ABSTRACT
Introduction: The Apolinar's Wren Cisthotorus apolinari is an endemic species of the Eastern Andes of Colombia currently classified as Critically Endangered (CR) at the national level and Endangered (EN) worldwide, mainly due to the degradation of wetlands, their primary habitat, and the parasitism of the nests. Objetive: Evaluate the state of the populations of C. apolinari in seven wetlands of the Sabana de Bogotá, searching to define what the areas evaluated mean that it hosts the largest population of the species and what other factors determine these population sizes. Methods Between July and December 2014 in seven wetlands we monitoring carried out using counting points and auditory censuses, the abundance of the Apolinar's Wren was recorded, the vegetation cover where the individuals were recorded and the abundances of Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis. Results: There were 63.6 h of observation and 88 counting points, obtain a nine records of C. apolinari , one individual in Tibanica, three in La Florida and five in Gualí, mainly associated with the reed Schoenoplectus californicus. None of the biotic and abiotic factors evaluated in the wetlands, were found to determine the presence of the Apolinar's Wren, but trends were present for some variables as the presence of S. californicus and Thypa spp. Conclusions: The population of C. apolinari has had a significant reduction of up to 94 %, added to a possible local extinction in the wetland of La Conejera. These results seek to provide relevant information to contribute to the formulation of effective conservation measures for the protection of the species and its habitat throughout its distribution in the country.
ABSTRACT
Fruit flies are the biggest obstacle in guava cultivation, with the monitoring of population a fundamental aspect for their management. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of attractive lures for fruit flies in guava trees, produced in an organic system. McPhail traps were installed with 400 mL of solution, in four repetitions, and distributed in randomized blocks in six treatments: Isca Mosca® (5%); Isca Samaritá Tradicional® (5%); Torula® yeast; Bio Anastrepha® (5%); Ceratrap® and guava juice (50%), with 3 weekly reviews. Data on capture were subjected to analysis of variance, and averages were compared (Tukey 5%). The values of fly trap per day (FTD) were computed. The correlation between flies and meteorological variables were evaluated, as well as the monthly cost of lures. A total of 37,917 individuals from the genus Anastrepha and 122 species of flies Ceratitis capitata were collected, being Anastrepha spp. the main genus of fruit fly in the region. The Ceratrap product proved to be superior, followed by Torula, Isca Mosca, and Bio Anastrepha; Isca Samaritá and guava juice presented the lowest results. The standard trapping of females was like the total. The uniformity of attraction presented a drop in all treatments, and Ceratrap was more constant after seven days. The correlations between meteorological factors and population variation were positive and significant only for precipitation. The most expensive treatments (Ceratrap and Torula) were also the most efficient and selective, and the Ceratrap product required less manpower.(AU)
A presença de mosca-das-frutas é o maior obstáculo à produção de goiabas, sendo o monitoramento populacional de fundamental importância para seu manejo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de iscas atrativas para mosca-das-frutas em goiabeiras, produzidas em um sistema orgânico. Foram instaladas armadilhas McPhail contendo 400 mL de solução, em quatro repetições e distribuição em blocos randomizados, em seis tratamentos: isca Mosca® (5%); isca Samaritá Tradicional® (5%); levedura Torula®; Bio Anastrepha® (5%); Ceratrap® e suco de goiaba (50%), com 3 avaliações semanais. Os dados da captura foram submetidos à análise de variância e às médias comparadas (Tukey 5%). Os valores de Mosca por Armadilha por Dia (MAD) foram calculados. A correlação entre moscas e as variáveis meteorológicas foi avaliada e o custo mensal das iscas foi calculado. Foram coletados 37.917 indivíduos do gênero Anastrepha e 122 moscas da espécie Ceratitis capitata, sendo a Anastrepha spp. o principal gênero de mosca-das-frutas da região. O produto Ceratrap mostrou-se superior, seguido pelas iscas Torula, Isca Mosca e Bio Anastrepha; a Isca Samaritá e o suco de goiaba apresentaram os menores resultados de captura. O padrão de captura de fêmeas foi semelhante ao total. Verificou-se uma queda na uniformidade de atração de todos os tratamentos, sendo o Ceratrap o que apresentou maior constância após sete dias. As correlações entre os fatores meteorológicos e a flutuação populacional foram positivas e significativas apenas para a precipitação. Os tratamentos mais onerosos (Ceratrap e Torula) também foram os mais eficientes e seletivos, sendo o produto Ceratrap o que demandou menor mão de obra.(AU)
Subject(s)
Tephritidae , Psidium , Pest Control , Meteorological ConceptsABSTRACT
The field of environmental mutagenesis or toxicology genetics aims to study the genetic damage that leads to mutations produced by physical, chemical and biological agents, to identify these agents and analyze their interactions and ways of action. There are enough experimental and epidemiological evidences implicating mutations in oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and DNA repair genes as determinants in the onset and progression of the neoplastic process. A valuable tool in public and occupational health is the monitoring of populations exposed to potentially hazardous agents. The objective is to protect the health and quality of life of high risk groups on account of the nature of the agents of exposure. Monitoring of genotoxic effects in exposed populations as well as the analysis of susceptibility polymorphism are visualized as key tools in the realm of future public and occupational health in order to prevent the occurrence of environmental and specially occupational origin of tumors. This paper reviews the main concepts concerning this issue and refers to studies on the subject in Costa Rica.