How Long Should a Patient Stay in Lateral Position for Unilateral Spinal Anesthesia with Hyperbaric Bupivacaine? / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: In searching for a differential spinal block between dependent and nondependent sides, we evaluated the influence of the duration of lateral decubitus on the spread of hyperbaric bupivacaine during spinal anesthesia. METHODS: Spinal anesthesia with 1.2 ml of hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine (6 mg) was administered with a 25-gauge Whitacre unidirectional needle to 50 ASA 1 patients undergoing unilateral knee arthroscopy. The patients were allocated randomly to three groups according to the duration of lateral decubitus after spinal injection in the lateral position operation side dependent: Group 1, 10 min in lateral decubitus then supine; Group 2, 20 min in lateral decubitus then supine; Group 3, 30 min in lateral decubitus then supine. Sensory and motor block (pinprick/modified Bromage scale) as well as skin temperature were compared between the dependent and nondependent sides. Circulatory variables were recorded for 10 min after being turned supine. RESULTS: The sensory block between dependent and nondependent sides were significantly different in Group 3. In Group 1, the level of maximum sensory block was higher than Group 3 on nondependent side. There was no difference in the number of patients having achieved Grade 3 and 0 motor block among three groups on dependent and nondependent sides. The skin temperature in lateral decubitus was significantly higher on the dependent side than nondependent side in three groups. In Groups 1 and 2, the skin temperatures of nondependent side were increased after turned supine, but that was maintained during supine position in Group 3. The circulatory variables were stable in all 50 patients. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that when a small dose of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine is injected into patients in the lateral position, complete unilateral spinal anesthesia is achieved when the patients arekeep in a lateral position for more than 30 min after spinal injection.

The Level of Tuffier's Line of Korean Adults in the Lateral Decubitus Position with the Position of "Forehead-to-knees" / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGREOUND: Tuffier's line has been a guide for lumbar puncture. Usually lumbar puncture or epidural anesthesia was performed in the lateral decubitus position with the "forehead-to-knees" position. The purpose of this study was to identify the accuracy with which the spinal level could be predicted from this external mark in the "forehead-to-knees" position. METHODS: Two hundred and twenty-four patients (112 male and 112 female patients) undergoing investigation for back pain were examined. The standard antero-posterior lumbar spine film was taken in the supine position. The lateral lumbar spine film was taken in the lateral decubitus with the "forehead-to-knees" position. These films were examined after being reported upon by a radiologist. The iliac crest was identified and a horizontal line drawn between the highest points using a ruler. The level of Tuffier's line of each age group in supine or "forehead-to-knees" position and relationship with aging were observed. RESULTS: The point coincided with the L4-5 interspace (61%), L4 (20%), and L5 (19%) in the supine, L4-5 (48%), L5 (46%), L4 (5%), and L5S1 (0.4%) in the "forehead-to-knees" position. The Tuffier's line of men were higher than women. The Tuffier's line in the "forehead-to-knees" position went higher with aging in women. CONCLUSIONS: The Tuffier's line was most frequently the L4-5 interspace in supine and "forehead-to-knees" positions. The Tuffier's line in the "forehead-to-knees" was lower than the supine position. The Tuffier's line of men were higher than women of all age groups in the supine position. The Tuffier's line in the "forehead-to-knees" position went higher with aging in women. The Tuffier's line in the supine position in women and of both positions in men did not show any relation with age.

The Phantom Limb Sensation Expressed by Spinal Anesthesia / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Phantom limb sensation is an unusual position sense of the extremity during nerve block that the position of extremity is misinterpreted as being flexed, or elevated, when actually they are in neutral position. Whether it is from the fixation of proprioceptive input at the time of motor blockade or from unmasking of the pattern which has been already present in the CNS is still controversial. We perfomed this study under the assumption that phantom limb sensation can still be reproduced without the influence of position at the time of nerve blockade. METHODS: Thirty-six patients scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery were randomly assigned. For 26 patients, spinal anesthesia was performed with hyperbaric 0.5% tetracaine or bupivacaine at lateral decubitus position and the position was changed to supine immediately. Existence of phantom limb sensation and the level of anesthesia was recorded at 10 and 20 minutes after injection of local anesthetics. For 10 patients, same local anesthetics were injected after patient's legs were straightened in lateral decubitus position. RESULTS: Forteen out of 26 patients whose position were changed to supine immediately after the injection of local anesthetics experienced phantom limb sensations. Five out of 10 patients whose legs were kept straight before the injection of local anesthetics experienced phantom limb sensations. Previous history of trauma was positively related to the expression of phantom limb sensation. CONCLUSION: Our data showed that the expression of phantom limb sensation is reproducible. And this was not related to the position at the time of spinal anesthesia. Trauma seems to be an important factor related to the expression of phantom limb sensation.

Is There Any Difference in Arterial Oxygenation between the Right and Left Thoracic Surgery under the Different One Lung Ventilation Mode? / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Use of one lung anesthesia for thoracic surgery may compromize PaO2. The aim of this study was to compare the shunt and oxygenation effects of the application of CPAP and CPAP/PEEP between right and left thoracic surgery under one lung anesthesia. METHODS: 10 patients for right thoracic surgery were selected as group 1, and 10 patients for left thoracic surgery were selected as group 2. Measurements in each group, were made during each of the following stage. First 30 minutes, One lung anesthesia alone with 50% oxygen (control value), next 30 minutes, CPAP 10 cmH2O to upper lung with 50% oxygen (CPAP), and then CPAP 10 cmH2O to upper lung and PEEP 10 cmH2O to down lung with 50% oxygen for 30 minutes (CPAP/PEEP). RESULTS: PaO2 in CPAP and CPAP/PEEP were significantly increased as compare to control value at both group (P<0.05). Shunt percentage in CPAP and CPAP/PEEP were significantly decreased as compare to control value at both group (P<0.05). But, no statistically significant differences were observed between right and left thoracic surgery group in the PaO2 and shunt percentage. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that CPAP and CPAP/PEEP during one lung ventilation is thought to be effective method in preventing hypoxemia, but no differences were observed between right and left thoracic surgery group.