ABSTRACT
Colombia depende de la importación de medicamentos, así como de gran parte de los materiales (principios activos y excipientes) requeridos para su elaboración; problemática que genera consecuencias sanitarias y macroeconómicas, las cuales se agudizan en el contexto de desindustrialización nacional y de disrupción tecnológica. De esta manera, se acepta que la disponibilidad y acceso a medicamentos y otras tecnologías sanitarias esenciales son un requisito fundamental para alcanzar la autonomía sanitaria de un país. Por lo tanto, resulta imprescindible coordinar esfuerzos entre diversos sectores sociales para desarrollar una agenda pública enfocada a la creación de condiciones que fortalezcan las capacidades científicas y tecnológicas de la industria farmacéutica local, y con ello, mejorar el suministro farmacéutico del país. En el presente documento se presentan conceptos teóricos y prácticos que deberían ser considerados en la definición y materialización de una política pública encaminada a fortalecer la industria farmacéutica y favorecer la autonomía sanitaria de Colombia.
Colombia has a notorious dependency on the importation of medicines, as well as a large part of the materials (active ingredients and excipients) required for their manufacture. This problem generates health and macroeconomic consequences, which are exacerbated in the context of national deindustrialization and technological disruption. In this way, it is accepted that the availability and access to medicines and other essential health technologies are a fundamental requirement to achieve the health autonomy of a country. Therefore, it is crucial to coordinate efforts between several social sectors to develop a public agenda focused on creating conditions that allow strengthening the scientific and technological capabilities of the local pharmaceutical industry, thereby, improving the country's pharmaceutical supply. This document presents conceptual and practical topics that should be considered to defining and materializing a public policy aimed at strengthening the local pharmaceutical industry and favoring Colombia's sanitary autonomy.
ABSTRACT
Objective To establish the quality control system of the Capital's Funds for Health(CFH),strengthen the process management,and improve the clinical research capacity.Methods The framework,contents and implementation method of the quality control system were developed with comprehensively adopting methodologies of literature analysis,expert discussion,summaries of policy and practice experiences.Results This quality control system of the Capital's Funds for Health is comprised of three tiers.The first tier is self-assessment,the principle investigator takes the responsibility;the second tier is the sponsor verification,the sponsor organization takes the responsibility;the third tier is the independent audit,the CFH office takes the responsibility.The contents of quality control focus on the compliance with ethical approval and informed consent,data authenticity,protocol deviation,progress of project,and quality assurance methods taken during the project implementation.Conclusions This three-tier quality control system of the Capital's Funds for Health provides a new idea and scheme for the quality control of clinical research projects supported by funding agencies in China,and its impacts will be evaluated in next implementation practices.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Objetivo Formular políticas públicas sanitarias en escenarios de gobernanza local mediante la participación comunitaria, requiere reconocer la interacción de todos los actores sociales mediante enfoques argumentativos. Métodos A partir de un enfoque hermenêutico crítico, se utilizó un método retórico argumentativo para la formulación política desde un escenario socio céntrico, a partir de un diálogo de saberes entre la comunidad e instituciones locales, que permitieron identificar y comprender problemáticas sociales relevantes en salud, relacionadas con primera infancia y familia. Resultados Se construyó una política pública integral armonizada con programas sociales en salud existentes, para intervenir aspectos en referencia a la primera infancia, infancia, adolescencia y familia, donde las soluciones y su implementación parten de un núcleo participativo que trasmuta lo existente hacia algo inherente a la comunidad. Conclusiones El enfoque argumentativo en las políticas públicas reconoce el núcleo dialéctico de la política acercando la comunidad a los entes gubernamentales mediante la participación ciudadana activa en procesos de identificación, implementación y puesta en marcha de políticas sociales.(AU)
ABSTRACT Objective To propose public health policies in local governance scenarios through community participation; this requires recognizing the interaction of all social actors through argumentative approaches. Methods Considering a critical hermeneutic approach, an argumentative rhetorical method was used to conduct a political formulation from a socio-centric scenario, based on a dialogue of knowledge between the community and local institutions, which allowed to identify and understand relevant social problems in health, related with early childhood and family. Results A comprehensive public policy was built in accordance with existing social health programs to intervene aspects referring to early childhood, childhood, adolescence and family. Solutions and their implementation arise from a participatory nucleus that reconciles institutional political interests and social needs of the local community. Conclusions The argumentative approach in public policies recognizes the dialectical nucleus of politics by bringing the community closer to government entities through active citizen participation in processes of identification, implementation and execution of social policies.(AU)
Subject(s)
Policy Making , Community Participation , Health Policy , Public Policy , ColombiaABSTRACT
Abstract The evaluation of nutrition programs and policies has traditionally focused on analysing the impact and biological outcomes of their actions. Objective: To examine whether evaluations of nutrition programs include the following sociopolitical categories: (a) the right to food; (b) citizenship building; (c) civil participation in public policies; (d) women's empowerment; and (e) territoriality in policy planning. Methodology: A comprehensive literature review of articles and documents that evaluate food and nutrition programs carried out in different Latin American countries and published during 2005-2013. Results: It was found that the evaluations carried out generally do not use these categories. In the cases where they are used, the conceptual development applied to the evaluation process is still incipient. Discussion: This study analysed the sociopolitical categories of: the right to food; citizenship building; civil participation in public policies; women's empowerment; and territoriality in policy planning, and found that although these categories are not prioritised when nutritional programs in Latin America are assessed, in most cases they form the basis of these programs. Conclusion: Social protection nutrition programs demand new objectives and actions. It is necessary to apply evaluation criteria that account for these new underpinnings in order to establish consistency between government institutions' discourse, and the reality of their efforts.
Resumen La evaluación de programas y políticas nutricionales se ha enfocado tradicionalmente al análisis del impacto y resultados biológicos de las intervenciones. Objetivo: Examinar si las evaluaciones a programas nutricionales incluyen las siguientes categorías socio-políticas: (a) El derecho a la alimentación, (b) La construcción de ciudadanía, (c) La participación ciudadana en las políticas públicas, (d) El empoderamiento de la mujer y (e) La territorialidad en las políticas de planificación. Metodología: Revisión integrativa de la literatura sobre artículos y documentos de evaluaciones a programas alimentarios y nutricionales en países de América Latina publicados entre 2005 y 2013. Resultados: Se encontró en general que en las evaluaciones no se indaga por estas categorías; en los casos en que se hace su desarrollo conceptual aplicado a los procesos de evaluación es incipiente. Discusión: El principal hallazgo es que las categorías sociopolíticas analizadas no se encuentran entre las prioridades en la evaluación de programas nutricionales en América Latina, aunque en la mayoría de los casos son la base de estos programas. Conclusión: Los programas nutricionales de protección social demandan nuevos objetivos e intervenciones. Es necesario aplicar criterios de evaluación con nuevas bases, con el fin de dar coherencia entre los discursos de las instituciones gubernamentales y sus acciones.
Resumo A avaliação de programas pras políticas nutricionais focava tradicionalmente ao estudo do impacto e os resultados biológicos das intervenções. Objetivo: Examinar sim as avaliações aos programas nutricionais incluem as seguintes categorias sócio-políticas: (a) O direito pra alimentação, (b) A construção da cidadania, (c) A participação da cidadania nas políticas públicas, (d) A apropriação, por parte da mulher e (e) A territorialidade nas políticas de planificação. Métodos: Revisional integracionista de a literatura sobre artículos e documentos dessas avaliações aos programas alimentares e nutricionais em países da América Latina publicados entre 2005 e 2013. Resultados: Se encontrou em geral que nos exames nem se pergunta por estas categorias; nos casos que se faz seu desenvolvimento conceitual aplicado aos processos de avaliação é um cisco. Discussão: O principal achado é que as categorias sociopolíticas analisadas não se encontram entre as prioridades na avaliação de programas nutricionais na América Latina, ainda que na maioria dos casos são a base de estes programas. Conclusão: Os programas nutricionais da proteção social demandam novos objetivos e intervenções. É necessário aplicar critérios de avaliação com novas bases, com o fim de dar coerência entre os discursos das instituições governamentais e as suas ações.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: With a surge of H1N1 patients on November 2009, about 3 million confirmed or suspected cases and 140 deaths have been reported in Korea. The chaotic crisis brought on by patient overcrowding in emergency departments (EDs) nationwide was unique since the establishment of the countries' emergency medicine system. This article analyzes the present status of H1N1 influenza A virus-induced ED overcrowding and the coping strategies of the affected hospitals, with the aim of guiding the formation of strategies to better handle future illness outbreaks. METHODS: Telephone inquiries were made and e-mail questionnaires were distributed to general hospitals nationwide. The telephone inquiries were made twice, before and after the surge of flu-suspected-patients' visits to EDs. The surveyed hospitals were arbitrarily selected, considering the degree of regional representation. RESULTS: Coping with the surge of flu-suspected patients imposed a heavy burden of patient overcrowding on EDs. There was only palliative countermeasure and no exhaustive plans for influenza epidemic preparedness. CONCLUSION: Flu patient overcrowding imposed a heavy burden on the EDs of the surveyed hospitals, especially in the evening and overnight hours. Planning concerning community preparedness, public health communications, and work-force support is needed. New guidelines and strategies should be established to prevent ED overcrowding in future pandemics.
Subject(s)
Humans , Crowding , Electronic Mail , Emergencies , Emergency Medicine , Hospitals, General , Influenza, Human , Korea , Pandemics , Policy Making , Public Health , Surveys and Questionnaires , TelephoneABSTRACT
PURPOSE: With a surge of H1N1 patients on November 2009, about 3 million confirmed or suspected cases and 140 deaths have been reported in Korea. The chaotic crisis brought on by patient overcrowding in emergency departments (EDs) nationwide was unique since the establishment of the countries' emergency medicine system. This article analyzes the present status of H1N1 influenza A virus-induced ED overcrowding and the coping strategies of the affected hospitals, with the aim of guiding the formation of strategies to better handle future illness outbreaks. METHODS: Telephone inquiries were made and e-mail questionnaires were distributed to general hospitals nationwide. The telephone inquiries were made twice, before and after the surge of flu-suspected-patients' visits to EDs. The surveyed hospitals were arbitrarily selected, considering the degree of regional representation. RESULTS: Coping with the surge of flu-suspected patients imposed a heavy burden of patient overcrowding on EDs. There was only palliative countermeasure and no exhaustive plans for influenza epidemic preparedness. CONCLUSION: Flu patient overcrowding imposed a heavy burden on the EDs of the surveyed hospitals, especially in the evening and overnight hours. Planning concerning community preparedness, public health communications, and work-force support is needed. New guidelines and strategies should be established to prevent ED overcrowding in future pandemics.