El benzo(a)pireno en los alimentos y su relación con el cáncer / Benzo[a]pyrene from food and cancer

Antecedentes: el benzo(a)pireno es un hidrocarburo aromático policíclico con efectos adversos para la salud, una de las fuentes es la ingestión de alimentos, formados durante procesamiento industrial o en el hogar. Objetivo: indagar sobre la formación de benzo(a)pireno en los alimentos, su activación biológica, relación con el cáncer, contenido en los alimentos y la normativa que regula la cantidad en alimentos para humanos. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de artículos publicados en las bases de datos nacionales e internacionales. Resultados: el benzo(a)pireno ingerido con los alimentos se absorbe por el intestino, se metaboliza predominantemente en el hígado, allí se activa y puede inducir cáncer de diversa localización, como esófago, estómago, intestino, piel, vejiga, pulmón e hígado, evidenciado en estudios experimentales en animales. El benzo(a)pireno atraviesa la placenta y es potencialmente tóxico para el feto. Las cantidades en algunos alimentos exceden las máximas permitidas por la Comisión Europea entidad que periódicamente actualiza las normas sobre el tema. En Colombia no se encontró reglamentación. Conclusión: el benzo(a)pireno procedente de alimentos genera compuestos capaces de desarrollar cáncer principalmente del tracto gastrointestinal. La Comisión Europea actualiza periódicamente la normativa que regula el contenido de benzo(a)pireno en alimentos, Colombia carece de normas sobre el tema.

Background: Benzo[a]pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon which has been related with adverse health outcomes. Food is a source of benzo[a]pyrene; which is produced during industrial processing or cooking. Objective: To review information about benzo(a)pyrene formation in food, biological activation, association with cancer, food content and regulation of benzo(a)pyrene content in human food. Methods: A literature search from national and international scientific databases was developed. Results: benzo[a]pyrene ingested is absorbed by the intestine metabolized and activated, predominantly, by the liver. Animal studies have associated benzo[a]pyrene with esophagus, stomach, intestine, skin, bladder, lung, and liver cancer. Benzo[a]pyrene is potentially toxic to the fetus, due to it passes trough placenta. Benzo[a]pyrene amounts in some foods exceed the maximum level allowed by the European Commission; which periodically updates legislation on this topic. In Colombia there is not regulation about benzo[a]pyrene. Conclusion: benzo[a]pyrene in food generates compounds that may be associated with cancer, mainly gastrointestinal cancer. The European Commission regularly updates regulation about benzo[a] pyrene content in foods. Colombia does not have regulation on this topic.

Superficial distribution of aromatic compounds and geomicrobiology of sediments from Suruí Mangrove, Guanabara Bay, RJ, Brazil

The distribution of selected aromatic compounds and microbiology were assessed in superficial sediments from Suruí Mangrove, Guanabara Bay. Samples were collected at 23 stations, and particle size, organic matter, aromatic compounds, microbiology activity, biopolymers, and topography were determined. The concentration of aromatic compounds was distributed in patches over the entire mangrove, and their highest total concentration was determinated in the mangrove's central area. Particle size differed from most mangroves in that Suruí Mangrove has chernies on the edges and in front of the mangrove, and sand across the whole surface, which hampers the relationship between particle size and hydrocarbons. An average @ 10 percent p/p of organic matter was obtained, and biopolymers presented high concentrations, especially in the central and back areas of the mangrove. The biopolymers were distributed in high concentrations. The presence of fine sediments is an important factor in hydrocarbon accumulation. With high concentration of organic matter and biopolymers, and the topography with chernies and roots protecting the mangrove, calmer areas are created with the deposition of material transported by wave action. Compared to global distributions, concentrations of aromatic compounds in Suruí Mangrove may be classified from moderate to high, showing that the studied area is highly impacted.

A distribuição de compostos aromáticos selecionados e a microbiologia foram avaliados em sedimentos superficiais do Manguezal de Suruí, Baía de Guanabara. Amostras foram coletadas em 23 pontos e determinados a granulometria, matéria orgânica, compostos aromáticos, atividade microbiológica, biopolímeros e a topografia. A concentração dos compostos aromáticos foi distribuída em manchas por todo o manguezal e sua concentração total mais elevada foi encontrada na área central do manguezal. A granulometria diferiu da maioria dos manguezais, uma vez que no Manguezal de Suruí existem chernies nas bordas e na frente dos manguezais e areia através da superfície inteira, impedindo o relacionamento entre granulometria e os hidrocarbonetos. Uma média de 10 por cento p/p da matéria orgânica foi obtida e os biopolímeros apresentaram concentrações elevadas, especialmente na área central e fundo do Manguezal. Os biopolímeros se distribuíram em altas concentrações. A presença de finos sedimentos é fator importante na acumulação de hidrocarbonetos. Na concentração elevada de matéria orgânica e de biopolímeros, topografia com chernies e as raízes que protegem os manguezais, áreas mais calmas são criadas, com depósito do material transportado pela ação das ondas. Comparadas às distribuições globais, as concentrações das substâncias aromáticas neste manguezal podem ser classificadas de moderadas a elevadas, demonstrando que a área estudada está altamente impactada.

PAH biomarkers for human health risk assessment: a review of the state-of-the-art / Biomarcadores de HPAs na avaliação de risco à saúde humana: uma revisão do estado da arte

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are widely distributed in the environment, and some are carcinogenic to human beings. The study of biomarkers has helped clarify the nature and magnitude of the human health risks posed by such substances. This article provides a review of the state-of-the-art on PAH biomarkers for human health risk assessment and also discusses their applicability within the context of environmental management in Brazil. The article discusses the methodologies for determination of some biomarkers such as 1-hydroxypyrene and PAH-DNA adducts. Cytogenetic markers, frequency of chromosomal aberrations, and micronucleus induction were considered for the evaluation of cancer risk. The current stage of studies on validation of such biomarkers was also approached.

Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) estão amplamente distribuídos no ambiente e alguns são carcinogênicos para humanos. O estudo dos biomarcadores tem contribuído para a compreensão da natureza e magnitude dos riscos que estas substâncias representam à saúde humana. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão do estado da arte dos biomarcadores de HPAs para avaliação de risco à saúde humana e analisa criticamente sua aplicabilidade, no contexto da gestão ambiental brasileira. Destaca as metodologias para a determinação de alguns biomarcadores como 1-hidroxipireno e adutos HPA-DNA. Para avaliação do risco de câncer destacam-se marcadores citogenéticos, freqüência de aberrações cromossômicas e indução de micronúcleo. Também é abordado o estágio atual dos estudos de validação desses biomarcadores.

A técnica de Blue rayon in situ associada ao teste de Salmonella/microssoma como estratégia para o monitoramento de águas estuarinas quanto à presença de compostos policíclicos genotóxicos / Blue rayon anchored technique in situ associated with Salmonella/microsome assay as a strategy for estuary waters monitoring in relation to the presence of genotoxins polycyclics compounds

O estuário de Santos abriga o maior porto da América Latina e um dos maiores complexos industriais do Brasil. Na década de 1970 foi considerado um dos maiores exemplos de degradação ambiental em ambientes costeiros, e apesar da melhora na qualidade ambiental observada nos últimos anos algumas áreas deste estuário apresentam sedimentos ainda altamente contaminados com compostos tóxicos e genotóxicos, especialmente os Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos (HPA). Operações de dragagem para manutenção das atividades portuárias são necessárias e consequentemente durante este processo pode ocorrer a ressuspensão de contaminantes presentes nesses sedimentos, tornando-os disponíveis novamente na coluna d'água. Desta forma é interessante ter uma estratégia eficiente e aplicável no monitoramento da qualidade dessas águas...

Santos estuary is the major Latin American harbor and one of the largest industrial complex of Brazil. In the 1970s, it was considered one of the major examples of coastal degradation. Due to enforcement actions the quality of the environment has improved in the last years in relation to the chemical parameters and toxicity but unfortunately the sediment is still contaminated with toxic and genotoxic compounds especially Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). For the maintenance of the port activities sediment dredging is needed and during this process contaminants resuspension can occur, leading to the contamination of the water column. Therefore it is interesting to have an efficient strategy that can be used for the water quality monitoring of this area. The Blue rayon is a selective adsorbent to polycyclic compounds containing three or more fused rings and has been successfully used in the monitoring of PAHs and mutagenic activity in aquatic environments. The objective of this work was to evaluate a modified blue rayon hanging technique, denominated in this work "Blue rayon anchored technique", where the fibers are placed at a fixed distance from the sediment, associated with the Salmonella/microsome microsuspension assay in order to monitor the water quality of Santos estuary. Three sites with different sources and sediment contamination levels were selected in this study. Two initial samplings were performed in order to evaluate the efficiency of the BR modified technique and find the most sensitive strain of Salmonella typhimurium to the mutagens possibly present in the those waters as well as verify the presence of PAHs. Five subsequent samplings were performed to verify the performance and efficiency of the defined strategy in the estuary water quality monitoring using dose response experiments. In the two initial samplings, the water from the site containing the most contaminated sediment and under influence of COSIPA (site 1) presented higher mutagenic activity and higher levels of PAHs. It was also possible to verify the highest sensitivity of the YG1041 strain in the detection of the mutagenic activity in both sites analyzed. In the subsequent five samplings, higher mutagenic potencies were again observed for site 1, reaching 5,100 and 36,000 revertants per gram of BR for the YG1 041 strain in the absence and presence of S9 respectively. Sites 2 and: presented similar potencies, around 1000 revertants per gram of BR. Based on the obtained results we can conclude that the Blue rayon anchored technique associated with the Salmonella/microsome microsuspension assay with the YG1041 strain in the presence and absence of S9 is an suitable tool to monito Santos estuarine waters.