Prenatal care in Southern Brazil: coverage, trend and disparities / Assistência pré-natal no Sul do Brasil: cobertura, tendência e disparidades

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate coverage, examine trend and assess the disparity reduction regarding household income during prenatal care between mothers living in Rio Grande, state of Rio Grande do Sul, in 2007, 2010, 2013 and 2016. METHODS This study included all recent mothers living in this municipality, between 1/1 and 12/31 of those years, who had a child weighing more than 500 grams or 20 weeks of gestational age in one of the only two local maternity hospitals. Trained interviewers applied, still in the hospital and up to 48 hours after delivery, a unique and standardized questionnaire, seeking to investigate maternal demographic and reproductive characteristics, the socioeconomic conditions of the family and the assistance received during pregnancy and childbirth. To assess the adequacy of prenatal care, the criteria proposed by Takeda were used, which considers only the number of prenatal appointments and gestational age at initiation, and by Silveira et al., who in addition to these two variables, considers the achievement of some laboratory tests. Chi-square tests were used to compare proportions and assess the linear trend. RESULTS The total of 10,669 recent mothers were included in this survey (96.8% of the total). Prenatal coverage substantially increased between 2007 and 2016. According to Takeda, it rose from 69% to 80%, while for Silveira et al., it increased from 21% to 55%. This improvement occurred for all income groups (p < 0.01). The disparity between the extreme categories of income reduced, according to Takeda, and increased according to Silveira et al. CONCLUSIONS The provision of prenatal care, considering only the number of appointments and the early start, occurred in greater proportion among the poorest. However, only the richest recent mothers were contemplated with more elaborate care, such as laboratory tests, which increased the disparities in the provision of prenatal care.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Estimar a cobertura, examinar a tendência e avaliar se houve redução da disparidade em relação à renda familiar na realização de pré-natal adequado entre puérperas residentes em Rio Grande, RS, nos anos de 2007, 2010, 2013 e 2016. MÉTODOS Foram incluídas neste estudo todas as puérperas residentes nesse município que, entre 1/1 a 31/12 desses anos, tiveram filho com peso superior a 500 gramas ou 20 semanas de idade gestacional em alguma das duas únicas maternidades locais. Entrevistadoras treinadas aplicaram, ainda no hospital e em até 48 horas após o parto, questionário único e padronizado, buscando investigar as características demográficas e reprodutivas maternas, as condições socioeconômicas da família e a assistência recebida durante a gestação e parto. Para avaliação da adequação do pré-natal, foram utilizados os critérios propostos por Takeda, que considera apenas o número de consultas pré-natais e a idade gestacional de início, e de Silveira et al., que além dessas duas variáveis, leva em conta a realização de alguns testes laboratoriais. Foram utilizados os testes qui-quadrado para comparar proporções e avaliar tendência linear. RESULTADOS Foram incluídas neste inquérito 10.669 puérperas (96,8% do total). Verificou-se substancial aumento na cobertura de pré-natal adequado entre 2007 e 2016. Segundo Takeda, passou de 69% para 80%, enquanto para Silveira et al. aumentou de 21% para 55%. Essa melhora no período ocorreu para todos os grupos de renda (p < 0,01). Houve redução na disparidade entre as categorias extremas de renda segundo Takeda e aumento acentuado segundo Silveira et al. CONCLUSÕES A oferta de pré-natal, considerando apenas o número de consultas e o início precoce, ocorreu em maior proporção entre as mais pobres. No entanto, ao oferecer cuidados mais elaborados, como exames laboratoriais, estes alcançaram principalmente as puérperas mais ricas, aumentando assim as disparidades na oferta da assistência pré-natal.

Association between Prenatal Care Utilization and Risk of Preterm Birth among Chinese Women / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

It is recognized that prenatal care plays an important role in reducing adverse birth.Chinese pregnant women with medical condition were required to seek additional health care based on the recommended at least 5 times health care visits.This study was to estimate the association between prenatal care utilization (PCU) and preterm birth (PTB),and to investigate if medical conditions during pregnancy modified the association.This population-based case control study sampled women with PTB as cases;one control for each case was randomly selected from women with term births.The Electronic Perinatal Health Care Information System (EPHCIS) and a questionnaire were used for data collection.The PCU was measured by a renewed Prenatal Care Utilization (APNCU) index.Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and the 95％ confidence interval (95％ CI).Totally,2393 women with PTBs and 4263 women with term births were collected.In this study,695 (10.5％) women experienced inadequate prenatal care,and 5131 (77.1％) received adequate plus prenatal care.Inadequate PCU was associated with PTB (adjusted OR:1.41,95％ CI:1.32-1.84);the similar positive association was found between adequate plus PCU and PTB.Among women with medical conditions,these associations still existed;but among women without medical conditions,the association between inadequate PCU and PTB disappeared.Our data suggests that women receiving inappropriate PCU are at an increased risk of having PTB,but it does depend on whether the woman has a medical condition during pregnancy.

Factors associated with lack of prenatal care in a large municipality / Fatores associados à não realização de pré-natal em município de grande porte

OBJECTIVE To analyze the factors associated with a lack of prenatal care in a large municipality in southern Brazil. METHODS In this case-control age-matched study, 716 women were evaluated; of these, 179 did not receive prenatal care and 537 received prenatal care (controls). These women were identified using the Sistema Nacional de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (Live Birth Information System) of Pelotas, RS, Southern Brazil, between 2009 and 2010. Multivariate analysis was performed using conditional logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios (OR). RESULTS In the final model, the variables associated with a lack of prenatal care were the level of education, particularly when it was lesser than four years [OR 4.46; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.92;10.36], being single (OR 3.61; 95%CI 1.85;7.04), and multiparity (OR 2.89; 95%CI 1.72;4.85). The prevalence of a lack of prenatal care among administrative regions varied between 0.7% and 3.9%. CONCLUSIONS The risk factors identified must be considered when planning actions for the inclusion of women in prenatal care by both the central management and healthcare teams. These indicated the municipal areas with greater deficits in prenatal care. The reorganization of the actions to identify women with risk factors in the community can be considered to be a starting point of this process. In addition, the integration of the activities of local programs that target the mother and child is essential to constantly identify pregnant women without prenatal care. .

OBJETIVO Analisar os fatores associados à ausência de realização de pré-natal em município de grande porte. MÉTODOS Estudo caso-controle, pareado por idade, com 716 mulheres, das quais 179 não realizaram o pré-natal e 537 o realizaram (controles), identificadas por meio do Sistema Nacional de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos, do município de Pelotas, RS, entre 2009 e 2010. Realizou-se análise múltipla por regressão logística condicional para estimar as odds ratios (OR). RESULTADOS No modelo final, as variáveis que mostraram associação com a não realização de pré-natal foram: ter menor escolaridade, especialmente menos de quatro anos de estudo (OR 4,46; IC95% 1,92;10,36), ser solteira (OR 3,61; IC95% 1,85;7,04) e ser multípara (OR 2,89; IC95% 1,72;4,85). A prevalência de não realização de pré-natal por região administrativa variou de 3,9% a 0,7%. CONCLUSÕES Os fatores de risco encontrados devem ser considerados no planejamento de ações para a inclusão das mulheres no pré-natal, tanto pela gestão central quanto pelas equipes de saúde, e indicaram as regiões do município com maiores déficits na captação de pré-natal. A reorganização das ações para identificar as mulheres com esses fatores de risco na comunidade pode ser considerada o ponto inicial desse processo. É necessário ainda integrar as atividades entre programas locais que atuam sobre o grupo materno-infantil para a busca constante das gestantes sem atendimento. .