentado resolución de la sintomatología, seguimiento endoscópico y manométrico sin complicaciones. CONCLUSIONES: El caso descrito corresponde al primer POEM en un paciente pediátrico en nuestro país. La acalasia esofágica es infrecuente en pediatría y el POEM ha demostrado éxito clínico y seguridad comparables a la miotomía de Heller laparoscópica en el corto y mediano plazo. El seguimiento a largo plazo permitirá determinar su rol definitivo en el tratamiento de pacientes pediátricos con acalasia esofágica.

INTRODUCTION: Achalasia is the most common primary motor disorder of the esophagus. Its reported incidence is low, even more in pediatric patients. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy is the current stan dard of treatment. During the last years, per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has been positioned as a safe and effective therapeutic alternative as the Heller procedure for esophageal achalasia. OBJECTIVE: To describe the POEM technique and report the first pediatric case in our country. CLINICAL CASE: 11-year-old patient, previously healthy, who presented with progressive dysphagia for solids and liquids and weight loss. The study concluded a type II achalasia. The patient underwent a POEM and had a postoperative course without incidents. One year after the intervention, symptomatic, endoscopic and manometric resolution have been documented. CONCLUSIONS: The described case is the first POEM in a pediatric patient in our country. Esophageal achalasia is uncommon in pediatrics and POEM has demonstrated clinical success and safety comparable to laparoscopic Heller myotomy in short and medium term. Long-term follow-up will determine its definitive role in the treatment of pediatric patients with esophageal achalasia.

"A balada do Velho Marinheiro" do poeta S. Coleridge. Uma leitura crítica de Arthur Hyatt Williams / Coleridge's the Rime of the Ancient Mariner. A critical reading by Arthur H. Williams

Trata-se de um texto extraído do capítulo 12 do livro Nevrosi e delinquenza, de Arthur H. Williams. Na leitura do mencionado poema, A. H. Williams depara-se com um criminoso, o Velho Marinheiro, e resolve investigar a biografia de Coleridge. Nessa biografia ele encontra vários elementos que o fazem identificar aspectos do Velho Marinheiro em Coleridge. Segundo A. H. Williams, com a criação desse poema, Coleridge teria elaborado ou sublimado sua tendência homicida.

This is a text from chapter twelve of Nevrosi e delinquenza, a book by Arthur H. Williams. When reading Coleridge's poem, A. H. Williams found a criminal, the ancient mariner; he then decides to investigate Coleridge's biography. In it he finds many an element leading him to identify some aspects of the ancient mariner in Coleridge. According to Williams, with the creation of this poem, Coleridge would have elaborated or sublimzed his homicide tendency.

A autobiografia de Wilfred Bion: o segredo como fonte de si mesmo / The autobiography of Wilfred Bion: the secret as a source of the self

A autora apresenta trechos da primeira parte da Autobiografia de Wilfred Bion, fazendo conexões com outros autores, com o propósito de ilustrar a necessidade de conhecer e, também, de permanecermos numa área de desconhecimento, o segredo. A busca é pela expressividade e não por justificar-se a priori por meio do entendimento da obra. O psicanalista, assim como o poeta, arrisca, e tenta não resolver o conflito. Entretanto, a mente humana oscila sempre, sendo necessária no processo epistemológico de cada um para conhecer/desconhecer.

The author presents excerpts from the first part Wilfred Bion's Autobiography making connections with other authors in order to illustrate the need to know and also to remain in unawareness realm, the secret. The search is for expressiveness and not by justify oneself a priori through the search of understanding.

Estudo prospectivo para tratamento de acalasia pela técnica de miotomia endoscópica POEM (Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy) / Prospective study of POEM: Peroral Endoscopy Myotomy in the treatment of esophageal achalasia

Miotomia endoscópica por via oral (POEM) foi recentemente descrita em humanos como tratamento para a acalasia. Este conceito tem evoluído a partir de desenvolvimentos na cirurgia endoscópica transluminal por orifícios (NOTES) e com potencial para se tornar uma importante opção terapêutica para o tratamento de megaesôfago. Neste estudo prospectivo descrevemos nossa abordagem com o POEM e a experiência inicial para o tratamento de pacientes com acalasia. Três pacientes com distúrbios da motilidade esofágica foram submetidos ao POEM. Este procedimento endoscópico consiste em uma incisão na mucosa do esôfago, formando um túnel submucoso até cárdia para divisão seletiva das fibras circulares do esfíncter inferior do esôfago (EIE). Essa entrada na mucosa é fechada por clipes hemostáticos endoscópicos. Todos os pacientes tiveram esofagogramas e manometrias esofágicas no pré e pós-operatório para acompanhamento clínico, comparativo, em 3 meses. Todos os três pacientes foram submetidos com sucesso ao tratamento POEM, e a miotomia tinha um comprimento médio de 13 cm. O tempo operatório variou 115-120 minutos. A permanência no hospital foi de 4 dias. Nossa experiência inicial com o procedimento POEM demonstra sua segurança operacional, sendo considerados bons os resultados clínicos iniciais. Embora os dados de avaliação a longo prazo devam ser estudados, o POEM poderia se tornar o tratamento de escolha para acalasia.

Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has recently been described in humans as a treatment for achalasia. This concept has evolved from developments in natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and has the potential to become an important therapeutic option. We describe our approach as well as our initial clinical experience as part of an ongoing study treating achalasia patients with POEM. Three patients with esophageal motility disorders were enrolled in and underwent POEM. This completely endoscopic procedure involved a mid esophageal mucosal incision, a submucosal tunnel onto the gastric cardia, and selective division of the circular and sling fibers at the lower esophageal sphincter. The mucosal entry was closed by conventional hemostatic clips. All patients had postoperative esophagograms before discharge and initial clinical follow-up 3 weeks postoperatively. All (3 of 3) patients successfully underwent POEM treatment. After the procedure, smooth passage of the endoscope through the gastroesophageal junction was observed in all patients. Operative time ranged from 120 to 240 minutes. No leaks were detected in the swallow studies and mean length of stay was 4 days. No clinical complications were observed, and at the initial follow-up, all patients reported dysphagia relief without reflux symptoms. Our initial experience with the POEM procedure demonstrates its operative safety, and early clinical results have shown good results. Although further evaluation and long-term data are mandatory, POEM could become the treatment of choice for symptomatic achalasia.

POEM, nueva técnica mínimamente invasiva de terapia endoscópica para la acalasia esofágica: descripción de la técnica en base a un caso clínico / POEM, new minimally invasive technique of endoscopic therapy for esophageal acalasia: description of the technique based on a clinical case

The esophageal achalasia is an infrequent disease with significant morbidity. Multiple therapeutic alternatives are available with varying results. In 2008, POEM (Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy) endoscopic surgery was initiated in Japan (Inoue, Yokohama). Since then, it has been performed with excellent results. Objective: To describe this technique and the performance of POEM surgery based on a clinical case. Methods: The first POEM surgery was performed in Chile, according to the standards described in Inoue’s technique. It was performed by a single operator with previous training. Original devices were used. Prior informed consent was obtained, at Hospital Padre Hurtado in Santiago in January 2014. Results: A 34-year-old female patient, due to significant dysphagia and weight loss, was fully studied and diagnosed of esophageal achalasia type II. POEM surgery was carried out using the technique described by Inoue. The operating time was 150 minutes. No bleeding or intraoperative complications were detected. Upper endoscopic control at 24 h was normal, initiating progressive oral feeding. Discharged at the 4th postoperative day, without problems after a month. Conclusions: POEM surgery is a safe, effective and replicable treatment for esophageal achalasia in a public hospital in Chile.

La acalasia esofágica es una enfermedad infrecuente con morbilidad significativa. Existen múltiples alternativas terapéuticas con diferentes resultados. El año 2008 se inicia en Japón (Inoue, Yokohama) la cirugía endoscópica de POEM (Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy) con excelentes resultados. Objetivo: Describir la técnica y realización de la cirugía de POEM en base a un caso clínico. Métodos: Se planifico la realización de la primera cirugía de POEM en Chile, siguiendo los estándares descritos en su técnica. Fue realizada por un solo operador con entrenamiento previo, utilizando accesorios originales, previo consentimiento informado, en el Hospital Padre Hurtado de Santiago, en enero de 2014. Resultados: Se realizó en un paciente femenino de 34 años, previo estudio completo por disfagia y baja de peso significativa, diagnosticándose una acalasia esofágica tipo II. Se realizó una cirugía de POEM, siguiendo la técnica descrita por el Dr. Inoue. El tiempo quirúrgico fue de 150 min. No se presentó sangrado o complicaciones intraoperatorias. Endoscopia digestiva alta control a las 24 h fue normal, iniciando régimen progresivo. Alta al 4° día post operatorio, con favorable evolución al mes post operatorio. Conclusiones: La cirugía de POEM es segura, efectiva y reproducible para el tratamiento de la acalasia esofágica en un Hospital Público en Chile.

Poemas na escola: análise de textos de aluno / Poems in school: analysis of students texts

Neste artigo, analisamos poemas elaborados em 2006 por alunos do Ensino Fundamental (com duração, à época, de oito anos), de quarta e quinta série de escolas públicas de vários estados brasileiros, no contexto do Programa Escrevendo o Futuro. Esse programa é desenvolvido pelo Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Educação, Cultura e Ação Comunitária - CENPEC, a partir de prêmio instituído pela Fundação Itaú Social. Mais do que um concurso de redação, o Escrevendo o Futuro se volta para a formação de professores, fornecendo às escolas inscritas fascículos com orientações para a realização de oficinas de produção de textos dos gêneros poema, memórias e artigo de opinião. A perspectiva deste trabalho é identificar como se apresentam os textos de alunos submetidos a um processo sistemático de formação quanto ao gênero em pauta. Para tanto, trazemos uma discussão inicial a respeito da noção de gênero textual, em seguida introduzimos o contexto em que as produções foram realizadas, para, na sequência, analisarmos os poemas dos alunos quanto à adequação ao gênero.

In this study, we analyze poems written in 2006 by fourth and fifth graders from public elementary schools (8 years old at the time) from several Brazilian states, for the Programa Escrevendo o Futuro. This program, developed by the Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Educação, Cultura e Ação Comunitária - CENPEC, is part of a prize created and sponsored by the Itaú Social Foundation. More than a mere writing contest, Escrevendo o Futuro is a teacher training program, which provides the participating schools with guidance booklets for the development of writing workshops on the genres poem, memoir and opinion articles. The study's perspective is to identify how the texts are written by students undergoing a systematic learning process regarding a specific genre. With this purpose, we begin with an initial discussion on the conception of genre followed by a presentation of the context in which the texts were written, and then analyze the students' poems considering their adequacy to the genre.