In vitro pollen germination and anther culture of Senna obtusifolia / 中草药

Objective: To observe the morphology, measure the activity of pollen of Senna obtusifolia, determine the optimum conditions for pollen germination, induce the formation of callus from its anthers as well as identify its ploidy levels, and thus to lay a basis for its haploid breeding. Methods: Microscopic observation of the anther squashed method was used to reveal the morphology of pollen; The pollen activity was investigated using I2-KI staining and the size of the flower buds with the highest pollen activity was determined; Liquid culture and microscopic observation were performed to determine the optimum culture medium, pH value, and temperature for pollen germination; Microscopic observation of the acetocarmine-stained pollen was performed to determine microspore development stages; The optimum conditions for callus formation were studied by in vitro anther culture; The phenol fuchsin staining was improved for the identification of callus ploidy levels. Results: Pollen of S. obtusifolia is ellipsoid with three germinal furrows, and mostly two germination holes showed germination; The highest pollen activity was found in buds with vertical diameters about 1.0-1.1 cm; The optimum culture medium for pollen germination was determined to be 10% sucrose + 1% boric acid, with maximum germination cultured for 1-3 h at 25 ℃; The uni-nucleate microspore stage was in buds with vertical diameters about 0.9-1.1 cm; Calluses were successfully obtained by culturing the uni-nucleate stage anthers in an inducing medium MS + 1.0 mg/L 6-BA + 2.0 mg/L NAA + 3% sucrose + 0.6% agar and callus enrichment culture was done in MS + 1.0 mg/L 6-BA + 1.0 mg/L IAA + 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D + 1.0 mg/LGA3 + 3% sucrose; There was ploidy separation in callus, with the haploid and diploid cells coexisted. Conclusion: The optimum culture medium for pollen germination is 10% sucrose + 1% boric acid; The optimum anthers for in vitro culture is within flower buds with a vertical diameter of 0.9-1.1 cm; The chimeric calluses obtained from anthers of S. obtusifolia lay a solid foundation for the further induction of haploid plants from its pollen for breeding.

Pollinic preparation for morpho-palynological studies of Passiflora L. Subg. Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae) / Preparações polínicas para o estudo da morfologia do pólen em Passiflora L. Subg. Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae)

The purpose of this study was to develop a pollen preparation methodology with a high proportion of intact pollen of species for the genus Passiflora subg. Passiflora. Thus, flower buds were collected near anthesis, from the species: P. alata, P. edulis, P. foetida, P. giberti, and P. setacea, fixed in ethanol-acetic acid mixture (3:1) and treated in 10%-20% aqueous sodium hydroxide, or acetolyzed. The pollen treated with 10% sodium hydroxide resulted in an average of 96% intact pollen grains in all species, however, after acetolysis an average percentage of 98% broken pollen was observed. Data obtained in pollen measurements did not change with the new methodology. It is therefore evident that the proposed methodology for pollen preparation based on sodium hydroxide was effective, as it allowed the visualization of a significant amount of intact pollen, thus promoting morpho-palynological studies of these species.

Este estudo teve como objetivo elaborar uma metodologia, para obter preparos polínicos com alta frequência de polens íntegros de espécies representantes do gênero Passiflora subg. Passiflora. Dessa forma, botões florais foram coletados, próximo à antese, das seguintes espécies: P. alata, P. edulis, P. foetida, P. giberti e P. setacea, fixado em solução etanol-ácido acético (3:1) e tratado em solução aquosa de hidróxido de sódio (10 e 20%) ou acetolisados, independentemente. Os preparos palinológicos, quando tratados com hidróxido de sódio a 10%, evidenciaram, em todas as espécies, média de 96% de polens íntegros, em contrapartida, quando acetolisados foi observada uma percentagem média de 98% de polens rompidos. Os dados referentes a mensurações polínicas não sofreram alterações com a nova metodologia. Evidencia-se, dessa forma, que a metodologia proposta, para preparações polínicas à base de hidróxido de sódio, foi eficiente, pois promoveu a visualização de uma quantidade significativa de polens íntegros, favorecendo assim o estudo da morfologia polínica nessas espécies.

Morfología polínica de especies del género Senna (Fabaceae) del Sureste del Iberá, Corrientes, Argentina / Pollen morphology of species of genus Senna (Fabales: Fabaceae) in Southeast Ibera, Corrientes, Argentina

The system of Ibera lake and marshes in the Province of Corrientes, covers an area of approximately12 000km², and is considered one of the most important wetlands in Latin America. Given the wide diversity oftropical communities in this area, it is important to generate new information about the different species of this ecosystem, through pollen morphology, as lake sediments favor the pollen grains conservation. With the aim to promote future research on systematics, vegetation history and melissopalynology of this region, this study attempted to describe the pollen morphology of the well represented genus Senna. For this, we conducted 5-8 days collection trips in Southeast Ibera, on a monthly basis between 2009 and 2011. Based on the plants collected, the literature review and databases from the herbarium of the Botanical Institute of Northeast Argentina, we developed a list of species for the Province of Corrientes. For the pollen morphology, we manually took at least three flower buds per flower in the sampled sites, and for those species not sampled in the field, samples were obtained from the IBONE herbarium. Palynological material preparation was carried out by a modified tech nique of Erdtman acetolysis. The palynological descriptions considered the polar and equatorial diameter, exine thickness, openings and sculptural elements. Our results showed that Senna genus is euripalynic, composed of 3-colporate pollen grains, small to medium size, radiosymmetric, isopolar, oblates-spheroidals to prolates, subcircular field, subtriangular to triangular and long colpis. We described for the first time, the pollen morphology of 17 species of the genus Senna for this area, and recognized two groups considering endoapertures: lalongates and circular. The list of species belonging to the genus Senna presented here could be considered in restoration and recovery plans. A major constraint for the correct interpretation of the environmental changes impacts in vegetation, whether of climatic and/or anthropogenic origin, is the knowledge of pollen morphology of tropical species. A palynological database is of high value for the interpretation and determination of plant species.

El sistema de esteros y lagunas del Iberá, en la provincia de Corrientes abarcan aproximadamente 12 000km² de superficie y es considerado uno de los humedales más importantes de Latinoamérica. Dada la gran diversidad de las comunidades tropicales en esta área, es importante generar nueva información sobre las diferentes especies de este ecosistema, a través de la morfología del polen, ya que los sedimentos lacustres constituyen un medio ácido, pobre en oxígeno y favorable a la conservación de granos de polen que se depositan en su superficie. Con el objetivo de promover futuras investigaciones sobre la sistemática, historia de la vegetación y melisopalinología de esta región, el estudio trató de describir la morfología polínica del género Senna, que se halla bien representado en la zona. Se elaboró un listado de especies pertenecientes a la Provincia de Corrientes. Este listado se realizó mediante recolectas botánicas realizadas en el Sureste del Iberá, durante 5 a 8 días de cada mes entre 2009 y 2011, adicionalmente, se consultó literatura especializada y bases de datos de herbario del Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste Argentino. En cuanto al estudio morfológico del polen, se tomaron manualmente los botones florales de ejemplares en la zona de estudio. Para aquellas especies que no pudieron ser muestreadas en campo, se precisó de la toma de botones florales del herbario del IBONE. La preparación del material palinológico se llevó a cabo por la técnica modificada de acetólisis de Erdtman. Las descripciones palinológicas consideran el diámetro polar y ecuatorial, grosor de la exina, aberturas y elementos esculturales. Los resultados muestran que el género Senna es euripolínico, compuesto de granos 3-colporados pequeños a medianos, radiosimétricos, isopolares, oblatos-esferoidales a prolatos, ámbito subcircular, subtriangular a triangular; colpos largos. Aquí, se describen por primera vez para la zona, la morfología polínica de 17 especies del género Senna, del sureste del sistema Iberá, reconociéndose dos grupos teniendo en cuenta endoaperturas: lalongadas y circulares. El listado de especies pertenecientes al género Senna presentado en este trabajo debe ser considerado en las actividades de restauración y recuperación de los diferentes tipos de vegetación. Una limitación importante para la correcta interpretación del impacto de las variaciones ambientales en la vegetación, ya sean climáticas y/o antropogénicas, es el conocimiento de la morfología polínica de las especies tropicales, por lo tanto, se debe contar con una base de datos palinológica a nivel morfológico que ayude a la interpretación y determinación de especies vegetales.

Floral sources to Tetragonisca angustula (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and their pollen morphology in a Southeastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest

The stingless bees are important flowers visitors of several plant species, due to their feeding habits and foraging behavior, constituting an important group to maintain biodiversity and the dynamics of tropical communities. Among stingless bees, Tetragonisca angustula is widely distributed in tropical habitats, and has been considered an important pollinator of different plant families. To support a rational economic use of this group, there is a need to characterize the plant species that represent important sources as part of their diet, as preferred, alternative or casual food sources. The aim of this survey was to distinguish the plant species that T. angustula visited most often. The study was undertaken in four regions of the Atlantic Rainforest in Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil) over a year from March 2008 to February 2009. For this, we collected bees, flowering plants and bee pollen loads from the four sites, and evaluated pollen morphology in the laboratory. Field observations showed the presence of plants belonging to ten different families and pollen loads showed the presence of pollen types belonging to 26 plant families. There were strong differences between pollen types, especially regarding pollen grain shape. The present survey suggests a high value of these plant species as trophic resources for the T. angustula in the understory of Atlantic Rainforest. Changes in these fragments of this forest may compromise the availability of resources for Tetragonisca angustula species and other stingless bees.

Para apoyar el uso racional de las abejas sin aguijón, es necesario conocer las especies de plantas que actúan como fuentes de recursos para estas abejas en su ambiente natural. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las especies de plantas que fueron visitadas con mayor frecuencia por abejas Tetragonisca angustula y describir los granos de polen de estas plantas. El estudio se realizó en la Mata Atlántica, donde se recogieron las abejas, las plantas con flores y el polen de las cargas corbiculares de las abejas obreras. La observación de campo mostró la presencia de plantas pertenecientes a diez familias y las cargas de polen mostraron la presencia de tipos de polen pertenecientes a 26 familias botánicas. Hubo grandes diferencias entre los tipos de polen, sobre todo teniendo en cuenta la ornamentación de los granos de polen. Este estudio sugiere un alto valor de estas especies de plantas como recursos tróficos para las abejas jataí en el sub-bosque de la Mata Atlántica. Las alteraciones de los fragmentos de bosque pueden afectar la disponibilidad de recursos para Tetragonisca angustula y otras abejas sin aguijón y ser un gran obstáculo para la su crianza sostenible.

Studies on the Pollen Morphology of Three Species of Echinacea Moench / 中草药

The pollen morphology of 3 species of the Echinacea Moench. from China and other coun-tries was examined under LM and SEM. 3 species were palynologically reported here for the first time. Theresults showed that the pollen morphology of the Echinacea species mentioned above was basically consis-tent, but some differences in pollen size, aperture and exine sculpture were found.

Studies on Pollen Morphology of Prunus mume / 第二军医大学学报

The pollen grains of 24 cultivarieties of Primus mimic of Rosaceae, which were collected from Shanghai, Hangzhou and Changxing. were observed by light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The pollen morphology of P.mume was first described as polytypism which could be distinguish into two classes and five types. Not only the pollen grains with 3-colporate. which were the primary form, but also the pollen grains with 4-colporate existed in many cultivarieties of P- tnume. The constitute of pollen types and sterility rate in each cultivarieties were also analysed. The result provides scientific reference for pollen identification, breeding and palynology.