Predictive validity and cut-off point of the Turkish version of the Infant Colic Scale in the diagnosis of colic

Abstract Objective: To investigate the predictive validity and cut-off point of the Turkish version of the Infant Colic Scale (ICS) in the diagnosis of colic. Methods: This methodological study was carried out in a pediatric outpatient clinic of a university hospital in Turkey with infants aged 6-16 weeks (n = 133). The data were collected using the Mother-Infant Description Form, the ICS, and the Rome IV criteria form. The scale is a 6-point Likert-type scale consisting of 19 items in total. A low total mean score obtained from it indicates that the probability of colic increases, while a high mean score indicates that the probability of colic decreases. The Rome IV criteria were used as the gold standard. Results: The mean score obtained from the ICS was 59.4 ± 13.7. According to the Rome IV criteria, 26.3% of the infants had colic. The area under the ROC curve was 87.4% (95% CI = 0.815-0.934, SE = 0.30, p = 0.001), and the cut-off point for the best sensitivity value (88.6%) and the best specificity value (70.5%) of the ICS was determined to be 60.5. According to the cut-off point, the positive predictive value was 51%, and the negative predictive value was 94%. Conclusion: The predictive validity of the Turkish version of the ICS was found to be at a good level with high sensitivity and acceptable specificity for a cut-off point of 60.5. Healthcare professionals working in the child field can use the ICS to exclude colic in infants.

The Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination for following-up the gross motor development of high-risk infants / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective:To explore the ability of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) to predict the gross motor development of high-risk infants.Methods:A total of 207 high-risk infants were assessed with the HINE and the Gesell Developmental Schedule (GDS) at the ages of 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. They were then divided into a normal development group and a delayed group according to their gross motor development at 12 months old. The validity of the HINE′s discrimination was quantified retrospectively as the difference in the total HINE score at each follow-up month between the two groups. Spearman coefficients relating the total HINE score with the gross motor development quotient from the GDS were calculated at each follow-up month. The HINE′s total score threshold for predicting gross motor retardation at 12 months was determined from a receiver operating characteristics curve, and the predictive validity, sensitivity and specificity were evaluated by calculating the area under the curve.Results:At each time point the average total HINE score of the delayed group was significantly lower than the normal group′s average. The correlation between the HINE total scores and the GDS gross motor development quotients was strongest at 6 months old, and weakest at 3 months. The threshold total HINE score for predicting gross motor retardation at 12 months old was 60 at 3 months, 67 at 6 months, and then 71. The instrument′s sensitivity and specificity were very good at all four time points.Conclusion:The HINE can usefully predict gross motor retardation in the first year of life for high-risk infants. The critical value of the total score can be used as an auxiliary diagnostic reference for neuromotor development in such infants.

Propiedades Psicométricas de la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico para Adultos (BIEPS-A) en población Mexicana / Psychometric Properties of the Psychological Well-Being Scale for Adults (BIEPS-A) in a Mexican Sample

Resumen Introducción: El bienestar psicológico favorece el funcionamiento de la vida personal y social. Para su evaluación, es necesario contar con instrumentos válidos y confiables que permitan decidir y valorar las acciones necesarias para promoverlo. Objetivo: Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico para Adultos (BIEPS-A) en una muestra mexicana. Método: Se aplicó la escala BIEPS-A y la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (EAR) a 188 estudiantes universitarios y 94 participantes de población general. Resultados: Un análisis paralelo detectó un factor único en la escala BIEPS-A, estructurado mediante análisis factorial exploratorio (componentes principales, rotación oblicua) que retuvo 9 reactivos y explicó el 54% de la varianza. La consistencia interna fue de aceptable (α de Cronbach = .78) a elevada (alfa ordinal = .90). El análisis de curva ROC identificó un punto de corte equivalente a la mediana (ABC = .72, p < .01) y otro al percentil 75 (ABC = .80, p < .01), y ser mujer, tener entre 18 y 25 años y bajo o leve nivel de autoestima como predictores de bajo nivel de bienestar psicológico. La escala BIEPS-A mostró validez concurrente (r = .57) y predictiva con la EAR (β = .63). Discusión y conclusiones: La escala BIEPS-A es un instrumento válido y confiable para evaluar el bienestar psicológico en población mexicana; sin embargo, las diferencias respecto a su estructura original indican la necesidad de una escala de bienestar psicológico diseñada específicamente para población mexicana.

Abstract Introduction: Psychological well-being favors the functioning of personal and social life. Valid and reliable instruments are necessary for its evaluation that allow deciding and assessing the actions necessary to promote it. Objective: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Scale of Psychological Well-being for Adults (BIEPS-A) in a Mexican sample. Methods: The BIEPS-A scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) were administered to 188 university students and 94 participants from the general population. Results: A parallel analysis detected a single factor in the BIEPS-A scale, structured by exploratory factor analysis (main components, oblique rotation) that retained 9 items and explained 54% of the variance. Internal consistency ranged from acceptable (Cronbach's α = .78) to high (ordinal alpha = .90). ROC curve analysis identified a cut-off point equivalent to the median (AUC = .72, p <.01) and another to the 75th percentile (AUC = .80, p <.01). The latter identified as a woman, between 18 and 25 years old with a low or slight level of self-esteem as predictors of a low level of psychological well-being. The BIEPS-A scale showed concurrent (r = .57) and predictive (β = .63) validity with the EAR. Discussion and conclusions: The BIEPS-A scale is a valid and reliable instrument to assess psychological well-being in the Mexican population. However, the differences with respect to its original structure indicate the need for a psychological well-being scale designed specifically for the Mexican population.

Further discussion of general movements quality assessment( writhing movements) in early prediction validity of motor developmental outcome of high-risk infants / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective To study the predictive value of general movements( GMs) quality assess-ment technique(writhing movements)on the motor development outcome of high-risk infants,so as to pro-vide a reference basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods A retrospective analysis was made on the high-risk infants who were hospitalized in the Neonatal Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University from January 1,2017 to December 31,2018,and the GMs quality assessment was finished and followed up to 12-month-old among high-risk infants. The clinical diagnostic criteria for patients with cerebral palsy and Peabody Development Motor Scales-2 ( PDMS-2) were used to evaluate the motor development outcome of 12-month-old high-risk infants. Furthermore, the predictive value of GMs writhing movements on the motor development outcome of high-risk infants were evaluated. Results The predictive validity of writhing movements phase[cramped synchronized(CS) +poor repertoire(PR)]for mo-tor retardation and cerebral palsy in high-risk infants who met the inclusion criteria were as follows:the sensi-tivity,specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value were 94. 44%, 23. 03%, 11. 04%, 97. 62% and 100%,21. 88%,2. 60%,100%,respectively. The predictive sensitivity and negative predictive value of writhing movements PR for motor retardation and cerebral palsy were 92. 31%,100%;98. 18%, 100% respectively. The predictive sensitivity,specificity and negative predictive value of writhing movements CS for motor retardation and cerebral palsy were 100%,95. 81%,100% and 100%,95. 31% and 100%, respectively. Conclusion GMs quality assessment(writhing movements)has high reliability in predicting the motor development outcome of high-risk infants,especially cramped-synchronized has significant value in ear-ly screening of children with motor retardation and cerebral palsy.

Further discussion of general movements quality assessment(writhing movements) in early prediction validity of motor developmental outcome of high-risk infants / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective@#To study the predictive value of general movements(GMs) quality assessment technique(writhing movements)on the motor development outcome of high-risk infants, so as to provide a reference basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.@*Methods@#A retrospective analysis was made on the high-risk infants who were hospitalized in the Neonatal Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2018, and the GMs quality assessment was finished and followed up to 12-month-old among high-risk infants.The clinical diagnostic criteria for patients with cerebral palsy and Peabody Development Motor Scales-2(PDMS-2)were used to evaluate the motor development outcome of 12-month-old high-risk infants.Furthermore, the predictive value of GMs writhing movements on the motor development outcome of high-risk infants were evaluated.@*Results@#The predictive validity of writhing movements phase[cramped synchronized(CS)+ poor repertoire(PR)]for motor retardation and cerebral palsy in high-risk infants who met the inclusion criteria were as follows: the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value were 94.44%, 23.03%, 11.04%, 97.62% and 100%, 21.88%, 2.60%, 100%, respectively.The predictive sensitivity and negative predictive value of writhing movements PR for motor retardation and cerebral palsy were 92.31%, 100%; 98.18%, 100% respectively.The predictive sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive value of writhing movements CS for motor retardation and cerebral palsy were 100%, 95.81%, 100% and 100%, 95.31% and 100%, respectively.@*Conclusion@#GMs quality assessment(writhing movements)has high reliability in predicting the motor development outcome of high-risk infants, especially cramped-synchronized has significant value in early screening of children with motor retardation and cerebral palsy.

Comparison of writhing movements assessments in terms of predictive validity of neurological outcome between high-risk preterm and full-term infants / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective@#To compare the predictive validity of writhing movements assessments of neurological outcome between high-risk preterm and full-term infants.@*Methods@#High-risk preterm and full-term infants who accepted the general movements(GMs) assessments from July 2013 to April 2014 and took part in follow-up regularly for 1 year in the Newborn Pediatrics Department of the Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin were confirmed as the participants.GMs recordings during writhing movements period (at least once) and fidgety movements period (at least once) were collected and assessed.Neurological outcome was confirmed by Peabody Developmental Motor Scale-2(PDMS-2) when the patients were 1 year old.Then the predictive validities of writhing movements assessments of neurological outcome between high-risk preterm and full-term infants were calculated and compared.@*Results@#There was no significant difference in the detection rate of writhing movements between preterm and full-term infant groups(χ2=1.592, P=0.207). There was no significant difference in the detection rate of fidgety movements between preterm and full-term infant groups(χ2=1.605, P=0.205). The sensitivity was 92.9%, the specificity was 90.0%, and the negative predictive value was 97.8% in the stage of writhing movement to the motor development outcome in preterm infant group; the sensitivity was 85.7%, the specificity was 94.0%, and the negative predictive value was 95.9% in the stage of fidgety movement to the motor development outcome in preterm infant group; there was a good consistency between the assessment of writhing movement and neurological outcome confirmed by PDMS-2(Kappa=0.703, P<0.01). The specificity was 71.0%, the positive predictive value was 55.6% in the stage of writhing movement to the motor development outcome in full-term infant group; there was a worse consistency between the assessment of writhing movement and neurological outcome confirmed by PDMS-2(Kappa=0.555, P<0.01). Both the sensitivity and the specificity were 75.0% in the stage of writhing movement to the cerebral palsy in preterm infant group; there was a poor consistency between the assessment of writhing movement and neurological outcome confirmed by PDMS-2(Kappa=0.311, P<0.05). The specificity was 85.4%, the positive predictive value was 22.2% in the stage of writhing movement to the cerebral palsy in full-term infant group; there was still a poor consistency between the assessment of writhing movement and neurological outcome confirmed by PDMS-2(Kappa=0.319, P<0.05). Both the sensitivity and the negative predictive value were 100.0% in the stage of fidgety movement to the cerebral palsy in both preterm and full-term infant groups.@*Conclusions@#The predictive validity of writhing movements assessments to the motor development outcome in preterm infant group is higher than in full-term infant group, and it can be used as a tool for early and accurate prediction of neural development outcome of brain injured premature infants.The predictive validity of writhing movements assessments of the cerebral palsy is poor.Both the sensitivity and the negative predictive value were high in the stage of fidgety movement to the cerebral palsy in both preterm and full-term infant groups, and it may be used to predict the cerebral palsy earlier.

Detection and validation of serum C-reactive protein and procalcitonin as diagnostic markers for bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis of liver.

Background: The role of inflammatory markers like CRP and procalcitonin in predicting various outcomes in patients with cirrhosis is gaining lot of attention. There is a need for extensive studies, to be carried out in India as there is no adequate literature available on the subject. Objectives: To assess the predictive validity of c-reactive protein and procalcitonin in predicting bacterial infection and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Materials and methods: A prospective observational study conducted in the Department of Hepatology, at Madras Medical College, Chennai. Patients admitted to the Hepatology ward from March2016 to February 2017with acute decompensation of liver cirrhosis were studied. The serum procalcitonin level was assessed by Electro Chemi Luminescence Immuno Assay (Eclia) with a measuring range of 0.02-75ng/ml. and C-Reactive Protein level was assessed by ImmunoTurbido Kumaragurubaran Sivanesan, Narayanasamy Krishnasamy, Shanthiselvi, Chezhian Annasamy, Senthilkumar Ramalingam, Akilandeswari Alagan Ramasamy, Premkumar Krishnamoorthy, Jaiganesh Mohan. Detection and validation of serum Creactive protein and procalcitonin as diagnostic markers for bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis of liver. IAIM, 2017; 4(4): 53-62. Page 54 Metric Assay, with a measuring range of 1.00-200mg/l. The utility of CRP and procalcitonin in predicting the infection and mortality was assessed by Receiver Operative curve (ROC) analysis. Results: Procalcitonin had a better predictive validity than C-reactive protein in predicting the bacterial infection in the study population as indicated by their AUC curve as 0.99 (95% CI 0.99, 1.00, p value <0.001), for Procalcitonin and 0.84 (95% CI 0.76, 0.92, p value <0.001) for C-reactive protein. In predicting the mortality, C-reactive protein had a better predictive validity when compared to Procalcitonin as indicated by their AUC curve as 0.804 (95% CI 0.68, 0.92, p value <0.001) for Creactive protein and 0.63 (95% CI 0.48, 0.77, p value <0.001) for Procalcitonin. Conclusion: More than one third of hospitalized Cirrhosis patients had infection and mortality rate was just over 20%. PCT has shown better predictive validity as compared to CRP in predicting infection, but CRP had better predictive validity in predicting mortality.

A Teoria de Valores Refinada: associações com comportamento e evidências de validade discriminante e preditiva / La Théorie des Valeurs Raffinées: les associations avec le comportement et les évidences de la validité discriminante et prédictive / La Teoría de Valores Refinada: relaciones con el comportamiento y la evidencia de la validez discriminante y predictiva / The Refined Theory of Values: associations with behavior and evidences of discriminative and predictive validity

Resumo: A teoria refinada dos 19 valores humanos básicos foi apresentada em 2012. Sua utilidade e validade discriminantes foram demonstradas em associações com atitudes e crenças, mas não comportamentos, apresentando um instrumento para medir os 19 valores em diferentes países, mas não no Brasil. Dois estudos, com três amostras brasileiras independentes, apresentam tal instrumento e investigam a validade discriminante e preditiva da teoria pelo exame das associações de cada valor com comportamentos cotidianos. Um MDS confirmatório ordenou os valores no contínuo motivacional previsto pela teoria. Análises fatoriais confirmatórias dão suporte para a validade discriminante e preditiva da teoria. Os resultados sugerem que as compatibilidades e conflitos que estruturam a relação entre os valores também organizam os comportamentos que os expressam.

Résumé: La théorie raffinée des 19 valeurs humaines fondamentales a été présentée en 2012. Leur utilité et validité discriminantes ont été démontrées en association avec les attitudes et les croyances, mais pas avec le comportement, et présente un instrument pour mesurer les valeurs dans 19 pays différents, mais pas au Brésil. Deux études avec 3 échantillons brésiliens indépendants présentent tel instrument et enquête la validité discriminante et prédictive de la théorie en examinant les associations de chaque valeur avec des comportements quotidiens. Un MDS confirmatoire a ordonné les valeurs dans le continuum de motivation prévue par la théorie. Des analyses factorielles confirmatoires soutiennent la validité discriminante et prédictive de la théorie. Les résultats suggèrent que les compatibilités et les conflits qui structurent la relation entre les valeurs aussi organisent les comportements qui les expriment.

Resumen: Se presentó en 2012 la teoría refinada de los 19 valores humanos básicos. Su utilidad y validez discriminante se demostró en asociación con las actitudes y creencias, excepto el comportamiento, un instrumento para medir los valores en 19 países diferentes, a excepción de Brasil. Dos estudios con tres muestras brasileñas independientes presentan este instrumento e investigan la validez discriminante y predictiva de la teoría mediante el examen de las asociaciones de cada valor con los comportamientos cotidianos. El escalonamiento multidimensional (MDS) confirmatorio ordenó valores en continuo motivacional predicho por la teoría. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios proporcionan apoyo a la validez discriminante y predictiva de la teoría. Los resultados sugieren que las compatibilidades y los conflictos que estructuran la relación entre los valores también organizan los comportamientos que las expresan.

Abstract: The refined theory of 19 basic human values was presented in 2012. Its discriminative validity and utility were associated with attitudes and beliefs, but not with behaviors, introducing an instrument for measuring the 19 values in different countries, but not in Brazil. Two studies, with three independent Brazilian samples, introduced this instrument and investigated the discriminative and predictive validity of the theory by examining the associations of each value with everyday behaviors. A confirmatory multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordered the values in the motivational continuum predicted by the theory. Confirmatory factor analyses support the theory's discriminative and predictive validity. The results suggest that the compatibilities and conflicts that structure the relation between values also organize the behaviors that express them.

Predictive Validity of Some Common Animal Models of Bipolar Disorder Using Lithium and Lamotrigine Therapy: An Attempt towards a Battery-Based Approach for the Evaluation of Mood Stabilizers

OBJECTIVE: To determine the predictive validity of some of the commonly employed models of mania and depression using standard drugs i.e. lithium (70 mg/kg) and lamotrigine (5 mg/kg) in male Wistar rats. METHODS: The depression facet of bipolar disorder was evaluated using forced swim test, tail suspension test, and chronic mild stress test. The models used to evaluate the mania facet of bipolar disorder were isolation-induced aggression test, saccharine preference test, and morphine-sensitized hyperlocomotion test. RESULTS: The immobility time was significantly (p<0.05) reduced by lamotrigine in the tail suspension test and the forced swim test, while lithium caused significant (p<0.05) reduction only in the tail suspension test. Rats exposed to chronic mild stress showed the maximal increment of 1% sucrose consumption at the 3rd week of treatment in both the lithium (p<0.001) and lamotrigine (p<0.01) groups. In the isolation-induced aggression test, the aggressive behaviour of rats was significantly reduced by both lithium [approach (p<0.001), attack (p<0.01), and bite (p<0.01)] and lamotrigine [approach (p<0.001), and attack (p<0.05)]. Neither of the drugs were effective in the saccharine preference test. Only lithium was able to significantly (p<0.05) reduce the crossing parameter in morphine-sensitized rats. CONCLUSION: Our study identifies the chronic mild stress test and isolation-induced aggression test of having the highest predictive validity in the depression and mania facets of bipolar disorder, respectively, and should be a part of a battery of tests used to evaluate novel mood stabilizers.

Un estudio preliminar de una prueba de autodetección a distancia. Riesgo en trastornos alimentarios / A preliminary study of an online self-detection test. Risk in eating disorders

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la utilidad de una prueba de autodetección de riesgo en trastornos alimentarios a distancia (PARTAD), desde una perspectiva cuantitativa, determinando su validez predictiva y poder de clasificación y una cualitativa, analizando el contenido de las opiniones y sugerencias de las usuarias. De la muestra total (n = 3,501) 3,059 eran adolescentes (13-19 años) y jóvenes (20-35 años); 394 mujeres adultas (36-50 años); y 48 adultas maduras (51-60 años). Se construyó un instrumento de 30 ítems dicotómicos y de opción múltiple y se agregaron 2 preguntas abiertas con propósitos de retroalimentación para mejorarlo y para la evaluación cualitativa. El análisis discriminante arrojó una función con fuerte poder discriminatorio entre grupos, con alto y bajo riesgo en trastornos alimentarios, que explica hasta el 88% de la varianza y el 100% de clasificación correcta. También se obtuvo un 23% de comentarios (706), el análisis y clasificación de sus contenidos mostraron los efectos esperados. Los resultados permiten responder afirmativamente en relación con la utilidad del PARTAD.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of an Online Test of Self-Detection in Risk for Eating Disorder (OTSDRED) from a quantitative perspective (determining its predictive validity and classification power) and from a qualitative one (analyzing the opinions and suggestions of users). From the total sample (N = 3501) of women, 3059 were adolescents (13- 19 years), youth (20-35 years); 394 adult (36-50 years); and 48 mature adult (51-60 years). An instrument of 30 dichotomous items and multiple choice was built. Two open questions with feedback for improvement purposes and for the qualitative assessment were added. The Discriminant Analysis yielded strong discriminatory power function between groups with high and low risk for eating disorders, explaining up to 88% of the variance and 100% of correct classification. With regard to the qualitative perspective a 23% of comments (706) were obtained; the analysis and classification of its contents showed the expected effects. The results from the quantitative and qualitative analysis allowed affirmative answer regarding the usefulness of OTSDRED.

Predictive Validity of General Movements Assessment for Neurological Development Outcome of High-risk Pre-mature Infants in Different Gestational Ages / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To compare predicting validity of general movements (GMs) assessment for neurodevelopment outcome of high-risk premature infants in different gestational age. Methods 180 participants were divided into group A (28 to 31+6 gestational weeks), group B (32 to 33+6 gestational weeks) and group C (34 to 36+6 gestational weeks) according to gestational age, and evaluated by GMs assess-ments in the stage of writhing-movement and fidgety-movement respectively. They were evaluated with GMs assessment and Gesell devel-opmental scale, and cerebral palsy was diagnosed clinically. Results 133 infants were normal and 47 infants with developmental delay, in which 10 were with cerebral palsy. The sensitivity was 40.4%, the specificity was 90.2%, the positive predictive value was 59.4%, the nega-tive predictive value was 81.1% in the stage of writhing-movement; and it was 27.7%, 99.2%, 92.9% and 79.5% in the stage of fidg-ety-movement, respectively. There was no significantly difference in the detection rate among different age groups (P=0.610, P=0.765, P=0.290). Conclusion The absent fidgety-movement (F-) is the highest, and cramped-synchronized (CS) is the secondly to predict the motor de-velopmental outcome. There was no difference of GMs assessment to detect the neurodevelopmental outcome in premature infants of 28 to 36+6 gestational weeks.

Exploring the Validity of Valproic Acid Animal Model of Autism

The valproic acid (VPA) animal model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most widely used animal model in the field. Like any other disease models, it can't model the totality of the features seen in autism. Then, is it valid to model autism? This model demonstrates many of the structural and behavioral features that can be observed in individuals with autism. These similarities enable the model to define relevant pathways of developmental dysregulation resulting from environmental manipulation. The uncovering of these complex pathways resulted to the growing pool of potential therapeutic candidates addressing the core symptoms of ASD. Here, we summarize the validity points of VPA that may or may not qualify it as a valid animal model of ASD.

Animal models as tools to study the pathophysiology of depression

The incidence of depressive illness is high worldwide, and the inadequacy of currently available drug treatments contributes to the significant health burden associated with depression. A basic understanding of the underlying disease processes in depression is lacking; therefore, recreating the disease in animal models is not possible. Popular current models of depression creatively merge ethologically valid behavioral assays with the latest technological advances in molecular biology. Within this context, this study aims to evaluate animal models of depression and determine which has the best face, construct, and predictive validity. These models differ in the degree to which they produce features that resemble a depressive-like state, and models that include stress exposure are widely used. Paradigms that employ acute or sub-chronic stress exposure include learned helplessness, the forced swimming test, the tail suspension test, maternal deprivation, chronic mild stress, and sleep deprivation, to name but a few, all of which employ relatively short-term exposure to inescapable or uncontrollable stress and can reliably detect antidepressant drug response.

Validez predictiva del instrumento Evaluación de Riesgos y Recursos (FER-R) para la intervención en adolescentes infractores de ley: estudio preliminar / Predictive Validity at the Instrument Risk and Resources (FER-R) for Intervention Assessment with Young Offenders: Preliminary Study

Se estudió la validez predictiva del instrumento Ficha de Evaluación de Riesgos y Recursos (FER-R) para adolescentes infractores de ley, en un lapso de dos años (2009-2011). La FER-R consta de 60 ítems y permite el registro de 10 dominios, riesgos criminogénicos, recursos y el registro de un índice de escalada delictiva. La muestra estuvo conformada por 101 adolescentes varones, entre 14 y 19 años de edad, judicializados y derivados a programas de intervención en medio libre. Los principales resultados muestran que el índice general de riesgo medido por la FER-R, presenta un 68.3 % de aciertos, con un área bajo la curva ROC = 0.73, indicando una magnitud predictiva fuerte de la escala total para predecir reincidencia en los adolescentes infractores chilenos.

The present study examined the recidivism predictive validity of an at risk and resources instrument for young offenders (FER-R) along a two-year span (2009-2011). This instrument has 60 items and it allows the recording of behavior in 10 different domains, grouped in three indices: criminogenic risk, resources, and an index of escalating crime rate. The sample consisted of 101 male young offenders (14 and 19 years), sent over to take part on free medium intervention programs. The main results showed that the overall predictive coefficient of the FER-R was a 68.3% correct, with an area under the curve, AUCs = 0.73, indicating a predictive capacity moderate to strong of recidivism of the instrument for Chilean juvenile offenders.

Standardization Study of the Korean Version of the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale for Smoking Cessation (K-SOCRATES-S) and Its Predictive Validity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to develop the Korean version of the Stage of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale for Smoking Cessation (K-SOCRATES-S) based on the Korean version of the Stages of Readiness for Change and Eagerness for Treatment scale (K-SOCRATES). This paper also demonstrates its reliability and validity among patients with nicotine dependence in South Korea. METHODS: At seven healthcare promotion centers in Gyeonggi-do, 333 male smokers aged 20 to 70 who visited smoking cessation clinic were recruited for this study and the K-SOCRATES-S was administered. After three months, the number of respondents who successfully stopped smoking was assessed by testing their urine cotinine level. Subsequently, exploratory factor analysis was performed to verify the reliability and validity of the K-SOCRATES-S. Also, a logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the variables that can predict the successful cessation of smoking on subscales of the K-SOCRATES-S. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis of the K-SOCRATES-S showed that the scale consisted of three factors: Taking Steps, Recognition, and Ambivalence. The scales measuring Taking Steps and Recognition in this scale had a significantly positive correlation with the scores observed on Kim's smoking cessation motivation scale. The scales measuring Taking Steps and Recognition had a significantly negative correlation with Ambivalence. Overall, the results indicate that the K-SOCRATES-K scale showed high validity. CONCLUSION: The K-SOCRATES-S developed in the present study is highly reliable and valid for predicting a patient's likelihood of success in quitting smoking among patients who want to cease smoking.

PMK: validade preditiva do PMK em relação à presença de sintomas psicopatológicos / PMK: criteria-related validity regarding psychopathologic symptoms

O Psicodiagnóstico Miocinético (PMK) é considerado uma técnica útil na avaliação de seis fatores da personalidade no Brasil. Tendo como base a teorização proposta por Mira y Lopes, manifestações extremas dessas dimensões estão relacionadas a indícios de sintomas psicopatológicos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal investigar a capacidade preditiva das medidas do PMK em relação ao diagnóstico de transtorno de humor. Para tal, compararam-se as medidas no PMK de 31 indivíduos com diagnóstico de transtorno mental e 31 controles pareados nas variáveis sociodemográficas. Foi utilizada a estatística de Wilcoxon e os resultados indicaram que não houve diferenças entre os grupos. Conclui-se que as medidas de personalidade baseadas no PMK, tal como calculadas no presente estudo, não foram sensíveis à presença de tendências depressivas constitucionais conforme sua fundamentação teórica. Na literatura brasileira, não foram encontrados estudos atuais que tiveram o propósito de compreender a capacidade do PMK em diferenciar grupos-critérios em termos de sintomas psicopatológicos. Por isso, verifica-se a necessidade do desenvolvimento de visão conceitual crítica e metodologicamente consistente dos parâmetros psicométricos do PMK no intuito de legitimar a interpretação proposta por Mira y Lopez para o uso do instrumento em diferentes contextos da avaliação psicológica.

Psicodiagnóstico Miocinético (PMK) is considered a useful technique for the evaluation of six personality factors in Brazil. Based on the theory proposed by Mira y Lopez, extreme manifestations of these dimensions are related to signs of psychopathology. This study aimed to investigate the predictive ability of measures of the PMK in the diagnosis of mood disorder. To this end, we compared measures of PMK in 31 individuals diagnosed with mental disorder and 31 controls matched on sociodemographic variables. We used Wilcoxon test and the results showed no differences between groups. It is concluded that measures of personality as calculated in this study were not sensitive to the presence of mental disorders of mood. In the Brazilian literature, current studies that had the purpose of understanding the PMK's capacity in differentiating group-criteria in psychopathological symptoms have not been found. New psychometric studies should be conducted to justify the interpretation suggested by Mira y Lopez.

Correlation Analysis of Trauma Scoring System in Predictive Validity in Motor Vehicle Accident

PURPOSE: The Trauma Scoring System is used for triage and treatment decision-making of injured patients. An ideal scoring system should have predictive validity, correlate with outcome, be easily applicable, and be reliably applied among observations. The purpose of this study was to analysis the trauma scoring system to predict motor vehicle accident (MVA) survival and mortality. METHODS: The registry data of MVA trauma patients admitted to W hospital between October 2008 and December 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. The dependent variable of interest was patient survival (coded as live or die). The independent variables used in the study included the full term for ISS (ISS) derived using Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS) and body system maximum AIS scores, full term (ICISS) score, full term (RTS) and full term (TRISS). Survival predictability in each scoring system (ISS, RTS TRISS, ICISS and ICISS full model) was compared. RESULTS: Trauma severity scores of the 1,843 patients [1,163 males (63.1%), 680 females (36.9%); mean age 41.7+/-20.9 years] were: RTS 7.36+/-3.23 (median: 7.84), ISS 6.42+/-8.42 (median: 4), TRISS 0.952+/-0.153 (median: 0.994), ICISS 0.970+/-0.055 (median: 0.990), and ICISS full model 0.982+/-0.104 (median: 0.998). To analyze the predictive validity of the receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, ISS 0.956, ICISS 0.522, ICISS full model 0.398, RTS 0.095, and TRISS 0.368 appeared to predict the validity of the widest area of the ROC curve area, with ISS being most reliable. CONCLUSION: ISS is the best predictor of survival than the other derived other scoring systems for MVA patients.

Validade preditiva de instrumentos psicológicos usados na avaliação psicológica de condutores / Predictive validity of psychological instruments used in psychological assessment of drivers

Este estudo analisou a possibilidade de prever infrações de trânsito cometidas por motoristas profissionais a partir dos resultados dos testes psicológicos aplicados no processo de habilitação. Coletaram-se os dados de 68 condutores que exercem atividade remunerada em dois momentos, o primeiro, na aquisição da habilitação, e, o segundo, cinco anos depois, na renovação. As análises não demonstraram diferenças significativas nos escores médios dos testes entre os grupos de motoristas com e sem registro de infração. Também não foram evidenciadas correlações significativas entre os escores dos testes e as pontuações das infrações. Concluiu-se que altos ou baixos escores nos diversos instrumentos não são critérios capazes de definir se um motorista cometerá mais ou menos atos infracionais.

This study analyzed the possibility to predict traffic infractions committed by professional drivers from test results obtained during the psychological assessment procedure when applying for a license. Data was collected from 68 professional drivers on two separate occasions: upon the acquisition of the license, and five years later, upon license renewal. The analysis did not demonstrate meaningful differences in the average test scores between the groups of drivers with and without a record of infraction. Also no meaningful correlations were evidenced between the test scores and the points attributed to the infractions. It was concluded that neither high nor low scores on the several instruments constitute criteria capable to define whether a driver will commit more or less infractional acts.

The Clinical Usefulness of the Teller Acuity Cards Test in Preverbal Children

PURPOSE: To determine the clinical usefulness of the Teller Acuity Cards(TAC) test in infants and preverbal children less than 48 months old. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 55 consecutive patients. We had measured visual acuity with the TAC test for the preverbal period, and optotype acuity was measured with Hahn's letter chart for the follow-up period. Test-retest long-term repeatability was evaluated by comparing the last two TAC acuities. We compared the last TAC acuity with the first optotype acuity to estimate the predictive validity of the TAC test. Finally, we also tested the reliability of the TAC test compared with the optotype acuity test for the assessment of interocular visual acuity differences in patients with unilateral amblyopia. RESULTS: The mean age of patients at the initial TAC test was 21.6 months. The first optotype acuity was obtained at the age of 37 months. Earlier TAC acuity correlated significantly with later TAC acuity (r=0.77, p<0.001). Although the TAC test underestimated the visual acuity more than the optotype test, there was minimal correlation between the two tests (r=0.28, p<0.05). In the presence of the interocular difference of visual acuity with the TAC test, unilateral amblyopia as assessed by optotype test could be anticipated (r=0.44, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The TAC test can be used as a reliable method to estimate visual acuity in infants and preverbal children. Earlier The TAC acuities are valid predictors of optotype acuities later in childhood. The TAC test is an especially useful method in detecting unilateral amblyopia.

A Study on the Classification Validity and Predictive Validity of Accreditation Standards for Medical Schools in Korea / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the classification of validity and predictive validity of accreditation standards for medical schools. METHODS: In order to analyze the validity of the standards of accreditation, an instrument, survey on the input and the output indicators in medical education, was developed to gather information. Cluster analysis, and regression analysis were performed in analyzing the data in order to examine the classification validity, and predictive validity of the standards of medical school accreditation. RESULTS: The result of this research was as follows; First, Korean medical schools can be classified into seven types according to the amount of invested resources and the educational outcome. The result showed that the standards of medical school accreditation have validity in the schools of lead type, average type, and unconcerned type. Therefore, applying uniform standards to all different types of schools is not validity in enhancing the quality of medical education and in insuring that the medical schools to carry out their social accountability. Second, variables predicting the passing rate of the Korean medical licensing examination (KMLE) were found out to be the college's quota of student, the number of journals per student, and the Korean Scholastic Achievement Test(KSAT). Variables predicting the level of students' satisfaction were the total lecture time, the educational facility per student, and the KSAT. The standards of accreditation accounts for 54.2% in predicting the passing rate of the KMLE and 84.4% in predicting the level of students' satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Such findings lead to conclude that new standards of medical school accreditation comprehensively including more predicting variables and outcome variables needs to be developed.