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@#Objective To systematically research the policies and core contents of World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) documents on policies, guidelines and standards for health-promoting schools and health services. Methods These policy documents included Making Every School a Health-promoting School: Implementation Guidelines, WHO Guidelines on School Health Services, and Making Every School a Health Promoting School Global Standards and Indicators, which construct a conceptual and policies framework for health-promoting schools. In perspective of health service system, this study systematically explored the policies, guidelines and standards of WHO and UNESCO on health-promoting schools and health services, as well as the role of health-promoting school component systems in promoting the health of children and how physical activity can be an important area of health-promoting schools. Results The Health Promoting Schools Initiative is an important area of research for the WHO health services. Making Every School a Health-promoting School: Implementation Guidelines primarily serves students aged five to 19, teachers and other staff in schools. WHO Guidelines on School Health Services cover a variety of activity types including health promotion, health education, preventive interventions, clinical assessment and health services management. Making Every School a Health Promoting School Global Standards and Indicators covers eight global criteria and thirteen specific areas in the areas of policy resources, curriculum and environment, and community engagement. Conclusion WHO and UNESCO have proposed a series of policies related to building health-promoting schools, which focus on child health and advocate the promotion of child and adolescent health, public health, education, social and economic development through schools to achieve the goal of safeguarding the health rights of children and adolescents and meeting health needs. Following the WHO Guidelines on School Health Services and Making Every School a Health Promoting School Global Standards and Indicators, it proposed to incorporate educational and physical education tools into the school health service system.
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Abstract This study applies the "Narrative Policy Framework" (NPF) to the affirmative action policy process of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL) and proposes theoretical intersection between the NPF and agenda setting literature, seeking to find out the role of policy narratives in policy processes. NPF is an empiric-oriented framework that posits that the policy-makers' stories have generalizable components and are built and crafted in accordance to their ideas. These are policy narratives, and are at the center of the policy process. By analyzing formulation stages of public policy and referring to ideas and narratives, the NPF refers to the agenda setting literature and provides means for empirical research of agenda setting concepts. The study undertook analysis of regulatory outputs and semi-structured interviews. Findings indicate that policy narratives have affected institutional regulatory outputs regarding UFPel's affirmative action policies.
Resumen: Este artículo aplica el Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) al proceso de producción de políticas de acciones afirmativas de la Universidad Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL) y propone avances teóricos que exploran la intersección entre el NPF y la literatura sobre formación de agenda. El NPF es un enfoque orientado empíricamente que propone que las historias que utilizan los actores en el proceso de formulación de políticas tienen componentes generalizables y se crean estratégicamente de acuerdo con sus ideas y sistemas de creencias. Estas historias se llaman "narrativas de política" y se consideran una parte central de los procesos de políticas públicas. Al analizar la formulación de políticas públicas y abordar el papel de las ideas y narrativas, el NPF dialoga directamente con la literatura sobre la formación de la agenda y proporciona medios para la investigación empírica de conceptos desarrollados en este enfoque. La metodología para este estudio utiliza análisis de documentos reglamentarios y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los resultados indican que se utilizaron narrativas de políticas e influyeron en la regulación de las políticas de acciones afirmativas de la UFPEL.
Resumo Este artigo aplica o "Narrative Policy Framework" (NPF) ao processo de produção das políticas de ações afirmativas da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL) e propõe especificação de intersecção teórica entre o NPF e a literatura sobre formação de agenda, visando responder questões sobre o papel das narrativas em processos de produção de políticas públicas. O NPF é uma abordagem de orientação empírica que propõe que as histórias que os atores do processo de produção de políticas públicas utilizam têm componentes generalizáveis e são criadas estrategicamente, de acordo com suas ideias e sistemas de crença. Essas histórias são chamadas "narrativas de política" e são consideradas parte central dos processos de políticas públicas. Ao analisar a formulação de políticas públicas e abordar o papel das ideias e das narrativas, o NPF dialoga diretamente com a abordagem da formação de agenda e provê meios para a pesquisa empírica de conceitos desenvolvidos nesta literatura. A metodologia para este estudo utiliza análise de documentos regulatórios oficiais e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Resultados indicam que narrativas de política foram utilizadas e influenciaram a regulamentação das políticas de ações afirmativas da UFPel.
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Humans , Male , Female , Politics , Public Policy/history , Narration , Regulations for Policy OrganizationsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To give advices on the reform of China′s modified new drug policy and implement the design of chemical drug registration classification. METHODS: This paper provides an overview of the 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway with a focus on how modified new drug applications can be submitted. This paper also analyzes the key characteristics among the innovative drug, modified new drug and generic drug registration. This paper compares these key points with China′s new drug registration system and proposes the road to reform. RESULTS: The policy promotes the R&D of the modified new drugs and the development of the pharmaceutical industry. Sponsors can use existing public data in lieu of conducting studies and focus on product innovation. Features are quite different among these three applications in the registration system. The property rights of the modified products are clearly defined. CONCLUSION: It′s necessary for China to legislate regulations of modified new drug. The policy is positioned to promote clinical improvement, reduces duplication of research and improves property rights protection.
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Based on an analysis of the compensation policy and its problems of the primary medical and health institutions, this paper put forward the corresponding reform framework in Zhejiang province. It proposed to change the compensation policy of " predefining revenue and expenditure, subsidizing its gap after performance appraisal" into " a mixed system of special subsidy and pay for performance". Related policies were also described including governmental functions, special subsidies for input-based payments, classified payments for output services, precautions against financial risks, etc. This paper also suggested that we focus on dealing with the six pairs of balance, such as that between subsidy for the supply and demand sides, and that between internal market and external market.
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BACKGROUND: Despite our knowledge of the causes of cancer, millions of workers are involuntarily exposed to a wide range of known and suspected carcinogens in the workplace. To address this issue from a policy perspective, we developed a policy framework based on a prospective health policy analysis. Use of the framework was demonstrated for developing policies to prevent cancers associated with diesel engine exhaust (DEE), asbestos, and shift work, three occupational carcinogens with global reach and large cancer impact. METHODS: An environmental scan of existing prospective health policy analyses was conducted to select and describe our framework parameters. These parameters were augmented by considerations unique to occupational cancer. Policy-related resources, predominantly from Canada, were used to demonstrate how the framework can be applied to cancers associated with DEE, asbestos, and shift work. RESULTS: The parameters of the framework were: problem statement, context, jurisdictional evidence, primary prevention policy options, and key policy players and their attributes. Applying the framework to the three selected carcinogens illustrated multiple avenues for primary prevention, including establishing an occupational exposure limit for DEE, banning asbestos, and improving shift schedules. The framework emphasized the need for leadership by employers and government. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first proposal for a comprehensive policy framework dedicated to the primary prevention of occupational cancer. The framework can be adapted and applied by key policy players in Canada and other countries as a guide of what parameters to consider when developing policies to protect workers’ health.
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Appointments and Schedules , Asbestos , Canada , Carcinogens , Health Policy , Leadership , Occupational Exposure , Occupations , Primary Prevention , Prospective Studies , Vehicle EmissionsABSTRACT
Based on the policy framework , the premarital healthcare policy of Guangxi was analyzed from four aspects including policy background , process, content and actors.We analyzed the factors influencing this policy and their interactions , and discussed the important impact of Thalassemia prevention , multi-sectoral consensus and appro-priate premarital healthcare measures to the policy building and implementation .Then the lessons such as strengthe-ning the multi-sector cooperation , specifically making clear the pre-marital screening projects and implementing the“one-stop” service model were summed up in Guangxi province .Finally, combined with existing major problems , some policy recommendations were put forward including clarify the funding criteria and strengthen the premarital healthcare publicity in order to promote the sustainable development of premarital healthcare services .
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<b>Objectives </b><BR> Recently, there has been an increasing focus on nutrition in international health cooperation. However, little attention has been paid on global nutrition issues and their methodologies in Japan. One of the possible reasons is that the whole picture cannot be clearly grasped, because nutrition issues and actions have been considered separately at international organizations such as WHO, FAO, and UNICEF. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the trends in food and nutrition policy framework, dietary recommendations and nutritional requirements formulated by international organizations through a review of published nutrition policy guidelines and standards since the 1990s.<BR><b>Method</b><BR> Policy guidelines, technical reports, annual reports, and other relevant materials published between 1990 and 2015, available on the WHO, FAO and UNICEF websites, were reviewed. Then, we extracted the study focused on nutrition problems and their solutions. The purpose and contents of each document and guidelines were identified and categorized in a summary table, so as to investigate their feasures and time trend.<BR><b>Results</b><BR> This study identified 22 statements on food and nutrition policy frameworks, 14 dietary recommendations and nutritional requirements, and 5 information systems. It was revealed that, in the 1990s, the focus was to develop and standardize the methods for nutritional assessment of children. The goal during this period was to achieve food-based security through improvement in energy and nutrient intakes such as proteins and vitamin A, so as to reduce severe child malnutrition and maternal mortality. Later, various recommendations were formulated on double burden of malnutrition, the importance of breastfeeding and the context of the food system and nutrition in the 2000s, and on noncommunicable disease prevention and control policies and practical methodologies to reduce nutrition disparities after 2010. Several information systems were established, which have been utilized as the evidence database to develop policy frameworks.
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Gatekeeping and referral system are core institutional arrangements in health resource allocation which regulate the consumers’ entry points and their fluxion in the healthcare service delivery system. Hiding behind such arrangements are numerous stakeholders and their sophisticated interactions of obligation, responsibility and ben-efits. For this reason, it is of great importance to build a more systematic and integrated policy framework to promote and impoverish the gatekeeping and referral system. This paper puts forward the definition of“general practice-based gatekeeping and referral system” and revealed the political values embedded in it. We then identified the ten essen-tial components for policy implementation based on this definition. For each component, we recognized the involved actors, and elaborated their obligations, boundaries and interactions. This ten-component policy framework could be used in the international comparison research as a map, guiding the implementation of gatekeeping and referral system.
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OBJECTIVE: To provide a suggestion for legislation of rare disease in China.