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By reviewing ancient materia medica， medical books and modern literature， the name， origin， quality evaluation， producing area and processing methods of Huoxiang herbs were systematically investigated and researched， so as to provide reference and basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing Huoxiang herbs. Through the herbal textual research， it can be seen that most of materia medica in past dynasties have taken Huoxiang as the nominal rectification， and the mainstream base used is Pogostemon cablin. In order to distinguish another plant of the same family， Agastache rugosa， which has been widely used in Chinese folk since the Ming dynasty， and respect geo-authentic region， Pogostemonis Herba is also named Guanghuoxiang. Pogostemonis Herba is native to Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries， and was introduced to China as a spice through Guangdong and other places in the early days， and has been successfully cultivated in the south of China since the Song dynasty. The medicinal parts are mostly dried aboveground parts， and the leaves and stems are also separated for medicine sometimes. The geo-authentic region of Pogostemonis Herba is Guangdong in the past dynasties， and it is currently cultivated in Guangzhou， Zhaoqing， Zhanjiang of Guangdong province and Hainan province， with the most famous one cultivated in Shipai. Pogostemonis Herba is mainly planted by cutting propagation. It usually sprouts in February and is harvested in June. The main processed method in region is stuffy dry， which is placed in the sun and repeatedly suffocated until it has an aromatic smell and the color turns yellow. The processing method is mostly to use the raw product as medicine after being selected. Based on the research results， it is suggested that the leaves of P. cablin are used in Yangweitang， for Huopo Xialingtang， it is recommended to choose the raw product of A. rugosa that is removed the roots and old stems.
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Background: the current research studies why it is effective using Anrederacordifolia, Psidium guajava, and Pogostemon cablin by the local community as a traditional medicine for diarrhea treatment caused by Escherichiacoli bacteria. Objectives: We compared the inhibitor effectiveness of three leaf extracts against Escherichia coli; we also identified the anti-bacterial substances contained in leaf extracts. Methods: We determined the bacterial test activity using the "agar diffusion" method and the thin layer chromatography (TLC) as qualitative analysis for determining the anti-bacterial substances contained in the extract. Results: The Pogostemon cablin leaf extract contained terpenoids, phenolic, and flavonoids compound as bacterial inhibitors, and the comparison showed that Pogostemon cablin leaf extract had the greatest bacterial inhibition power. Conclusion: The antibiotic substances found in the leaf extracts of Anredera cordifolia, Psidium guajava, and Pogostemon cablin can be used as traditional medicine. The breakthrough was evidenced by the ability to inhibit Escherichia coli bacteria. This research shows that traditional medicine has ancient knowledge used by this paper
Antecedentes: la presente investigación estudia la eficacia del uso de Anredera cordifolia, Psidium guajava y Pogostemoncablin por la comunidad local como medicina tradicional para el tratamiento de la diarrea causada por la bacteria Escherichia coli. Objetivos: Comparamos la eficacia inhibidora de los extractos de tres hojas contra Escherichia coli; también identificamos las sustancias antibacterianas contenidas en los extractos de hojas. Métodos: Determinamos la actividad de la prueba bacteriana mediante el método de "difusión en agar" y la cromatografía en capa fina (TLC) como análisis cualitativo para determinar las sustancias antibacterianas contenidas en el extracto. Resultados: el extracto de hoja de Pogostemoncablin contenía compuestos terpenoides, fenólicos y flavonoides como inhibidores bacterianos, y la comparación mostró que el extracto de hoja de Pogostemon cablin tenía el mayor poder de inhibición bacteriana. Conclusión: El contenido de sustancias antibióticas que se encuentran en el extracto de hoja de Anredera cordifolia, Psidium guajava y Pogostemoncablin puede utilizarse como medicina tradicional. Esto se evidencia por la capacidad de inhibir la bacteria Escherichiacoli. Esta investigación muestra que la medicina tradicional tiene un conocimiento antiguo utilizado por este artículo
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Agar , Psidium , Escherichia coli , Pogostemon , Anti-Infective AgentsABSTRACT
This study aims to explore the relationship of DNA methylation with the contents of the index components as well as the growth and development of Pogostemon cablin. The demethylation reagent 5-azacytidine(5-azaC) was used to treat the tissue culture seedlings of patchouliol-type P. cablin. High performance liquid chromatography was employed to evaluate the changes of DNA methy-lation in P. cablin, and GC-MS to detect the contents of index components in P.cablin. The agronomic characters of P.cablin were measured using the common methods. The results showcased that DNA methylation of P.cablin was significantly reduced by 5-azaC in a concentration-dependent manner. Thirty days after treatment with 5-azaC at different concentrations, the content of patchouli alcohol changed slightly; compared with that in the control group, the content of pogostone in 50 μmol·L~(-1) and 100 μmol·L~(-1) 5-azaC groups was significantly up-regulated. The 100 μmol·L~(-1) 5-azaC group had the largest differences in contents of pogostone and patchouli alcohol compared with the control group, followed by the 50 μmol·L~(-1) 5-azaC group. Ninety days after disinhibition, the content of pogostone in the treatment group was significantly increased and the content of patchouli alcohol was significantly decreased. In addition, 5-azaC significantly inhibited the growth and development of P.cablin in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that DNA methylation regulates the biosynthesis of the index components in patchouliol-type P.cablin and proper demethylation can directly promote the synthesis of pogostone and indirectly affect the accumulation of patchouli alcohol.
Subject(s)
Azacitidine , DNA Methylation , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Oils, Volatile , Pogostemon/geneticsABSTRACT
Objective:This paper aims to study the genetic diversity of <italic>Pogostemon cablin</italic> by amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） markers. Method:The 12 pairs of primers were used for AFLP analysis of 212 samples from 14 varieties，and biological analysis software such as POPGENE 32，Arlequinver 3.5，MEGA 7 and NTSYSpc 2.10e were used for polymorphism parameter calculation，principal coordinate analysis and cluster analysis. Result:A total of 2 238 loci were amplified by 12 pairs of primers. 2 226 of them were polymorphic loci， accounting for 99.38%. At the inter-population level，the values of effective alleles（<italic>Ne</italic>），Nei's gene diversity index（<italic>H</italic>），Shannon polymorphic information index（<italic>I</italic>） were 1.365 6±0.066 3， 0.220 7±0.036 4， and 0.343 7±0.050 2，respectively；and 1.118 5±0.038 7，0.071 3±0.023 0，0.109 4±0.035 0，respectively at the intra-population level. Analysis of molecular variance（AMOVA）showed that 71.57% of the total variation of <italic>P. cablin</italic> was of inter-population nature， and 28.43% was of intra-population nature. The 14 populations could be divided into four groups by cluster analysis. Conclusion:The results of AFLP molecular markers showed that abundant genetic diversity was present at inter-population level of <italic>P. cablin</italic>，however，relatively low at intra-population level； the genetic differentiation at the inter-population level was significant，which could provide a reference for the subsequent study of good germplasm selection of <italic>P. cablin</italic>.
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The terpenoids in Pogostemon cablin have complex structures and abundant pharmacological effects. Patchouli alcohol(PA) and pogostone(PO) have a high medicinal value by virtue of anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and other biological activities. Due to the low content of terpenoid metabolites in P. cablin, the study of biosynthesis and metabolism regulation can provide a biosynthetic basis for obtaining high-content terpenoids. In this study, key enzyme genes in biosynthesis, transcription factors in metabolism regulation, spatio-temporal expression of terpene synthase were reviewed, aiming to provide a reference for the development, protection, and utilization of P. cablin resources.
Subject(s)
Pogostemon/genetics , Terpenes , Transcription Factors/geneticsABSTRACT
Patchouli [Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.] is a plant of the family Lamiaceae, widely used as an essential oil in the cosmetics and perfumery industry. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of storage time and temperature of dry leaves on the patchouli essential oil content and chemical composition. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design in a 6x2x2 factorial scheme, testing storage time (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks) and temperature (28°C and 33°C) of dry leaves of two patchouli genotypes (POG-015 and POG-021). The variables essential oil content and chemical composition, and the identification of fungus during storage were evaluated. Results showed that the storage significantly influenced the essential oil content. Patchoulol was identified as the major compound in both genotypes, ranging from 55.05% to 68.77% (POG-15) and from 52.83% to 64.06% (POG-021). Based on the results of patchoulol, dry leaves of both genotypes (POG-015 and POG-021) can be stored for up to eight weeks at 28- 33°C without altering the essential oil quality.
Patchouli [Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.] é uma planta pertencente à família Lamiaceae, e seu óleo essencial é utilizado nas indústrias de perfumes e cosméticos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência do tempo e temperaturas de armazenamento das folhas secas no teor e na composição química do óleo essencial de patchouli. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 6x2x2, testando tempo de armazenamento (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 e 16 semanas), temperatura de armazenamento (28°C e 33°C) de folhas secas de dois genótipos (POG-015 e POG-021) de patchouli. As variáveis avaliadas foram o teor e a composição química do óleo essencial e a identificação dos fungos que se desenvolveram durante o armazenamento. Os resultados mostraram que o armazenamento influenciou significativamente o teor de óleo essencial. Dos compostos identificados, o patchoulol foi o composto majoritário nos dois genótipos, variando de 55,05% a 68,77% (POG-15) e 52,83% a 64,06% (POG-021). Baseado no patchoulol, folhas secas dos genótipos (POG-015 e POG-021) de patchouli podem ser armazenadas por um período de até oito semanas em temperatura de 28 e 33°C, sem alterar a qualidade do óleo essencial.
Subject(s)
Oils, Volatile , PogostemonABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze the DNA methylations between two chemical types of Pogostemon cablin using MSAP technique. Methods: Methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) technique was used to detect the DNA methylation degree of two chemical type and a total of 197 P. cablin samples. Results: The highest or higher values of the Shannon polymorphism index of the four types of MSAP locus information were produced in the five areas of Yangchun, Deqing, Gaozhou Datong, Lubu, and Guangning. It formed two branches with P. cablin Shipaiensis (Pogostone-type) and the rest (Patchouliol-type). The percentage of variation among the populations was 60.66%, which was far greater than that within the population. A total of 10 differential fragments were screened out, sequenced and analyzed, one of those belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family. Conclusion: The MSAP technique can be used to identify the different origins of P. cablin. The formation of different chemical types of P. cablinis closely related to its DNA methylation level, and further research is needed.
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Ralstonia solanacearum strain PRS-84 used in this study was isolated from diseased Pogostemon cablin plants in our previous study.The competent cells of R.solanacearum strain PRS-84 were transformed by electroporation with Tn5 transposon and then were plated on TTC agar plates containing kanamycin to select for kanamycin-resistant colonies.The detection of kanamycin-resistant gene in kanamycin-resistant colonies was performed by PCR.Further,the flanking fragments of Tn5 transposon insertion site in the mutants were amplified by inverse PCR,and the flanking fragments were sequenced and analyzed.The results indicated that the kanamycin-resistant colonies were obtained in the transformation experiment of R.solanacearum strain PRS-84 by electroporation with Tn5 transposon.A specific band of approximately 700 bp was amplified by PCR from kanamycin-resistant colonies.The flanking sequences of Tn5 transposon insertion site in the transformants were obtained by inverse PCR.After sequencing and sequence analysis of Tn5 transposon insertion site in mutants,we preliminarily speculated that the Tn5 transposon inserted in the typ A gene,rec O gene and gid A gene in three mutants,respectively.A random mutagenesis system of R.solanacearum strain PRS-84 by electroporation with Tn5 transposon has been established,and the Tn5 insertion mutants have been obtained.This study might facilitate the creation of mutant library and the discovery of the virulence gene of R.solanacearum isolated from P.cablin.
Subject(s)
DNA Transposable Elements , Electroporation , Genes, Bacterial , Mutagenesis, Insertional , Pogostemon , Microbiology , Ralstonia solanacearum , Genetics , VirulenceABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the ultrasound-assisted extraction process of Pogostemon cablin. Methods: Taking the extraction time (min), ethanol concentration (％), and liquid-solid ratio (mL · g-1) as influence factors, patchouli alcohol (PA) content as index, single-factor test was applied to the investigation of extraction-process of Pogostemon cablin. By ultrasonic-assisted extraction, the GC-FID was used to determine the PA content in extract. Results: The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: the ultrasonic time was 30 min, the ethanol concentration was 95％, and liquid-solid ratio was 20∶1 mL·g-1. Under this condition, the extraction rate and the content of PA were 32.75％, and0.15％ respectively. Conclusion: This extraction method is simple, but has higher extraction rate. It is suitable for the industrial production.
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Background: Defense-related anti-oxidative response is a vital defense mechanism of plants against pathogen invasion. Ralstonia solanacearum is an important phytopathogen. Bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum is the most destructive disease and causes severe losses in patchouli, an important aromatic and medicinal plant in Southeast Asia. The present study evaluated the defense response of patchouli inoculated with virulent R. solanacearum. Results: Results showed that the basic enzymatic activities differed not only between the leaves and stems but also between the upper and lower parts of the same organ of patchouli. POD, SOD, PPO, and PAL enzymatic activities were significantly elevated in leaves and stems from patchouli inoculated with R. solanacearum compared to those in control. The variation magnitude and rate of POD, PPO, and PAL activities were more obvious than those of SOD in patchouli inoculated with R. solanacearum. PAGE isoenzymatic analysis showed that there were one new POD band and two new SOD bands elicited, and at least two isoformic POD bands and two SOD bands were observably intensified compared to the corresponding control. Conclusion: Our results suggest that not only defense-related enzymatic activities were elevated but also the new isoenzymatic isoforms were induced in patchouli inoculated with R. solanacearum.
Subject(s)
Ralstonia solanacearum/pathogenicity , Pogostemon/enzymology , Pogostemon/microbiology , Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase/metabolism , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Virulence , Catechol Oxidase/metabolism , Peroxidase/metabolism , Ralstonia solanacearum/physiology , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Enzymes/immunology , Enzymes/metabolism , Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis , Pogostemon/immunology , AntioxidantsABSTRACT
The secondary metabolites of endophytic fungus Cerrena sp.A593 from Pogostemon cablin and their cytotoxic activities were investigated. Eight sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the fermentation broth of the strain A593 by silica gel, reverse phase silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, HPLC and so on. Their structures were identified as chloriolin B(1), chloriolin C(2), pleurocybellone A(3), dihydrohypnophilin(4), cucumin F(5), antrodin A(6), 10α-hydroxyamorphan-4-en-3-one(7), and connatusin A(8). Compounds 1- 8 were firstly found from the genus Cerrena. All isolated sesquiterpenoids were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxic activities against HepG-2, SF-268, MCF-7 and NCI-H460 tumor cell lines. Compounds 1-3 showed inhibitory activities against the four tumor cell lines with IC₅₀ values ranging from 20.33 to 63.13 μmol•L⁻¹.
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To investigate the effects of Pogostemon cablin(patchouli) on gastrointestinal function of rats with the syndrome of damp retention in middle-jiao, and explore its therapeutic mechanism. In this study, gastrointestinal function of rats with the syndrome of damp retention in middle-jiao was evaluated by multiple assays including gastric remnant rate, small intestine propelling rate, gastric juice quantity, pepsin activity and gastrointestinal tissue morphology. ELISA was used to detect gastrointestinal hormones including MTL, GAS, VIP and cytokines including TNF-α and interleukin 10 in rat serum. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR technique was used to detect relative mRNA expression of AQP3, AQP4 and AQP8 in gastric and colonic tissues to explore the mechanism of P. cablin in treatment of gastrointestinal functions. The results showed that middle and high dose of P. cablin (3.24, 6.48 g•kg⁻¹) could obviously decrease the gastric remnant rate, promote gastric emptying, increase the small intestine propelling rate(P<0.05), speed up the propulsive movement of gastrointestinal tract, increase the secretion and acidity of gastric juice, increase the activity of pepsin, and improve the injury of gastrointestinal tissue. All the doses of P. cablin could increase the concentration of MTL and GAS in serum, reduce the concentration of VIP, TNF-α and IL-10 in serum, decrease the mRNA expression of AQP3 in gastric and colonic tissues, and increase the expression levels of AQP4 and AQP8 in colonic tissues. The regulatory effects were better in middle and high dose groups. In conclusion, regulation of the levels of gastrointestinal hormones, inflammatory cytokines and aquaporins may be the paths for P. cablin to maintain normal gastrointestinal function of rats with the syndrome of damp retention in middle-jiao. The results of the study laid a foundation for clarifying the treatment mechanism of aromatic damp-resolving drugs for indications including damp retention in middle-jiao and transformation failure of spleen.
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Objective To investigate the effects of different extracts of pericarpium citri reticulatae (PCR) and pogostemon cablin benth (PCB) on the contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle and the level of gastrointestinal hormones in rat model of gastrointestinal motility disorder. Methods Seventy Wistar rats were randomly divided into groups of control, model, water extractive of PCR, hesperidin, water extractive of PCB, water extractive of PCB plus volatile oil and patchouli alcohol, ten rats in each group. Except the control group, the rest groups were established gastrointestinal motor disorder model via limb ischemia-reperfusion (LIR). After modeling rats of groups were intervened with corresponding extracts. The effects of different extracts on contraction amplitude of corpora ventriculi and small intestine smooth muscle were observed. The levels of gastrointestinal hormones including motilin (MOT), gastrin (GAS), cholecystokinin (CCK) and somatostatin (SS) were detected by radioimmunoassay. Results The contraction amplitudes of corpora ventriculi and small intestine smooth muscle were decreased (P<0.05), the serum level of GAS and plasma level of MOT were also significantly decreased, while CCK and SS levels in the gastric antrum were significantly increased in model group than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Water extractive of PCR, hesperidin, water extractive of PCB and water extractive of PCB +patchouli oil can increase the contraction amplitudes of corpora ventriculi and small intestine smooth muscle, increase the serum level of GAS and reduce levels of CCK and SS in the gastric antrum (P<0.05), whereas showed no influence in the plasma level of MOT (P>0.05)]. Compared with model group, patchouli alcohol showed no influence in the contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle and levels of MOT, GAS, CCK and SS (P>0.05). In the aspect of regulating the contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle and the level of GAS, CCK and SS, the pharmacological effect of PCR water extract was better than that of hesperidin (P<0.05), while water extractive of PCB+volatile oil was better than that of water extractive of PCB (P < 0.05). Conclusion The active ingredients of PCR and PCB have variant regulative effects on the contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle and the serum level of GAS, CCK and SS in the gastric antrum in rat model of gastrointestinal motility disorder.
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Seventy-two strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from roots, stems and leaves of Pogostemon cablin and identified as 40 species of 25 genera based on ITS sequences analysis. Among them, Phomopsis, Colletotrichum and Fusarium were dominant genera. Distribution of endophytic fungi in P. cablin showed obvious tissue-specificity, and more strains were isolated from stems with an isolation rate of 78%. The bioassay results indicated that 34 strains of 15 genera displayed antimicrobial activities against at least one of test bacteria or plant pathogenic fungi. The results obtained in this study showed that endophytic fungi in P. cablin were rich in species diversity, and some strains exhibited strong antimicrobial activities, which deserve further research.
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To study active secondary metabolites of endophytic fungus Diaporthe longicolla A616 isolated from Pogostemon cablin. Ten compounds were isolated from fermentation product of the strain 616 by silica gel, reverse phase silica gel, Sephadex-LH20, HPLC and so on. Their structures were identified as 1,3-diamino-1,3-dimethylurea(1),(7R,9R)-7-hydroxy-9-propyl-5-nonen-9-olide(2), Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3β-ol(3),(22E,24R)-ergosta-4,6,8(14)-22-tetraen-3-one(4),(22E,24R)-3β,5α-dihydroxy-6β-ergosta-7,22-diene(5), citreoisocoumarin(6), glycerol monolinoleate(7), 1-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl(E)-octadec-9-enoate(8), cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Ala)(9), cyclo(L)-Pro-(L)-Val(10), respectively, based on extensive spectroscopic analysis and literature comparisons. Compounds 6-10 were isolated from the genus Diaporthe for the first time. All isolated compounds were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxic activities against SF-268, MCF-7, NCI-H460 and HepG-2 tumor cell lines. Compounds 4 and 5 showed potent growth inhibitory activities against the four cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 5.3, 6.5, 12.2, 6.1μmol•L⁻¹ and 8.2, 5.2, 6.1, 9.4μmol•L⁻¹, respectively.
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Objective: To study the chemical structure and activity of secondary metabolites of the endophytic fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana A606 isolated from Pogostemon cablin. Methods: The compounds were isolated and purified from the ethyle acetate extract of the fungal fermentation broth by silica gel, reverse phase silica gel, Sephadex-LH20, HPLC, and so on. Their structures were identified by extensive spectroscopic analysis. The compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against human tumor cell lines by the SRB assay and their antibacterial activities against bacteria were evaluated by the filter paper method. Results: Two compounds were isolated from the fermentation broth extract of the strain A606 and identified as (3S*,4aS*,6aS*,12bS*)-3-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-6a,12b-dimethyl-9-[(2R*,4R*)-4-methyl-3-oxohexan-2-yl]-1,2,3,4a,5,6-hexahydropyrano [3,2-a]xanthene-8,11-dione (1) and precochlioquinol D (2). Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new compound, named 11-hydroxy-12,13-dehydrocochlioquinone B. Compound 2 is isolated from the species of genus Bipolaris for the first time. Compound 1 shows the cytotoxic and antibacterial activities.
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Objective To find out evidences for the identification of Ajuga decumbens Thunb.(Jinchuangxiaocao) and Pogostemon cablin (Blanco.) Benth.(Guanghuoxiang) . Methods Fresh stems and leaves of the two species were collected and used as the samples. We used stereoscopy to observe and compare the macroscopic appearance of the original plants, and used light microscope to observe the stem cross-section, petiole cross-section, leaf epiderm and powder of the two species for microscopic identification. Results The results of macroscopic character identification showed that the petiole of Jinchuangxiaocao had narrow wing, while that of Guanghuoxiang had no narrow wing; the angles between leaf main vein and lateral vein of Jinchuangxiaocao were less than 45°, while the angles of Guanghuoxiang were more than 45°. In respect of microscopic identification, Jinchuangxiaocao had the glandular scales with multicellular head, and Guanghuoxiang had the glandular scales with one-celled head; the intercellular space and crystals were found in the cortex of Guanghuoxiang stems and mesophyll, while Jinchuangxiaocao has no such structures. Jinchuangxiaocao had diacytic and anomocytic stomata, and Guanghuoxiang only had diacytic stomata. Conclusion The appearance and microscopic differences can be used for the identification of Jinchuangxiaocao from Guanghuoxiang.
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Abstract The effects of allelochemicals and aqueous extracts from different Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., Lamiaceae, parts and rhizosphere soil on growth parameters, leaf membrane peroxidation and leaf antioxidant enzymes were investigated in patchouli. P. cablin seedlings were incubated in solutions containing allelochemicals and aqueous extracts from different patchouli parts and its rhizosphere soil at several concentrations. Firstly, the growth parameters were significantly reduced by the highest concentration of leaves, roots and stems extracts (p < 0.05). As compared to the control, plant height was reduced by 99.8% in the treatment with leaves extracts (1:10). The malondialdehyde content increased greatly when patchouli seedlings were subject to different concentrations of leaves, roots and stems extracts; meanwhile, the superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities showed an increase trend at the low concentration, followed by a decline phase at the high concentration of roots and leaves extracts (1:10). What's more, leaves and roots extracts had a more negative effect on patchouli growth than stems extracts at the same concentrations. Secondly, the total fresh mass, root length and plant height were greatly reduced by the highest strength of soil extracts. Their decrements were 22.7, 74.9, and 33.1%, respectively. Thirdly, growth parameters and enzymatic activities varied considerably with the kinds of allelochemicals and with the different concentrations. Plant height, root length and total fresh weight of patchouli were greatly reduced by p-hydroxybenzoic acid (200 μM), and their decrements were 77.0, 42.0 and 70.0%, respectively. Finally, three useful measures on reducing the autotoxicity during the sustainable patchouli production were proposed.
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Objective: To study the effects of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) on the seed germination and seedling growth of Pogostemon cablin under salt stress and the optimal concentration of SA for alleviating the salt stress. Methods: Under salt stress simulated by 50 mmol/L NaCl solution, P. cablin was used to investigate the effects of exogenous SA on the seed germination and seedling growth with paper media. The germination energy (GE), germination rate (GR), germination index (GI), vigor index (VI), seedling length (SL), root length (RL), seedling fresh weight (SFW), seedling dry weight (SDW), and contents of soluble protein (SP) and chlorophyll in the leaves were determined, and the relative salt-damage rate of these indexes was analyzed. Results: The seed germination and seedling growth of P. cablin were significantly inhibited under 50 mmol/L NaCl stress. Compared with NaCl stress, the seed germination and seedling growth were improved when SA were 0.10 and 0.25 mmol/L, while reduced when SA was 0.50 mmol/L. GE, GR, GI, VI, SL, RL, SFW, SDW, and contents of SP and chlorophyll were significantly improved by 46.02%, 27.45%, 30.16%, 92.63%, 39.80%, 47.94%, 26.48%, 18.85%, 15.94%, and 14.70% with 0.25 mmol/L SA, as well as MDA content was significantly reduced by 18.35%. Conclusion: SA could improve the ability of the seed germination and seedling growth of P. cablin to adapt the environment and alleviate the inhibitory effects of salt stress. Among all the treatments, the optimal concentration of SA is 0.25 mmol/L.
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Sesquiterpenes Essential oil produced by patchouli was one of the most important naturally occurring base materials used in the perfume industry, containing various sesquiterpenes. Three different parts (leaves, stems and roots) of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., Lamiaceae, were profiled in relation to different maturation phases in this paper, evaluating the variations in content of the major sesquiterpenes in the essential oil. Twelve sesquiterpenes were analyzed by GC-MS throughout the maturity of P. cablin. Patchouli alcohol (37.54%-51.02% in leaves, 28.24%-41.96% in stems and 14.55%-35.12% in roots) was the major sesquiterpene during the maturation of the plant. The average content of several other sesquiterpenes (α-bulnesene, α-guaiene, seychellene, β-humulene and caryophyllene) were higher than 3% among leaves, stems and roots. The content of essential oil, patchouli alcohol, α-bulnesene and several other compounds were highly accumulated at 210 days of maturation after cultivation of P. cablin. Thus, this period was the best moment to exploit the maximum level of these high value-added compounds in P. cablin. Furthermore, our results indicated that the essential oil extracted from leaves of P. cablin has the highest potential to be used in the perfume industry.