Comparison between oral midazolam versus oral ketamine plus midazolam as preanesthetic medication in autism spectrum disorder: double-blind randomized clinical trial

Abstract Background: Conventional dental care is often impossible in patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Non-collaborative behaviors, sometimes associated with aggressiveness, are usual justifications for premedication in this population. Thereby, this research focuses on the effects of oral midazolam versus oral ketamine plus midazolam as preanesthetic medication in ASD. Methods: The sample included 64 persons with ASD, aged 2-59 years, scheduled for dental care under general anesthesia. The primary objective of this study was to compare degrees of sedation between two parallel, double-blinded, equally proportional groups randomized to receive oral midazolam (0.5 mg.kg−1, maximum 15 mg) or oral midazolam (0.5 mg.kg−1) associated with oral S(+)-ketamine (3 mg.kg−1, maximum 300 mg). The secondary outcomes were the need of physical stabilization to obtain intravenous line, awakening time, and occurrence of adverse events. Results: According to the dichotomous analysis of sedation level (Ramsay score 1 and 2 versus Ramsay ≥ 3), oral association of S(+)-ketamine and midazolam improved sedation, with increased probability of Ramsay ≥ 3, Relative Risk (RR) = 3.2 (95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 1.32 to 7.76) compared to midazolam alone. Combined treatment also made it easier to obtain venous access without physical stabilization, RR = 2.05 (95% CI = 1.14 to 3.68). There were no differences between groups regarding awakening time and the occurrence of adverse events. Conclusion: The association of oral S(+)-ketamine with midazolam provides better preanesthetic sedation rates than midazolam alone and facilitates intravenous line access in patients with autism.

The effect of intravenous prophylactic administration of dezocine before anesthesia induction on choking during induction period of patients undergoing general anesthesia / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of intravenous prophylactic administration of dezocine before anesthesia induction on choking during induction period in patients undergoing general anesthesia.Methods:A total of 92 patients with tracheal intubation surgery under general anesthesia from November 2020 to May 2021 in the Zhejiang Taizhou Hospital were selected and randomly divided into the observation groupand the control group by random number table, with 46 cases in each group. The observation group was intravenously injected with 0.1 mg/kg dezocine while the control group was intravenously injected with 0.9% sodium chloride 5 ml before anesthesia induction. Anesthesia induction was performed at 10 min after injection in the two groups. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and catecholamine, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were recorded at before anesthesia induction (T 0), 1 min before endotracheal intubation (T 1), 1 min after intubation (T 2), and 5 min after endotracheal intubation (T 3). The incidence and degree of choking, the agitation score, visual analog scale (VAS) score, Ramsay sedation score and the incidence of adverse reactions in the two groups were compared. Results:The levels of HR, SBP and DBP at T 0, T 1, T 2 and T 3 in the two groups had no significant differences ( P>0.05). The levels of catecholamine and IL-6 in the control group were higher than those in the observation group: (120.49 ± 15.13) ng/L vs.(113.53 ± 17.14) ng/L, (16.80 ± 2.61) ng/L vs. (13.46 ± 1.55) ng/L, there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). The recovery time to spontaneous breathing in the observation group was shorter than that in the control group: (8.76 ± 2.14) min vs. (9.87 ± 2.09) min, there was statistical difference ( P<0.05). The incidence of choking in the observation group was lower than that in the control group: 2.17%(1/46) vs. 21.74%(10/46), there was statistical difference ( P<0.05). The scores of agitation score and VAS in the observation group were lower than that in the control group, and the scores of Ramsay sedation score was higher than that in the control group: (1.43 ± 0.26) scores vs. (2.11 ± 0.14) scores, (3.55 ± 1.03) scores vs. (4.86 ± 1.15) scores, (3.13 ± 0.76) scores vs. (1.54 ± 0.32) scores, there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was lower than that in the control group: 6.52%(3/46) vs. 23.91% (11/46), there was statistical differences ( χ2 = 5.39, P<0.05). Conclusions:For patients with tracheal intubation under general anesthesia, preventive injection of dezocine before anesthesia induction can effectively inhibit the stress response of patients, with little impact on the patients′ circulatory system and respiratory system, and can also effectively reduce the incidence of choking in the induction period.

Oral versus intramuscular midazolam for paediatric preanaesthetic medication

Background: The need for effective preanesthetic medication in children is obvious and midazolam has proven to be one reliable choice. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy, acceptability and reliability of the oral and intramuscular routes of administration of midazolam towards paediatric preanesthetic medication at various doses.Methods: Hundred eligible patients in the age group of 1 to 10 years undergoing ambulatory or routine planned, minor or major surgery during study period were allocated to one of the four groups of 25 participants each, formed on the basis of premedication they received. Haemodynamic parameters, level of sedation and anxiety and induction score were noted before premedication and after each 15 minutes interval for next 45 minutes in all the four groups. Postoperative assessment included sleep level, anterograde amnesia, picture recall and occurrence of complications.Results: The sedative and anxiolytic effects were observed to be maximum at 45 minutes after premedication in all the four groups and better sedation, anxiolysis and quality of induction were achieved with higher doses for both oral as well as intramuscular routes. Postoperatively, the sleep level did not increase with higher dose and 64% patients were awake with 0.75 mg/kg oral midazolam. The sleep level was more with higher dose with the Intramuscular route, with 60% patients feeling drowsy with 0.1mg/kg dose. 0.75 mg/kg dose showed better anterograde amnesia (64%) than 0.5 mg/kg (28%), while it was present in 64% participants premedicated with 0.8 mg/kg intramuscular does and 72% in 0.1 mg/kg intramuscular dose.Conclusions: Intramuscular midazolam at 0.1 mg/kg dose seems to be the ideal dose and route for paediatric preanesthetic medication, with oral midazolam at 0.75 mg/kg to be considered an effective and acceptable alternative.

Effect of dezocine preemptive analgesia in the reconstruction of nasal bone fracture / 中国基层医药

Objective@#To explore the safety and efficacy of dezocine preemptive analgesia in the reconstruction of nasal bone fracture.@*Methods@#From September 2016 to May 2018, 63 patients with simple nasal bone fracture admitted to the 908th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force were selected in the study.The patients were divided into two groups by random number table method: dezocine group(n=32) and control group(n=31). The dezocine group was injected with dezocine before surgery, while the control group was injected with 0.9% sodium chloride solution.The differences of MAP, HR, SpO2 at different time points between the two groups were observed.And the difference of VAS/RSS during operation and 2 hours after surgery were also observed.@*Results@#There were no statistically significant differences in MAP, HR and SpO2 between the two groups at different time points(10 min before and 10 min after intramuscular injection) (all P>0.05). During operation and 20 min after operation, the MAP values of the control group were (110.1±16.38)mmHg and (105.28±14.81)mmHg, respectively, which were higher than those of the dezocine group [(102.35±14.25)mmHg and (101.25±13.12)mmHg)], the differences were statistically significant(t=2.259, 2.153, all P<0.05). There were no statistically significant difference in HR between the two groups at 10 min before and 10 min after intramuscular injection(all P>0.05). The HR in the control group during operation and at 20min after operation were (90.81±19.52)times/min, (77.25±18.25)times/min, respectively, which were faster than those in the dezocine group [(85.16±17.25)times/min, (71.36±16.15)times/min], the differences were statistically significant(t=2.074, 2.047, all P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in SpO2 between the two groups at different time points(all P>0.05). In the surgery, the RSS score of dezocine group[(4.3±0.6)points] was better than that in control group[(2.1±0.4)points], the difference was statistically significant(t=17.008, P<0.05). The VAS scores in the control group during operation and 20 min after operation were (2.3±0.5)points, (1.5±0.8)points, respectively, , which were lower than those in the control group [(5.5±0.7)points, (2.1±0.6)points](t=20.572, 3.277, all P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Application of dezocine preemptive analgesia in the reconstruction of nasal bone fracture is effective and safe, the hemodynamics is stable and the analgesic effect is definite in the surgery.

Effect of dezocine preemptive analgesia in the reconstruction of nasal bone fracture / 中国基层医药

Objective To explore the safety and efficacy of dezocine preemptive analgesia in the reconstruction of nasal bone fracture.Methods From September 2016 to May 2018,63 patients with simple nasal bone fracture admitted to the 908th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force were selected in the study.The patients were divided into two groups by random number table method :dezocine group ( n＝32) and control group ( n＝31).The dezocine group was injected with dezocine before surgery ,while the control group was injected with 0.9% sodium chloride solution.The differences of MAP,HR,SpO2 at different time points between the two groups were observed. And the difference of VAS／RSS during operation and 2 hours after surgery were also observed.Results There were no statistically significant differences in MAP ,HR and SpO2 between the two groups at different time points (10 min before and 10 min after intramuscular injection ) ( all P＞0.05).During operation and 20 min after operation,the MAP values of the control group were (110.1 ±16.38) mmHg and (105.28 ±14.81) mmHg,respectively,which were higher than those of the dezocine group [(102.35 ±14.25) mmHg and (101.25 ±13.12) mmHg)], the differences were statistically significant ( t ＝2.259,2.153, all P ＜0.05).There were no statistically significant difference in HR between the two groups at 10 min before and 10 min after intramuscular injection(all P＞0.05).The HR in the control group during operation and at 20min after operation were (90.81 ±19.52) times／min,(77.25 ± 18.25)times／min,respectively,which were faster than those in the dezocine group [(85.16 ±17.25) times／min, (71.36 ±16.15)times／min],the differences were statistically significant ( t＝2.074,2.047,all P＜0.05).There were no statistically significant differences in SpO 2 between the two groups at different time points ( all P＞0.05).In the surgery,the RSS score of dezocine group [(4.3 ±0.6) points] was better than that in control group [(2.1 ± 0.4)points],the difference was statistically significant (t＝17.008,P＜0.05).The VAS scores in the control group during operation and 20 min after operation were (2.3 ±0.5) points,(1.5 ±0.8) points,respectively,,which were lower than those in the control group [(5.5 ±0.7) points,(2.1 ±0.6) points] (t＝20.572,3.277,all P＜0.05). Conclusion Application of dezocine preemptive analgesia in the reconstruction of nasal bone fracture is effective and safe,the hemodynamics is stable and the analgesic effect is definite in the surgery .

Effects of preanesthetic dexmedetomidine on hemodynamic responses to endotracheal intubation in elderly patients undergoing treatment for hypertension: a randomized, double-blinded trial / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Dexmedetomidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist with sedative, anxiolytic, and analgesic properties. This study was designed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of preoperative administration of 0.5 µg/kg dexmedetomidine on hemodynamic responses caused by endotracheal intubation in elderly patients undergoing treatment for hypertension. METHODS: Forty elderly (≥ 65 years old) patients who had been receiving hypertension treatment, had American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status II, and were scheduled to undergo elective noncardiac surgery were randomly selected and assigned to 2 groups. Group C received normal saline and group D received 0.5 µg/kg dexmedetomidine intravenously over 10 min just before endotracheal intubation. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded preoperatively in the ward, immediately after study drug administration, and at 1, 3, and 5 min after endotracheal intubation. RESULTS: Compared to group C, group D showed significantly lower SBP and MAP at 1, 3, and 5 min as well as significantly lower DBP and HR at 3 and 5 min after endotracheal intubation. CONCLUSIONS: In elderly patients receiving hypertension treatment, a single preanesthetic dose of dexmedetomidine (0.5 µg/kg) effectively suppressed the hemodynamic responses to endotracheal intubation.

Recent knowledge of preoperative evaluation and preanesthetic management in infants

Preoperative assessment and optimization of a patient's condition are important components of anesthesia practice. Improvements in evaluation and management can potentially reduce adverse events, improve patient and caregiver satisfaction, and reduce costs. Although routine preoperative laboratory tests are ordered in many institutions, history taking and physical examination provide more information about patients than laboratory tests do. Therefore, history taking and physical examination should be used to direct test ordering, and a test should be ordered only if the results will impact the decision to proceed with the planned procedure or alter the care plans. Preoperative laboratory tests without specific indications lack clinical usefulness and may actually lead to patient injury because of unnecessary interventions, delay of surgery, anxiety, and even inappropriate therapies. After sufficient discussion between anesthesiologists and surgeons in each institution, diagnostic testing guidelines for the preoperative evaluation should be developed to improve patient care, standardize clinical practice, improve efficiency, and reduce costs. For preoperative management for infants, preoperative evaluation is similar to that for the adult, but reducing anxiety of patients and their parents is especially important. Although many nonpharmacologic methods are used to reduce anxiety, the pharmacologic methods are more effective than nonparmacologic methods. The administration of sedative premedication to infants who are about to undergo anesthesia and surgery can result in beneficial effects during the preoperative and postoperative periods by decreasing anxiety, increasing cooperation during anesthesia induction, and reducing negative postoperative behavioral responses.

Medications or food before anesthesia to note taking

Decisions about stopping or continuing medications perioperatively should be based on withdrawal potential, the potential for disease progression if therapy is interrupted, and the potential for drug interactions with anesthesia. In general, most medications are tolerated well through surgery and do not interfere with anesthetic administration. Therefore, most drugs should be continued through the morning of surgery. However, some medications are known to influence surgical risk or surgical decisions (e.g., antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, some hormonal therapies, and herbal remedies), so it is important to obtain a complete medication list from the patient and to advise adjusting doses or discontinuing certain potentially complicating medications in advance of surgery. This article reviews general recommendations for perioperative management of a number of common medication classes.

Effectiveness of Preemptive Analgesia Using a Frequency Rhythmic Electrical Modulation System in Patients Having Instrumented Fusion for Lumbar Stenosis

STUDY DESIGN: A randomized prospective study. PURPOSE: To assess postoperative analgesic requirements after Phyback therapy preemptively in patients undergoing lumbar stabilization. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Frequency Rhythmic Electrical Modulation System is the latest method of preemptive analgesia. METHODS: Forty patients were divided into two groups. Patients who were to receive tramadol were allocated to "group A" and those who were to receive Phyback therapy were allocated to "group B." In patients with a visual analog scale score of >4 or a verbal rating scale score of >2, 75 mg of diclofenac IM was administered. The amount of analgesic consumption, the bolus demand dosage, and the number of bolus doses administered were recorded. Patient satisfaction was evaluated using the visual analog patient satisfaction scale. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in the visual analog scale and verbal rating scale scores in the fourth, sixth, 12th, and 24th hours. The number of bolus infusions was significantly lower in group B. The amount of analgesic consumption was higher in group A. There was a significant difference between the two groups in the number of bolus infusions and the total amount of analgesic consumption, and this comparison showed better results for group B. CONCLUSIONS: Application of Phyback therapy reduced postoperative opioid consumption and analgesic demand, and it contributed to reducing patients' level of pain and increased patient satisfaction. Moreover, the application of preemptive Phyback therapy contributed to reducing preoperative pain which may have reduced patient anxiety.

The Effect of Premedication using a Jet-injector in Pediatric Patients / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of midazolam premedication administered by a jet-injector in pediatric patients. METHODS: Children undergoing outpatient surgery were randomized into three groups: intravenous induction with thiopental sodium (control group, n = 20), oral midazolam premedication (PO-med group, n = 20) or midazolam premedication using a jet-injector (Jet-med group, n = 20). In the PO-med and Jet-med group patients, anesthetic induction was performed by sevoflurane inhalation and an intravenous catheter (IVC) was inserted after the children had been anesthetized by sevoflurane inhalation. For the control group patients, an IVC was placed in the preoperative holding area. Agitation scores were recorded in the preoperative holding area and recovery room. Anesthesia times and the views of the medical staff concerning the technique benefits were also noted. Patients and parents were interviewed on the following day. RESULTS: Maximum agitation scores in the preoperative holding area and during separation with parents were significantly lower in the PO-med and Jet-med groups. The induction time was significantly longer in the PO-med and Jet-med groups. No statistically significant differences were found for the recovery characteristics. Though interviews with patients and parents produced similar results for patients in each group, the medical staff satisfaction levels were significantly higher for patients in the PO-med and Jet-med groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that the application of the jet-injector for midazolam premedication may be clinically useful in children who do not have an IVC. The use of the jet-injector could be a substitute for the oral route for midazolam administration.

Fibroscopia o traqueostomía en cirugía maxilofacial

Determinadas condiciones maxilofaciales pueden obligar a la realización de una traqueostomía e incluso, después de algunos años, a una intubación con ayuda de un fibroscopio flexible con luz fría, antes de proceder a la operación con anestesia general. La fibroscopia es un método eficaz, pero delicado, que requiere la presencia de un personal especialmente entrenado para intubaciones difíciles, puesto que permite evitar las molestias de la traqueostomía. Se exponen las indicaciones y los resultados de la técnica de intubación, con auxilio del fibroscopio, en pacientes no anestesiados.

Certain maxillofacial conditions may lead to a compulsory tracheostomy and even, after some years, to fiberscope-assisted intubation before proceeding to a general anesthesia surgery. The fiber optic endoscopy is an effective but delicate method requiring a staff specially trained in difficult intubation since this technique avoids the disturbances of tracheostomy. Indications and results of the fiberscope-aided intubation in non anesthetized patients are set forth.

Clonidina oral en la medicación preanéstesica del paciente hipertenso

Se diseña un estudio para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la clonidina como medicación preanestésica del paciente hipertenso. Se trataron 50 sujetos hospitalizados para cirugía mayor electiva entre 20 y 65 años de edad, ambos sexos, cifras tensionales en 140/90 o más, clase II de riesgo de la ASA, asignándose aleatoriamente al tratamiento con clonidina o placebo vía oral en un ensayo prospectivo y a doble ciegas. Se administró una dosis de 0,075 mg de clonidina 8, 12 y 16 horas antes del proceder quirúrgico. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos respecto a la edad, sexo, valores de tensión sistólica, diastólica, media o pulso radial iniciales. Se evaluaron dichos parámetros cada 6 horas en el pre y posoperatorio. La clonidina disminuyó las cifras tensionales en ambos períodos. Se presentaron reacciones adversas sin importancia clínica en el 27 % de los casos. La somnolencia fue el efecto secundario más común. No se detectaron casos de hipotensión ortostática. El alfa agonista redujo la frecuencia de reacciones hipertensivas en el período posoperatorio (34 %) comparativamente con el placebo (58 %).

A study is designed to assess the efficacy and safety of clonidine as preanesthetic medication for the hypertensive patient. Fifty inpatients going through elective major surgery were treated; they had between 20 and 65 years old, both sexes, tension figures in 140/90 or more, class II of ASA risk, and they were randomly assigned to clonidine treatment or oral placebo in a prospective double blind assay. A dose of 0,075 mg clonidine was administered 8, 12 and 16 hours before the surgical procedure. There were no statistically significant differences between both groups with respect to age, sex, values of systolic tension, diastolic, initial mean or radial pulse. Such parameters were assessed every 6 hours at pre and postoperatory. Clonidine decreased the tension figures in both periods. Adverse reactions without clinical importance occurred in the 27 % of the cases. Drowsiness was the most common secondary effect. No orthostatic hypotension cases were detected. The alpha-agonist reduced the frequency of hypertensive reactions in the postoperatory period (34 %) compared with the placebo (58 %).