Salud mental perinatal en pandemia por covid-19: un estudio con puérperas en dos provincias Argentinas / Perinatal Mental Health in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study with Postpartum Women in Two Argentine Provinces

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La salud mental perinatal está relacionada con los procesos fisiológicos, psicológicos y socioculturales implicados en la concepción, embarazo, parto, puerperio y vínculo temprano, e incluye a la díada madre-bebé. El objetivo de este trabajo fue indagar el impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en la salud mental perinatal, específicamente con relación a la depresión posparto (DPP) y las diversas preocupaciones que manifestaron las mujeres en este contexto. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal a través de una encuesta cara a cara con preguntas abiertas y cerradas. Se trabajó con una muestra no probabilística en tres hospitales (dos de la provincia de Entre Ríos y uno de la provincia de Buenos Aires). RESULTADOS: El 68% de las mujeres mostraron indicadores de DPP evaluada con la Escala de Edimburgo, es decir, manifestaron haberse sentido infelices y con dificultades para dormir, con miedo, tristeza, preocupación y pensamientos negativos, en la última semana. Existen relaciones significativas entre la depresión puerperal, el hospital, la cantidad de personas con las que conviven las puérperas y el estado de salud. DISCUSIÓN: Esta investigación permitió generar información útil para mejorar prácticas, intervenciones y políticas que redunden en garantía de derechos en salud mental perinatal.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Perinatal mental health is related to the physiological, psychological and sociocultural processes involved in conception, pregnancy, childbirth, puerperium and early bonding, and includes the mother-baby dyad. The objective of this work was to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on perinatal mental health, specifically in relation to postpartum depression (PPD) and the various concerns expressed by women in this context. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted through a face-to-face survey with open and closed questions. It used a non-probabilistic sample in three hospitals (two from the province of Entre Ríos and one from the province of Buenos Aires). RESULTS: Sixty-eight percent of the women showed indicators of PPD according to the Edinburgh Scale, that is, they stated that they felt unhappy and had difficulty sleeping, with fear, sadness, worry and negative thoughts, in the last week. There are significant relationships between PPD, the hospital, the number of people with whom postpartum women live, and health status. DISCUSSION: This research generated useful information to improve practices, interventions and policies guaranteeing rights in perinatal mental health.

Anemia en puérperas andinas peruanas según el tipo de parto: estudio comparativo / Anemia in Peruvian Andean puerperal women according to type of delivery: a comparative study

Resumen OBJETIVO: Describir y comparar las características obstétricas de pacientes puérperas, con anemia, con finalización del embarazo por parto o cesárea. MATERIALES Y METODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional, descriptivo y comparativo de pacientes con anemia en el puerperio de parto y de cesárea atendidas en el Hospital de Lircay de Huancavelica en el año 2020. Se aplicó la técnica del análisis documental y el instrumento fue una ficha de recolección de datos. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 162 partos y 46 cesáreas. En las características patológicas se encontró una diferencia significativa: anemia en el embarazo (112 de 162; 69.1% posparto y 23 de 46 [50% de poscesárea]), trastornos hipertensivos (4 de 162; 2.5% postparto y 8 de 46 [7.4% de poscesárea]), hemorragias de la segunda mitad del embarazo (2 de 162 [1.2% de postparto] y 4 de 46 [8.7% poscesárea]). En cuanto al grado de anemia se encontró diferencia significativa en ambos grupos en relación con el grado moderado (89 de 162 [54.9%] postparto y 33 de 46 [71.7%] en poscesárea). CONCLUSIONES: En la frecuencia de anemia puerperal se encontró una diferencia conforme al tipo de finalización del embarazo. La edad, grado de escolaridad, anemia gestacional, trastorno hipertensivo, hemorragia de la segunda mitad de embarazo y la placenta previa se identificaron como factores con diferencias significativas en la anemia, según el tipo de finalización del embarazo.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare the obstetric characteristics of postpartum patients with anemia, with termination of pregnancy by delivery or cesarean section. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective, observational, descriptive and comparative study of patients with anemia in the postpartum period after childbirth and cesarean section attended at the Lircay Hospital in Huancavelica in 2020. The documentary analysis technique was applied and the instrument was a data collection form. RESULTS: A total of 162 deliveries and 46 cesarean sections were analyzed. In the pathological characteristics a significant difference was found: anemia in pregnancy (112 of 162; 69.1% postpartum and 23 of 46 [50% post cesarean]), hypertensive disorders (4 of 162; 2.5% postpartum and 8 of 46 [7.4% post cesarean]), hemorrhages in the second half of pregnancy (2 of 162 [1.2% postpartum] and 4 of 46 [8.7% post cesarean]). Regarding the degree of anemia, a significant difference was found in both groups in relation to moderate degree (89 of 162 [54.9%] postpartum and 33 of 46 [71.7%] postcesarean section). CONCLUSIONS: In the frequency of puerperal anemia, a difference was found according to the type of termination of pregnancy. Age, level of education, gestational anemia, hypertensive disorder, hemorrhage in the second half of pregnancy and placenta previa were identified as factors with significant differences in anemia, according to the type of termination of pregnancy.

Repercusiones de la alimentación temprana en la lactancia materna exclusiva / Impact of early initiation of breastfeeding on exclusive breastfeeding

Resumen OBJETIVO: Comparar el efecto de la alimentación temprana y su repercusión en la lactancia materna exclusiva con los cuidados neonatales convencionales en un hospital privado. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio comparativo, observacional, de cohortes, prospectivo y analítico llevado a cabo en el Hospital Ángeles de Querétaro de abril 2015 a octubre de 2021. Criterios de inclusión: madres con periodos intraparto y posparto inmediato, cualquier vía de nacimiento y aplicación o no de anestesia y neonatos de uno y otro sexo, de término, sin patología neonatal o malformaciones congénitas, Apgar a los 5 minutos más o menos mayor a 7 y peso mayor de 2500 g. Criterios de exclusión: embarazos múltiples, recién nacidos con algún padecimiento después del nacimiento o condiciones que impidieron la lactancia. Para la comparación entre grupos de las variables cualitativas se aplicó la prueba de χ2 y, en su caso, corrección de Yates con estimaciones de riesgo. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 1175 madres de las que 687 (58.4%) recién nacidos tomaron lactancia exclusiva y 488 (41.6%) no lo hicieron. Las características clínicas y sociodemográficas entre los dos grupos de comparación fueron similares. Sobresalió que las madres y neonatos que lograron lactancia materna exclusiva exitosa fueron los del grupo de alimentación temprana en comparación con quienes no la hicieron (91.9 vs 52.6%; p < 0.001, RR 4.85, IC95%: 3.80-6.18). CONCLUSIONES: La alimentación temprana, en la primera hora de vida, tiene un efecto benéfico, protector y positivo en la lactancia exclusiva, incluso de hasta casi cinco veces más que cuando no se consigue.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of early feeding and its impact on exclusive breastfeeding with conventional neonatal care in a private hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Comparative, observational, cohort, prospective and analytical study conducted at the Hospital Ángeles de Querétaro from April 2015 to October 2021. Inclusion criteria: mothers with intrapartum and immediate postpartum periods, any birth route and application or not of anesthesia and neonates of either sex, term, without neonatal pathology or congenital malformations, Apgar at 5 minutes plus or minus greater than 7 and weight greater than 2500g. Exclusion criteria: multiple pregnancies, newborns with any condition after birth or conditions that prevented breastfeeding. For the comparison between groups of qualitative variables, the 2's test was applied and, if necessary, Yates' correction with risk estimates. RESULTS: We analyzed 1175 mothers of whom 687 (58.4%) newborns were exclusively breastfed and 488 (41.6%) were not. The clinical and sociodemographic characteristics between the two comparison groups were similar. It stood out that mothers and infants who achieved successful exclusive breastfeeding were those in the early feeding group compared to those who did not (91.9 vs 52.6%; p < 0.001, RR 4.85, 95%CI: 3.80-6.18). CONCLUSIONS: Early feeding, in the first hour of life, has a beneficial, protective and positive effect on exclusive breastfeeding even up to almost five times more than when it is not achieved.

Hemorragia intraparto y lesión renal aguda en pacientes con finalización del embarazo mediante cesárea / Intrapartum hemorrhage and acute renal injury in patients undergoing caesarean section

Resumen OBJETIVO: Cuantificar la hemorragia intraparto y la concentración sérica posparto de creatinina para calcular su correlación y determinar la frecuencia de lesión renal aguda en mujeres que terminaron el embarazo mediante cesárea. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal y retrospectivo efectuado en mujeres que terminaron el embarazo mediante cesárea entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2019 en el Hospital de Ginecología y Obstetricia 3 del IMSS. De los expedientes clínicos se obtuvieron la cantidad de hemorragia intraparto y el valor de creatinina para calcular su correlación y la frecuencia de lesión renal aguda (creatinina posparto mayor de 1 mg/dL). Se aplicaron: estadística descriptiva, t de Student y coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r). RESULTADOS: Se registraron 114 pacientes con 32.44 ± 7.11 años de media de edad y 32.55 ± 4.18 semanas de embarazo, 558.11 ± 570.62 mL de hemorragia posparto y 0.77 ± 0.21 mg/dL de creatinina posparto. La correlación de la hemorragia intraparto vs creatinina posparto fue r = 0.158 y de hemorragia obstétrica (más de 1000 mL) vs creatinina posparto r = 0.390. La frecuencia de lesión renal aguda fue 14.03% (n = 16) y de requerimiento de diálisis 2.42% (n = 3). CONCLUSIONES: La cantidad de la hemorragia intraparto fue aceptable, con baja frecuencia de hemorragia obstétrica. La creatinina posparto se incrementó significativamente. La correlación hemorragia intraparto vs creatinina posparto resultó positiva e incrementó su significación conforme fue mayor la cantidad de sangrado. Se encontró bajo porcentaje de lesión renal aguda y de requerimientos de diálisis.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To quantify intrapartum hemorrhage and serum creatinine (Cr) postpartum concentration to calculate its correlation and determine the frequency of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing caesarean section. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional and retrospective study carried out in women who ended their pregnancy by caesarean section between January 1 and December 31, 2019 at the Hospital for Gynecology and Obstetrics 3 of the IMSS. The clinical records were consulted to calculate the amount of intrapartum hemorrhage and the value of Cr to determine its correlation and the frequency of acute kidney injury (postpartum Cr >1 mg/dL). Statistical analysis: descriptive statistics, Student's T test and Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). RESULTS: The mean age was 32.44 ± 7.11 years with gestational age 32.55 ± 4.18 weeks, intrapartum hemorrhage 558.11 ± 570.62 mL and postpartum Cr 0.77 ± 0.21 mg/dL. The correlation of intrapartum hemorrhage vs postpartum Cr was r = 0.158 and obstetric hemorrhage (> 1,000 mL) vs postpartum Cr r = 0.390. The frequency of AKI was 14.03% (16 cases) and dialysis requirements 2.42% (3 cases). CONCLUSIONS: The amount of intrapartum hemorrhage was acceptable with low frequency of obstetric hemorrhage. Postpartum Cr increased significantly. The intrapartum hemorrhage vs postpartum Cr correlation was positive which increased its significance as the amount of bleeding increased. Low percentage of acute kidney injury and dialysis requirements was found.

Estudios de imagen cerebral en el diagnóstico diferencial de enfermedades hipertensivas del embarazo y convulsiones. Reporte de dos casos / Brain imaging studies in the differential diagnosis of patients with hypertensive diseases of pregnancy and seizures. Report of two cases

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Las crisis convulsivas durante el embarazo son la complicación neurológica más frecuente. Casi todas ocurren en pacientes con epilepsia; cuando aparece la primera durante el embarazo debe establecerse su causa. PRIMER CASO: Paciente de 28 años, con antecedente de hipertensión arterial. Cursaba el puerperio posquirúrgico tardío con preeclampsia sobreagregada cuando tuvo tres crisis convulsivas. Acudió a urgencias y la trataron con sulfato de magnesio: evolucionó a estatus epiléptico. Los estudios de neuroimagen reportaron trombosis de la vena cortical frontal izquierda. Se aplicaron medidas de neuroprotección con adecuada evolución clínica y fue dada de alta del hospital sin déficit motor, sensitivo y cognoscitivo. SEGUNDO CASO: Paciente de 22 años, con antecedente de citopatía mitocondrial del fenotipo oftalmoplejía externa progresiva crónica. Cursaba su primer embarazo sin control prenatal. A la semana 28 sufrió cefalea y una crisis convulsiva. Acudió a urgencias debido a la hipertensión arterial; le prescribieron un antihipertensivo y sulfato de magnesio. Los estudios de neuroimagen reportaron: síndrome de encefalopatía reversible posterior, secundario a eclampsia. Se interrumpió el embarazo y la paciente evolucionó favorablemente. CONCLUSIÓN: Las convulsiones en el embarazo y puerperio en mujeres con enfermedades hipertensivas pueden tener un comportamiento benigno o ser potencialmente mortales. Se propone un algoritmo diagnóstico para tratar a estas pacientes, resalta la sospecha clínica de otras causas de convulsiones como la principal indicación de estudios de imagen.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Seizures during pregnancy are the most frequent neurological complication. Most occur in patients with epilepsy. When the first crisis appears during pregnancy, the cause must be determined. FIRST CASE: A 28-year-old patient with a history of high blood pressure. She was in the late puerperium with over-added preeclampsia when she presented three seizures. She went to the emergency room and started magnesium sulfate, evolving to epileptic status. Neuroimaging studies were performed and reported thrombosis of the left frontal cortical vein. Neuroprotection measures were applied with adequate clinical evolution. She was discharge without motor, sensory and cognitive deficits. SECOND CASE: A 22-year-old patient with a history of a chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia mitochondrial cytopathy. She was in her first pregnancy without prenatal control. At the 28 week she began with headache and had a seizure. She went to the emergency department with high blood pressure, so she was given antihypertensive therapy and magnesium sulfate. Neuroimaging studies reported a posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome secondary to eclampsia. The pregnancy was interrupted, and she evolved favorably. CONCLUSION: Seizures in pregnancy and puerperium in women with hypertensive diseases of pregnancy may have benign behavior or may be life-threatening. We propose a diagnostic algorithm for the approach of these patients, highlighting the clinical suspicion of other causes of seizures as the main indication of imaging studies.

Hallazgos ecocardiográficos en el embarazo y posparto tardío en mujeres mexicanas sanas / Echocardiographical findings in pregnancy and late postpartum of healthy mexicans women´s

Resumen: OBJETIVO: Evaluar y comparar la adaptación cardiovascular materna mediante variables antropométricas y parámetros hemodinámicos con ecocardiografía Doppler en mujeres mexicanas sanas, con embarazo único. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo, observacional, longitudinal, efectuado de enero de 2014 a enero de 2017 en mujeres que cursaban el segundo y tercer trimestres del embarazo. A los 6 meses posparto se practicaron ecosonogramas obstétricos y registros ecocardiográficos Doppler a todas las pacientes del estudio. Cada paciente fue su propio control. Se aplicó el análisis estadístico con SPSS Windows v17, ANOVA para comparar los 3 grupos, con valor significativo de p < 0.05, y correlación no paramétrica de Pearson. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 30 embarazadas con edad promedio de 22.5 ± 3.1 años. Las semanas de embarazo se corroboraron con ultrasonido obstétrico. En el ecocardiograma transtorácico se observaron cambios significativos entre el segundo trimestre y los 6 meses posparto: el ventrículo izquierdo en diástole (cm), 4.5 ± 2.5 vs 4.2 ± 3.3, p < 0.01. El volumen diastólico final del ventrículo izquierdo (mL) fue de 93 ± 14.8 vs 78 ± 17.8 (p < 0.05), el volumen latido (mL): 99.5 ± 15.7 vs 86 ± 11.8 (p < 0.01). Las resistencias vasculares sistémicas (dinas/seg/cm-5), 870 ± 108 vs 1262 ± 176 (p < 0.01). Del segundo al tercer trimestres y posnatal hubo incrementos en la aurícula izquierda (cm): 3.1 ± 4.6, 3.3 ± 4.4, 2.9 ± 4.3 (p < 0.001), gasto cardiaco (L/m): 6.8 ± 0.4, 7.0 ± 0.4, 4.7 ± 0.4 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONES: El embarazo es un estado de sobrecarga transitoria de volumen con importantes efectos orgánicos y funcionales, sobre todo en el segundo trimestre.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this prospective, observational and longitudinal study, was to evaluate and to compare the maternal adaptation through changes on anthropometric and Doppler echocardiographic parameters in Mexican normal pregnancy with single product. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective, observational, longitudinal study, from January 2014 to January 2017. Obstetric ecosonograms and echocardiographic Doppler studies were performed on 2nd and 3rd trimester and six months postpartum. Each patient was her own control. The data were analyzed using SPSS Windows 17, ANOVA for compared the 3 groups with P value < 0.05 was considered significant, as well as a non-parametric correlation of Pearson. RESULTS: There were thirty pregnant with a mean age 22.5 ± 3.1 years-old, between 2nd and 3rd trimester, with obstetrics ultrasound were corroborated gestational age. With transthoracic echocardiography, we found significant changes between 2nd trimester and 6 month post-partum, among the main, the left ventricle (LV) in diastole (cm), 4.5 ± 2.5 versus 4.2 ± 2.3 (p < 0.01), end diastolic left ventricle volume (mL) 93 ± 14.8, vs 78 ± 17.8 (p < 0.05). Stroke volume (mL) 99.5 ± 15.7 vs 86 ± 11.8 (p < 0.01). Systemic vascular resistance (dyne/sec/cm5 ) 870 ± 108 vs 1,262 ± 176 (p < 0.001). From, 2nd and 3rd trimester and postpartum, left atrial diameter (cm), 3.1 ± 4.4, 3.3 ± 4.4, 2.9 ± 4.3 (p < 0.001). Cardiac output (L/m), 6.8 ± 0.4, 7.0 ± 0.4, 4.7 ± 0.4 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Pregnancy is a transitory overload condition with important organic and functional effects mainly in the second trimester.

Cocaine exposure during pregnancy and postpartum maternal behavior in mice / Cocaína durante a Gestação e Comportamento Materno Pós-parto em Ratos / Cocaína durante la gestación y conducta materna postparto en ratones

Abstract Maternal cocaine abuse during pregnancy is associated to neglect, abuse, and mother-child bond disruption, which directly affects infant development; therefore, various neurobehavioral problems of children of drug-dependent parents could be attributed to inadequate maternal behavior or prenatal exposure to drugs. Thus, the aim of this research was to analyze the effects of chronic cocaine administration during pregnancy on postpartum maternal behavior. To do this, 21 CD1 pregnant female mice were randomly assigned for administration of saline solution and cocaine (25 mg/kg/day and 50 mg/kg/day), from day 8 to 21 of gestation. After delivery, for 15 minutes a day, during 20 days, the frequency of occurrence of 16 behavioral patterns of maternal behavior was individually recorded, using an ethogram. Cocaine slightly affected maternal behavior frequency, although it may have affected other parameters, such as latency, duration, and sequence of this behavior.

Resumo O abuso materno de cocaína durante a gestação está relacionado com negligência, maltrato, perturbação do vínculo mãe-filho, o que incide diretamente no desenvolvimento das crianças. Por isso, as diversas problemáticas neurocomportamentais dos filhos de pais drogodependentes poderiam ser atribuídas ao inadequado comportamento materno ou à exposição prénatal à droga. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar os efeitos da administração crônica de cocaína durante a gestação no comportamento materno pós-parto de ratos. Para isso, designaram-se aleatoriamente 21 ratos CD1 fêmeas gestantes para a administração de solução salina e cocaína (25 mg/kg/dia e 50 mg/kg/dia), desde o oitavo até o 21° dia de gestação. Após o parto, durante 20 dias (15 minutos diários), registrou-se individualmente a frequência de apresentação de 16 índices de comportamento materno mediante um etograma. Constatou-se que a cocaína afetou levemente a frequência do comportamento materno, embora possivelmente afete outros parâmetros como latência, duração e sequência desse comportamento.

Resumen El abuso materno de cocaína durante la gestación se relaciona con negligencia, maltrato y perturbación del vínculo madre-hijo, lo que incide directamente en el desarrollo de los infantes; por esto, las diversas problemáticas neuroconductuales de los hijos de padres drogodependientes podrían atribuirse a la inadecuada conducta materna o a la exposición prenatal a la droga. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar los efectos de la administración crónica de cocaína durante la gestación en la conducta materna postparto de ratones. Para esto se asignaron aleatoriamente 21 ratones CD1 hembras gestantes para la administración de solución salina y cocaína (25 mg/kg/día y 50 mg/kg/día), desde el octavo hasta el día veintiuno de gestación. Después del parto, durante 20 días (15 minutos diarios), se registró individualmente la frecuencia de presentación de 16 índices de conducta materna mediante un etograma. Se encontró que la cocaína afectó levemente la frecuencia de la conducta materna, aunque posiblemente afecte otros parámetros como la latencia, duración y secuencia de esta conducta.

Morbilidad Materna Extremadamente Grave en el Hospital Ginecobstétrico de Guanabacoa. La Habana, Cuba (2008-2012) / Extremely severe maternal morbidity at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in Guanabacoa, Havana, Cuba (2008-2012)

Introducción: la morbilidad materna extremadamente grave es un indicador íntimamente asociado a la muerte materna y refleja la calidad de los cuidados obstétricos. Objetivo: analizar la morbilidad materna extrema. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal y retrospectivo en el Hospital Docente Ginecoobstétrico de Guanabacoa desde enero de 2008 hasta diciembre de 2012. La muestra la integraron 65 pacientes. Resultados: se encontró como riesgos relevantes las edades extremas de la vida (75,4 por ciento). Prevalecieron la hipertensión arterial (49,2 por ciento), la diabetes mellitus (32,3 por ciento) y el asma bronquial (24,6 por cientot). El 61 por ciento de las complicaciones ocurrieron en el puerperio con la atonía uterina (64 por ciento) como principal causa de hemorragia. Conclusión: la morbilidad materna extrema es una complicación que puede presentarse en el embarazo, parto y puerperio que pone en peligro la salud reproductiva y la vida de la madre(AU)

Introduction: extremely severe maternal morbidity is an indicator closely related to maternal death which reflects the quality of obstetric care. Objective: analyze extreme maternal morbidity Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital in Guanabacoa from January 2008 to December 2012. The study sample was composed of 65 patients. Results: extreme age was found to be a relevant risk factor (75,4 percent). There was a predominance of arterial hypertension (49,2 percent), diabetes mellitus (32,3 percent) and bronchial asthma (24,6 percent). On the other hand, 61 percent of the complications occurred during puerperium, with uterine atony (64 percent) as the main cause of hemorrhage. Conclusion: extreme maternal morbidity is a complication of the pregnancy, delivery or puerperium which affects reproductive health and may threaten the life of women(AU)

Hemoperitoneo en el puerperio debido a ruptura de vasos venosos uterinos asociado a endometriosis. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Post-partum hemoperitoneum following uterine vessel rupture associated with endometriosis. Case report and review of the literature

Objetivo: realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre la epidemiología, etiología, diagnóstico y manejo de la ruptura de vasos uterinos en el embarazo.Materiales y métodos: Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 32 años quien desarrolla un hemoperitoneo espontáneo en el puerperio inmediato, secundario a la ruptura de los vasos uterinos superficiales en el Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, instituto de cuarto nivel, que atiende pacientes del aseguramiento contributivo privado. Se realizó una laparotomía e histerectomía de urgencia en la que se encontró tejido endometrial en cara posterior del útero y en fondo de saco posterior con sangrado venoso activo. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos electrónicas Medline/Pubmed, Ebsco, Ovid y ProQuest a partir de los términos hemoperitoneum, pregnancy, uterine vessel rupture y endometriosis sin limitación de idioma y diseño epidemiológico, publicados desde 1966 hasta la fecha.Resultados: se encontraron 34 artículos de interés, de estos se seleccionaron un total de 13: una guía de práctica clínica, 2 artículos de revisión y 10 reportes de casos. Conclusión: el hemoperitoneo durante el embarazo, como resultado de ruptura de los vasos uterinos, es una complicación rara, de etiología no clara y cuadro clínico poco específico. Para el manejo es necesario realizar un enfoque multidisciplinario, intervención quirúrgica temprana y correcta reposición del volumen intravascular.

Objective: To undertake a review of the literature on the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis and management of uterine vessel ruptures in pregnancy.Materials and methods: A case of a 32 year old woman with spontaneous hemoperitoneum in the immediate post-partum period secondary to a rupture of superficial uterine vessels at Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe, a high complexity institution that provides care to patients with private contributive health insurance coverage. Emergency laparotomy and hysterectomy were performed with a finding of endometrial tissue in the posterior aspect of the uterus and the posterior cul-de-sac, and active venous bleeding. A search of the literature was done in Medline/Pubmed, Ebsco, Ovid and ProQuest, using the terms "hemoperitoneum", "pregnancy", "uterine vessel rupture" and "endometriosis" with no language limitation and epidemiologic design, published since 1966 to this date. Results: Out of 34 articles of interest, 13 were selected: 1 clinical practice guideline, 2 review articles and 10 case reports. Conclusion: Hemoperitoneum in pregnancy, secondary to uterine vessel rupture is a rare complication of unclear etiology and non-specific clinical presentation. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach with early surgical intervention and correct intravascular volume replacement.

Perfil de retinol no soro e colostro de puérperas atendidas em maternidade pública Brasileira e sua associação com características maternas e obstétricas / Serum and colostrum retinol profile in postpartum women in a Brazilian public maternity and its association with maternal and obstetric characteristics

OBJETIVO:Definir o estado nutricional e estabelecer a prevalência de deficiência de vitamina A (DVA) em puérperas atendidas em maternidade pública brasileira, além de avaliar a influência de características maternas e obstétricas sobre os níveis de retinol no soro e no colostro nessa população. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo de corte transversal 97 puérperas saudáveis classificadas quanto à idade, estado nutricional, paridade, via de parto, peso ao nascer e idade gestacional do recém-nascido. Três amostras de colostro e uma de soro foram coletadas em jejum no pós-parto imediato. O retinol foi analisado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Para caracterizar o estado nutricional em vitamina A, foi adotado ponto de corte para retinol no soro de 30µg/dL e, no colostro, de 60µg/dL. RESULTADOS: No grupo total de puérperas, a concentração média de 60µg/dL de retinol no colostro e 43µg/dL no soro indicou estado bioquímico adequado. No entanto, ao se avaliar individualmente, constatou-se alta prevalência de DVA subclínica no soro (15 por cento) e no colostro (50 por cento). Não foi verificada influência das características maternas, obstétricas e do neonato sobre os níveis de retinol no soro e no colostro das mulheres (p>0,05). CONCLUSÕES: O risco de DVA pode ocorrer em gestantes/puérperas independentemente das características maternas e obstétricas consideradas. Esse fato reforça a necessidade da atenção especial ao acompanhamento pré-natal de todas as mulheres, a fim de prevenir a instalação da DVA e garantir a redução dos índices de morbimortalidade infantil e materna.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between serum and colostrum retinol levels and maternal and obstetric characteristics of women attending a Brazilian public maternity hospital, and to establish the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in this population. METHODS: This cross sectional study included 97 healthy postpartum women classified according to age, nutritional status, parity, mode of delivery, newborn's weight and gestational age. Three samples of colostrum pool and a single serum sample were collected after overnight fasting in the immediate postpartum period. Retinol was analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. To characterize the nutritional status of vitamin A, a cutoff for serum (30 µg/dL) and colostrum (60µg/dL) was adopted. RESULTS: Mean levels of serum (43µg/dL) and colostrum (60µg/dL) retinol showed adequate vitamin A nutritional status in the whole sample. High prevalence of subclinical VAD was assessed on the basis of cutoff points for serum and colostrum retinol levels: 15 and 50 percent, respectively. No significant correlation was found between maternal, obstetric and newborn characteristics and serum and colostrum retinol profile in the studied mothers. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of VAD occurs in postpartum women regardless of the maternal and obstetric characteristics considered. This finding reinforces the need for special attention during prenatal care for all pregnant women in order to avoid the onset of VAD and to ensure the reduction of infant and maternal morbidity and mortality rates.

Meningitis sifilítica aguda / Acute syphilitic meningitis

Se trata de un paciente de 28 años de sexo femenino, que presentó un cuadro clínico rápidamente progresivo de cambios en el comportamiento y deterioro del estado de conciencia. Ingresó con puntaje de Glasgow de 8/15 y requirió intubación traqueal. Tenía respuesta plantar extensora bilateral, pupila izquierda midriática de 5 mm, sin respuesta a la luz, ptosis palpebral del mismo lado y nistagmo con componente rápido hacia la izquierda. El contenido de proteínas del líquido cefalorraquídeo fue de 0,86 g/l con pleocitosis moderada de predominio linfocitario. Tres semanas antes del ingreso, presentó parto vaginal eutócico; no tuvo control prenatal durante el embarazo. En el recién nacido se demostró serología reactiva para sífilis y FTA-ABS positivo. La paciente también fue hallada reactiva para serología de sífilis en el líquido cefalorraquídeo, con diagnóstico de meningitis sifilítica aguda. La prueba ELISA para VIH fue negativa.

A 28 year-old woman presented with a rapidly progressive clinical picture of behavioral changes and altered level of consciousness. She was admitted with Glasgow Coma Score 8/15, 5 mm dilated non-reactive left pupil, right ptosis and nystagmus with left lateral gaze. Protein content at cerebrospinal fluid was 0,86 g/L with pleocytosis. Three weeks earlier, the patient underwent vaginal delivery of a pregnancy without prenatal care, and the newborn was found to be reactive to syphilis serology and positive on FTA-ABS test. The patient was found positive as well for syphilis on serologic tests for syphilis, corresponding yhe picture to neurosyphilis.HIV testing was negative in the patient.

Las adolescentes no pierden densidad mineral ósea en el posparto: estudio comparativo con adultas / Adolescents do not lose bone mineral density postpartum: comparative study with adult women

OBJETIVO: Analizar el patrón de la densidad mineral ósea (DMO), calcio y estradiol séricos, consumo de calcio, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y lactancia en adolescentes y adultas a 15, 90 y 365 días posparto (dpp). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Cohorte prospectivo en 33 adolescentes y 39 adultas con evaluación antropométrica, dietética y ósea en L2-L4 y cuello de fémur; bioquímica con estradiol y calcio séricos. RESULTADOS: Las adolescentes aumentaron de los 15 a los 365 dpp 16 por ciento su DMO de L2-L4, las adultas 3 por ciento. La edad se asoció a este cambio (β=13.779, EE=3.5, p=0.001); la lactancia no se asoció (β=-0.705, EE=0.647, p=0.283). Las adultas presentaron mayor DMO de L2-L4 a 15, 90 y 365 dpp respectivamente (1.151vs 0.978g/cm², 1.195vs1.070g/cm², 1.195vs1.123g/cm², p<0.003). CONCLUSIONES: Las adolescentes incrementaron su DMO tres veces más que las adultas. El cambio en la DMO fue dependiente de la edad e independiente de la práctica de lactancia.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the pattern of bone mineral density (BMD), serum concentrations of estradiol and calcium levels, dietary calcium, body mass index (BMI), and lactation in adolescents and adult women at 15, 90, and 365 postpartum days (ppd). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted of 33 adolescents and 39 adult women. Anthropometric and dietetic evaluations were performed, as well as evaluations of bone mineral density in L2-L4 and femur neck. Estradiol concentrations and calcium serum levels were determined. RESULTS: L2-L4 BMD increased by 16 percent in adolescents, and 3 percent in adult women from day 15 to 365 ppd. While age was associated with this change (β=13.779, EE=3.5, p=0.001), lactation was not (β=-0.705, EE=0.647, p=0.283). The adult women had a higher L2-L4 BMD at 15, 90, and 635 ppd (1.151 vs 0.978g/cm², 1.195 vs 1.070g/cm², 1.195 vs 1.123g/cm², respectively) (p<0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents' BMD increased three times more than that of adult women. For all women, BMD was dependent of age and independent of lactation.

Determinantes nutricionais e sóciodemográficos da variação de peso no pós-parto: uma revisão da literatura: [revisão] / Nutritional and socio-demographic determinants of post-partum weight change: a literature review: [revision]

This study is a review of nutritional and sociodemographic factors determining post-partum weight variation. A bibliographical search was carried out on the electronic databases Scientific Eletronic Library On-line (SciELO), Latin-American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS) and Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) for titles published in the past decade (1997-2008). Thirteen articles, one technical note and two books considered relevant to the subject and published prior to 1997 are also cited in the review. The review prioritized studies involving randomized clinical trials and follow-up carried out among pregnant and post-partum women. The results show that the following are the main factors associated with post-partum weight variation: gestational weight gain above the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine, Pregestational Body Mass > 25 kg/m2, diet, duration and intensity of breast-feeding and socio-demographic factors, such as being black, having given birth only once, the age of the mother, low income and low schooling. Regular physical activity is recommended as a strategy for avoiding excessive weight gain and improving weight loss during post partum. In Brazil, there is no national strategy for preventing excessive weight gain and ensuring adequate weight loss during this period. During post-partum, most health service actions are restricted to ensuring that mothers breastfeed.

Trata-se de um estudo de revisão sobre os fatores nutricionais e sócio-demográficos da variação de peso no pós-parto. Foi realizada uma busca bibliográfica nas bases de dados eletrônicas Scientific Eletronic Library On-line (SciELO), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) referente a literatura publicada na última década (1997-2008). Treze artigos, um informe técnico e dois livros considerados relevantes sobre o assunto e publicados anteriormente ao ano 1997 foram citados na revisão. A revisão priorizou estudos de ensaios clínicos randomizados e de seguimento realizados com gestantes e mulheres no pós-parto. Os resultados obtidos mostram como principais fatores associados com a variação de peso no pós-parto o ganho de peso gestacional acima das recomendações do Institute of Medicine, Índice de Massa Corporal Pré-Gestacional > 25 kg/m2, dieta, tempo e intensidade do aleitamento materno e os fatores sócio-demográficos: raça negra, primiparidade, idade materna, baixa renda e baixa escolaridade. A prática regular de atividade física é recomendada como uma estratégia para evitar o ganho de peso excessivo e melhorar a perda de peso durante o pós-parto. No Brasil não existe uma estratégia nacional para prevenir o ganho de peso excessivo e garantir a adequada perda de peso nesse período. Durante o pós-parto, a maioria das ações de saúde visa basicamente garantir o aleitamento materno.

Níveis de retinol e carotenóides séricos e intercorrências gestacionais em puérperas / Vitamin A serum and gestational intercurrences in postpartum women

OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação entre intercorrências gestacionais e níveis de retinol e carotenóides em puérperas atendidas em maternidade pública do Rio de Janeiro. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída por 262 puérperas atendidas na Maternidade Escola da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. O estado nutricional antropométrico foi avaliado pelo do índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional e pelo ganho ponderal gestacional, e foram coletadas informações sobre intercorrências gestacionais nos registros médicos dos prontuários. Foram adotados os pontos de corte 1,05µmol/L e 80µg/dL para definir inadequação dos níveis de retinol e carotenóides séricos, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Quarenta e dois vírgula sete por cento da amostra foi acometida por intercorrências gestacionais, destacando-se anemia (29,0 por cento), inadequação dos níveis de retinol (24,4 por cento), e síndromes hipertensivas da gravidez (5,7 por cento). Observou-se maior proporção de obesidade pré-gestacional entre mulheres com síndromes hipertensivas da gravidez, em comparação com as não portadoras de tal intercorrência. Verificou-se menor nível médio de carotenóides séricos entre as que desenvolveram síndromes hipertensivas da gravidez e 91,7 por cento destas apresentaram inadequação destes nutrientes. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados revelam acometimento importante de mulheres por intercorrências gestacionais e por deficiências nutricionais. Além disso, apontam a obesidade pré-gestacional como um possível fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de síndromes hipertensivas da gravidez e sugerem uma associação entre baixos níveis de carotenóides e tal intercorrência.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate an association between pregnancy complications and serum retinol and carotenoid levels in puerpere seen at a public maternity of Rio de Janeiro. METHODS: The sample consisted of 262 puerpere seen at the Maternity School of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Nutritional status was assessed by determining the body mass index before pregnancy and by the weight gained during pregnancy. Information on pregnancy complications was collected from the medical records. Low levels of serum retinol and carotenoids were defined as those below the cut-off points of 1.05mmol/L and 80mg/dL respectively. RESULTS: Almost half the sample (42.7 percent) had pregnancy complications which included anemia (29.0 percent), low retinol levels (24.4 percent) and gestational hypertension (5.7 percent). Women with gestational hypertension were more likely to be obese before pregnancy when compared with those without gestational hypertension. The mean serum levels of carotenoids were also found to be lower among women who developed gestational hypertension and 91.7 percent of these women had inadequate levels of these nutrients. CONCLUSION: The results show that many women suffer pregnancy complications and have nutritional deficiencies. Furthermore, they indicate that pregestational obesity may be a risk factor for the development of gestational hypertension and suggest an association between low serum carotenoid levels and gestational hypertension.

Hemorragia posparto inmediata en gestantes adolescentes: etiología, factores de riesgos y complicaciones / Immediate post-partum hemorrhage in adolescent gravidae: etiology, risk factors and complications

Tipo de estudio: se realizó estudio retrospectivo, observacional, aleatorio, en 981 casos en gestantes diagnosticadas con hemorragia posparto inmediata, los cuales fueron atendidas en el hospital maternidad “Enrique C. Sotomayor “, en la ciudad de Guayaquil, durante el período comprendido entre los meses de octubre a diciembre de 2002. Objetivos: demostrar la frecuencia de hemorragia posparto inmediato, en gestantes adolescentes, y la causa etiológica más frecuente, la vía de terminación más propensa a sufrir HPPI y sus complicaciones adversas. Resultados: las edades de las gestantes fluctuaron entre los 13 y 20 años, con un promedio de 17 años de edad. El universo fue 981 casos de gestantes, las cuales sufrieron HPPI por diferentes causas, de las cuales se sustrajo una muestra de 71, los cuales reunían los criterios de inclusión de este estudio: hipotonía uterina; alumbramiento incompleto, desgarros vaginales, desgarros cervicales; ruptura uterina; abruptuo placentae. Conclusiones: las causas genitales son las que con mayor frecuencia ocasionan HPPI, así mismo se destaca que es la atonía uterina la de mayor prevalencia; que las primigestas son las que más frecuentemente están propensas a padecer una HPPI; la vía de terminación de parto en la que se observó mayor tendencia a HPPI, fue la vaginal.

Study type: An observational, retrospective and randomized study was performed in 981 cases of pregnant women diagnosed with Immediate Pos-partum hemorrhage who were assisted in "Enrique C. Sotomayor Hospital in Guayaquil, during the period of October- December 2002. Objectives: To demonstrate the frequency of Immediate Pos-partum hemorrhage in adolescent pregnancies, and the most frequent etiology, the route of delivery most prone to undergo Immediate Pos-partum hemorrhage and its adverse complications. Results: Gravidae were aged between 13 and 20 years with an average age of 17 years. The universe has 981 gravidae who suffered IPPH from different causes, from whom we obtained a sample of 71 who met the inclusion criteria of this study: uterine hypotony, incomplete afterbirth, vaginal tears, cervical tears, uterine rupture, abruptuo placentae. Conclusions: The genital causes are those of the highest frequency, as well as uterine atony is the one with the highest prevalence; primigravidae are the most frequently prone to experience a IPPH; the route of delivery in which we observed the highest tendency to IPPH was the vaginal one.