ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Previous studies of cognitive decline in patients with neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury (NCD-TBI) have often failed to control for baseline factors such as premorbid intelligence. The purpose of the current study was to estimate and compare cognitive function among three groups (controls, complicated mild/moderate TBI, and severe TBI) after controlling for premorbid intelligence.METHODS: Severity of TBI was classified as complicated mild/moderate or severe based on duration of loss of consciousness and brain neuroimaging results. Premorbid intelligence quotients (IQs) were estimated with the Oklahoma Premorbid Intelligence Estimate. There were no differences in premorbid intelligence between the groups, which were also matched for age and education. Current cognitive function was evaluated with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition.RESULTS: Comparison of current cognitive function among the three groups indicated significant group differences for all indexes and subtest scores. Processing speed showed the highest effect size. However, only working memory differed significantly between the two NCD-TBI groups.CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that mental memory manipulation processes seem to be more sensitive to TBI severity than are perceptual-motor processes. Specifically, both auditory rehearsal/discrimination and mental alertness/manipulation will be most strongly influenced by TBI severity.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Brain , Brain Injuries , Cognition , Education , Intelligence , Memory , Memory, Short-Term , Neurocognitive Disorders , Neuroimaging , Oklahoma , UnconsciousnessABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Vocabulary knowledge is used as a representative index of general intelligence, and is regarded as a marker for cognitive reserve in elderly people. However, vocabulary knowledge mainly depends on formal education, hence, it may not fully represent cognitive functioning in elderly people with poor educational backgrounds. Herein, we investigated whether vocabulary knowledge is a measure of general cognitive ability among normal elderly people with few years of formal education. METHODS: The association between vocabulary knowledge and general cognitive functioning was compared between 35 elderly females with very low educational attainment and 68 elderly females with higher education. RESULTS: The vocabulary knowledge was a significant predictor of general cognitive functioning in elderly individuals with more than primary education, even after controlling the effects of age and years of education. However, it was not a significant predictor of general cognitive functioning in elderly individuals with very low educational attainment. CONCLUSIONS: Vocabulary assessment was effective in estimating general cognitive functioning in elderly individuals who received ≥6 years of education. Our findings suggested that vocabulary knowledge may not be an effective proxy of premorbid intelligence or cognitive reserve in people who have not completed elementary schooling.
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Cognitive Aging , Cognitive Reserve , Education , Intelligence , Proxy , VocabularyABSTRACT
A avaliação do declínio cognitivo implica a mensuração de uma discrepância entre o nível de funcionamento anterior a uma lesão ou situação de declínio (pré-mórbido) e o estado atual do indivíduo. No entanto, dados relativos ao funcionamento pré-mórbido (ou Inteligência Pré-Mórbida: IPM) raramente se encontram disponíveis, sendo necessário recorrer a métodos indiretos de estimação. O presente estudo apresenta uma abordagem histórica do desenvolvimento das várias metodologias de estimação da IPM, sistematizando e analisando a validade desses métodos, desde as primeiras abordagens qualitativas, às recentes estratégias mais quantitativas. Concluise que a metodologia mais válida, fiável e promissora para a estimação da IPM combina, em fórmulas de regressão, a informação relativa à capacidade atual do sujeito e dados referentes a variáveis demográficas. O constante desenvolvimento de metodologias de estimação da IPM progressivamente mais fiáveis evidencia a importância desta variável na avaliação e investigação psicológica...
Cognitive decline assessment implies measuring discrepancies between the subject's previous (premorbid) and the current levels of functioning. However, this information is rarely available and clinicians have to infer it by using indirect methods. This article provides an historical overview of the different methods that have been developed for premorbid intelligence estimation, from the first qualitative methods to the most recent quantitative approaches. The discussion sustains that the most valid methods for premorbid intelligence estimation are those that combine current level of the subject's performance and demographic variables in regression formulas. The constant development of premorbid estimation methods with increasing validity is suggestive of the importance that this measure has for psychological assessment...
La evaluación del deterioro cognitivo supone la medición y definición de la presencia de una discrepancia entre el nivel del funcionamiento anterior a una lesión o situación de deterioro (premórbido) y el estado actual del indivíduo. Sin embargo, los datos referidos relativos al funcionamiento premórbido (o inteligencia premórbida: IPM) raramente se encuentran disponibles, siendo necesario recurrir a métodos indirectos de estimación. El presente estudio presenta un método de acercamiento histórico del desarrollo de diferentes metodologías de estimación de la IPM, sistematizando y analizando brevemente la validez de estos métodos desde los primeros acercamientos cualitativos a recientes estrategias más cuantitativas. Se concluye sobre la metodología más válida, fiable y prometedora para la estimación del IPM que combina, en fórmulas de regresión, la información relativa a la capacidad actual del sujeto y datos referentes a las variables demográficas. El constante desarrollo de metodologías de estimación de la IPM, cada vez más fiables, demuestra la importancia que esta variable ocupa en la evaluación e investigación científica...
Subject(s)
Intelligence , Neuropsychological TestsABSTRACT
Objective To explore the methods for estimating premorbid intelligence of patients with cerebral infarction.Methods Ten regression equations were employed to estimate intelligence quotients (IQs) of 74 patients and 74 demographically matched,healthy adults.Those valid estimated IQs were transformed into standard scores and adopted to evaluate the difference with don' t hold' subtests.Results In the healthy group,there were trivial difference between the estimated IQs and obtained IQs with mean discrepancy less than one and the correlation coefficients between them ranged from 0.755 to 0.956.However in the patients group,the estimated IQs were significantly higher than obtained IQs with mean discrepancy of 3.20-10.67.Mean estimated IQs of the patient group were lower than those of healthy group to varing degrees with mean discrepancy of 0.83-8.28,in which the mean IQs estimated just with demographic variables showed small between group effect size of 0.26,and so did IQs estimated with combination of demographic variables and performance on the Information or Figural Matrix (effect size:0.24 and 0.38 respectively).The latter two kinds of estimated IQs were adopted and transformed into standard scores to estimate premorbid intelligence.The two kinds of estimated normal scores of intelligence were higher than normal scores of the Digit Symbol (0.70 and 0.63 respectively) and the Block Design(0.67 and 0.61 respectively)in the patients group.As regarding the healthy group,the counterparts of discrepancies between estimates of intelligence and obtained scores were 0.21,0.21,0.12 and 0.12 respectively,which were significantly smaller than those in the patients group.Conclusion IQ estimated with combination of demographic variables and performance on the Information or Figural Matrix are suggested to estimate premorbid intelligence of patients with cerebral infarction.