ABSTRACT
Background: Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health hazard and frequent cause of liver cancers accounting 90% of cancers of liver worldwide. It has high mortality, prevalence, and incidence rate in Sub-Saharan, South Africa, and South-east Asia. Its etiology is associated with infection, dietary habits, and lifestyle factors. Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to discuss the various possible etiologies for high incidence of HCC in Western Arunachal Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: Data were collected as one among 33 population-based cancer registries in India under national cancer registry program of national center for disease informatics and research, Indian Council of Medical Research between 2012 and 2014 in Tomo Riba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Naharlagun. Data were represented in frequency and percentage using descriptive statistics. Results: With 194 cases, HCC represented 13.5% of overall malignancies in the region. It is 3 times more common in males than in females. Age-adjusted incidence rate for men was 21.44 and for women was 7.05. Conclusion: Western Arunachal Pradesh reported high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the world. This finding may be associated with high prevalence of hepatitis and alcoholism in the region and perhaps also associated with local food habits.
ABSTRACT
There is a constant rise in cancer cases, but the trends and pattern vary according to the geographical region. The aim of this brief research was to present an update of all cancer incidences through age-adjusted rates and their changes in different regions of the country. The data for this study were obtained from published reports of 28 population-based cancer registries (2005–2014) in India. Among males, currently, East/Northeast region ranked first, on the basis of incidence of cancer cases. Out of 28 registries, 11 registries encountered lung cancer as the leading site. Currently, East/Northeast regions were ranked first on the basis of incidence of cancer cases among females. Our study showed that 20 registries among the 28 had breast cancer as the leading one. Thus, the present overview revealed that all cancers in both males and females are consistent and had a high incidence in East/Northeast region of the country.
ABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Within India, the incidence of gallbladder cancer (GBC) is characterized by marked geographical variation; however, the reasons for these differences are unclear. AIMS: To evaluate the role of place of birth, length of residence, and effect of migration from high‑ to low‑risk region on GBC development. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Population‑based cancer registries (PBCRs); case–control study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Data of PBCRs were used to demonstrate geographical variation in GBC incidence rates. A case–control study data examined the role of birth place, residence length, and effect of migration in etiology of GBC. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Rate ratios for different PBCRs were estimated using Chennai Cancer Registry as the reference population. Odds ratios (ORs) for developing GBC in a high‑risk region compared to a low‑risk region and associated 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated through unconditional logistic regression models using case–control study. RESULTS: GBC shows marked variation in incidence with risk highest in Northeast regions and lowest in South India. OR of 4.82 (95% CI: 3.87–5.99) was observed for developing GBC for individuals born in a high‑risk region compared to those born in a low‑risk region after adjusting for confounders. A dose–response relationship with increased risk with increased length of residence in a high‑risk region was observed (OR lifetime 5.58 [95% CI: 4.42–7.05]; Ptrend ≤ 0.001). The risk persisted even if study participant migrated from high‑ to low‑risk region (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.02–1.82). CONCLUSIONS: The present study signifies the importance of place of birth, length of stay, and effect of migration from high‑ to low‑risk region in the development of GBC. The data indicate role of environmental and genetic factors in etiology of disease.