Application of the plasmatrix in alveolar ridge preservation / 口腔疾病防治

@#After tooth extraction, significant absorption occurs in the soft and hard tissues of the alveolar ridge. The goal of alveolar ridge preservation is to maintain the volume and shape of the alveolar ridge's soft and hard tissues as much as possible so as to provide suitable conditions for implant placement. Currently, there are challenges in classifying the socket for alveolar ridge preservation, such as the difficulty in directly guiding the selection of graft materials and clinical procedures and the insufficient space for particle xenograft maintenance, resulting in poor bone regeneration. Plasmatrix is an autologous blood derivative that effectively enhances tissue regeneration. This article introduced the characteristics of soft and hard tissue defects after tooth extraction and the primary applications of plasmatrix for alveolar ridge preservation (liquid plasmatrix, solid plasmatrix membrane/plug, and plasmatrix bone blocks) as well as the proposed methods for the reclassification of sockets for alveolar ridge preservation based on soft and hard tissue defects at the extraction site to facilitate the creation of clinical recommendations. The proposed classifications are as follows: Class I, extraction socket without bone defect, with or without soft tissue defect; Class Ⅱ, extraction socket with bone defect, both sides with bone wall defect less than 50%, with or without soft tissue defect; Class Ⅲ, extraction socket with bone tissue defect, at least one side with bone wall defect greater than 50%, with or without soft tissue defect. For the Class I socket, a solid plasmatrix membrane or plug is inserted, followed by injection of liquid plasmatrix, using a double-layer solid plasmatrix membrane for socket closure; for the ClassⅡ socket, plasmatrix bone blocks are inserted, followed by injection of liquid plasmatrix and secondary solidification, using absorbable collagen membrane and double-layer solid plasmatrix membrane for socket closure; for the ClassⅢ socket, tenting screws are used to maintain height, followed by implantation of plasmatrix bone blocks, injection of liquid plasmatrix and secondary solidification, using absorbable collagen membrane and double-layer solid plasmatrix membrane for socket closure. The aim of this article is to provide comprehensive knowledge of plasmatrix for oral clinicians to serve as a reference to simplify the clinical decision-making process and procedures for alveolar ridge preservation.

Evolution and innovation of preservation fluid for donor liver / 器官移植

Organ preservation fluid could mitigate cold ischemia injury and maintain normal function of the grafts. At present, how to reduce a series of injury caused by cold ischemia of donor liver and improve the preservation quality of grafts are the hot and challenging spots in this field. Currently, preservation fluid in clinical practice has not achieved ideal preservation effect, especially for the protection of marginal donor organs. In the context of severe donor shortage, the key solution is still to explore the optimal preservation protocol for donor liver to prevent grafts from cold ischemia injury. In this article, the mechanism of donor liver injury during cold ischemia, the classification and evolution of donor liver preservation fluid were summarized, the development direction and challenges of donor liver preservation fluid were discussed, aiming to provide novel ideas and references for the research and development of donor liver preservation fluid.

Application of socket-shield technique for immediate implant placement and provisionalization in esthetic zone: a case report and literature review / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To investigate the effect of the socket-shield technique (SST) concurrent with immediate implant placement and provisionalization (IIPP) in the aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth.@*Methods@#A case of maxillary anterior tooth stumps with a thin labial bone wall was treated with SST for preservation of labial soft and hard tissue fullness, combined with an immediate implant placement and immediate provisional crown for restoring the shape of the tooth and gingival molding@*Results@#Immediate implant placement and provisionalization restored the morphology and function of the affected tooth in the shortest possible time. The patient's labial soft and hard tissue contours in the affected tooth area were well preserved in the 18-month follow-up after the application of the SST, which presented a better aesthetic result. The literature review indicates that the indications for SST are unrestorable maxillary anterior teeth, whose dental, periodontal and periapical tissues are healthy and intact. In the esthetic zone, root shielding is effective in maintaining the soft and hard tissue contour on the labial side of the implant. However, there is no consensus on the technical details of SST, such as the ideal coronal height and thickness of the shield, and the management of the gap between the shield and the implant. Thus, more clinical studies and histologic evidence are needed to provide a reference for clinical decision-making. In addition, digital technology can improve the accuracy of implant placement and shield preparation.@*Conclusion@#The correct application of SST combined with IIPP in the esthetic zone can ensure esthetic results. However, more high-quality evidence-based medical evidence is needed for its long-term efficacy, and indications should be strictly controlled during clinical application.

Providing inoculum for Didymella bryoniae studies: the effect of light spectrum and storing at low temperature

Abstract The in vitro sporulation of Didymella bryoniae is of great importance for studies that require pure inoculum and in large quantities. Thus, the objectives of this study were to identify the best condition for D. bryoniae sporulation combining different light spectra (UV-A or UV-B light, white light, and continuous dark), with distinct culture media (PDA, V8, ML, and PDAB) and, to evaluate fungus survivability stored at -20°C over time. The fungus samples were only able to sporulate when subjected to the UV-B light treatment, regardless of the culture medium. The highest appearance of spores conidium type was observed in the PDAB medium, and the lowest production occurred in the ML medium. Reproductive structures, such as perithecia and pycnidia, were observed in all culture media. However, there was considerable variation in the amount of each structure between the different culture media. The ML and V8 media showed a greater number of perithecia and the PDA and PDAB media presented a greater proportion of pycnidia compared to perithecia. The storage duration at -20°C did not affect mycelial growth or mycelial growth rate. In conclusion, the UV-B light is essential for D. bryoniae in vitro sporulation. Moreover, the culture medium composition influences the type of fungal structure produced, as well as spores size and quantity. Freezing at -20°C is an efficient technique that can be used to store D. bryoniae for at least five months without loss of viability.

Resumo A esporulação de Didymella bryoniae in vitro é de grande importância para estudos que requerem inóculo puro e em grandes quantidades. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar a melhor condição para esporulação de D. bryoniae combinando diferentes espectros de luz (luz UV-A ou UV-B, luz branca e escuro contínuo) com distintos meios de cultura (PDA, V8, ML e PDAB) e, avaliar a sobrevivência do fungo armazenado a -20°C ao longo do tempo. As amostras de fungo só esporularam quando submetidas ao tratamento com luz UV-B, independentemente do meio de cultura. Maior aparecimento de esporos do tipo conídio foi observado no meio PDAB, e a menor produção ocorreu no meio ML. Estruturas reprodutivas, como peritécios e picnídeos, foram observadas em todos os meios de cultura. No entanto, houve uma variação considerável na quantidade de cada estrutura entre os diferentes meios de cultura. Os meios ML e V8 apresentaram maior número de peritécios e os meios PDA e PDAB apresentaram maior proporção de picnídeos em relação aos peritécios. A duração do armazenamento a -20°C não afetou o crescimento micelial ou a taxa de crescimento micelial. Em conclusão, a luz UV-B é essencial para a esporulação de D. bryoniae in vitro. Além disso, a composição do meio de cultura influencia o tipo de estrutura fúngica produzida, bem como o tamanho e a quantidade dos esporos. O congelamento a -20°C é uma técnica eficiente que pode ser usada para armazenar D. bryoniae por pelo menos cinco meses sem perda de viabilidade

Providing inoculum for Didymella bryoniae studies: the effect of light spectrum and storing at low temperature / Fornecendo inóculo para estudos de Didymella bryoniae: o efeito do espectro de luz e armazenamento em baixa temperatura

Abstract The in vitro sporulation of Didymella bryoniae is of great importance for studies that require pure inoculum and in large quantities. Thus, the objectives of this study were to identify the best condition for D. bryoniae sporulation combining different light spectra (UV-A or UV-B light, white light, and continuous dark), with distinct culture media (PDA, V8, ML, and PDAB) and, to evaluate fungus' survivability stored at -20°C over time. The fungus samples were only able to sporulate when subjected to the UV-B light treatment, regardless of the culture medium. The highest appearance of spores conidium type was observed in the PDAB medium, and the lowest production occurred in the ML medium. Reproductive structures, such as perithecia and pycnidia, were observed in all culture media. However, there was considerable variation in the amount of each structure between the different culture media. The ML and V8 media showed a greater number of perithecia and the PDA and PDAB media presented a greater proportion of pycnidia compared to perithecia. The storage duration at -20°C did not affect mycelial growth or mycelial growth rate. In conclusion, the UV-B light is essential for D. bryoniae in vitro sporulation. Moreover, the culture medium composition influences the type of fungal structure produced, as well as spores' size and quantity. Freezing at -20°C is an efficient technique that can be used to store D. bryoniae for at least five months without loss of viability.

Resumo A esporulação de Didymella bryoniae in vitro é de grande importância para estudos que requerem inóculo puro e em grandes quantidades. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar a melhor condição para esporulação de D. bryoniae combinando diferentes espectros de luz (luz UV-A ou UV-B, luz branca e escuro contínuo) com distintos meios de cultura (PDA, V8, ML e PDAB) e, avaliar a sobrevivência do fungo armazenado a -20°C ao longo do tempo. As amostras de fungo só esporularam quando submetidas ao tratamento com luz UV-B, independentemente do meio de cultura. Maior aparecimento de esporos do tipo conídio foi observado no meio PDAB, e a menor produção ocorreu no meio ML. Estruturas reprodutivas, como peritécios e picnídeos, foram observadas em todos os meios de cultura. No entanto, houve uma variação considerável na quantidade de cada estrutura entre os diferentes meios de cultura. Os meios ML e V8 apresentaram maior número de peritécios e os meios PDA e PDAB apresentaram maior proporção de picnídeos em relação aos peritécios. A duração do armazenamento a -20°C não afetou o crescimento micelial ou a taxa de crescimento micelial. Em conclusão, a luz UV-B é essencial para a esporulação de D. bryoniae in vitro. Além disso, a composição do meio de cultura influencia o tipo de estrutura fúngica produzida, bem como o tamanho e a quantidade dos esporos. O congelamento a -20°C é uma técnica eficiente que pode ser usada para armazenar D. bryoniae por pelo menos cinco meses sem perda de viabilidade

Arterialização venosa superficial com veia safena magna in situ: a experiência de um único centro / Superficial venous arterialization with the great saphenous vein in situ: a single-center experience

Resumo Contexto A arterialização do arco venoso dorsal do pé é uma técnica indicada em casos de isquemia crítica de membros inferiores sem leito distal adequado que possibilite tratamento convencional, como revascularização, angioplastia ou tratamento clínico. Objetivos O propósito do trabalho foi apresentar o resultado da arterialização do arco venoso do pé em 16 pacientes submetidos a essa técnica. Métodos Tratou-se de um estudo analítico descritivo retrospectivo transversal, baseado na revisão de prontuários de 16 pacientes submetidos à arterialização do arco venoso dorsal do pé para salvamento de membro, entre janeiro de 2016 a janeiro de 2021. Resultados Dos 16 pacientes submetidos à arterialização do arco venoso do pé, 25% (4) evoluíram para amputação maior durante a mesma internação, e 6,25% (1) pacientes evoluíram para amputação maior após 6 meses. Os demais pacientes (68,75%, 11) tiveram seus membros preservados, sendo que 10 foram submetidos a amputações menores (pododáctilos e antepé), e 1 paciente não necessitou de procedimento adicional. Conclusões A técnica de arterialização do arco venoso dorsal do pé deve ser considerada em casos selecionados. Trata-se de uma alternativa válida para a preservação do membro na impossibilidade de tratamento convencional.

Abstract Background Arterialization of the dorsal venous arch of the foot is a technique indicated in cases of critical lower limb ischemia that do not have a distal bed that is adequate to enable conventional treatment such as revascularization, angioplasty, or clinical treatment. Objectives The purpose of this study is to present the result of arterialization of the venous arch of the foot in 16 patients who underwent treatment with this technique. Methods This is a cross-sectional retrospective descriptive analytical study based on a review of the medical records of 16 patients who underwent arterialization of the dorsal venous arch of the foot for limb salvage from January 2016 to January 2021. Results Four (25%) of the 16 patients who underwent arterialization of the venous arch of the foot underwent a major amputation during the same hospital stay and one patient (6.25%) had a major amputation within 6 months. The other 11 patients (68.75%) had their limbs preserved, with 10 undergoing minor amputations (toes and forefoot) and one patient having no additional procedures. Conclusions We conclude that the technique of arterialization of the dorsal venous arch of the foot should be considered in selected cases. It is a valid alternative for limb salvage when conventional treatment is impossible.

Anatomical and Clinical Education in Physical and Occupational Therapy: Influence of Integration and Soft Preservation / Educación Anatómica y Clínica en Terapia Física y Ocupacional: Influencia de la Integración y la Preservación Blanda

SUMMARY: Anatomy and clinical skills are taught separately to physical and occupational therapy students. Formaldehyde is the primary chemical used to embalm donors which creates a challenge in integrating clinical skills into the anatomy curriculum. This study aimed to evaluate the integration of clinical skills into anatomical education using Imperial College London- Soft Preservation (ICL-SP) and formaldehyde embalming through the evaluation of student perceived learning and confidence. Students were invited to complete a survey after dissecting an ICL-SP and formaldehyde embalmed donors and perform clinical tests. It was easier to dissect and identify neurovascular structures on ICL-SP donors compared to formaldehyde. Clinical tests, like measuring range of motion and ligament tests were also more realistic on ICL-SP donors. The integration of clinical skills in the anatomical curriculum increased student perceived understanding of associated anatomy (p < 0.001), gave better understanding of how anatomy is important to their professions (p < 0.001) and increased motivation to learn anatomy (p < 0.001). The integration of clinical skills into anatomical education can facilitate student learning with higher confidence performing clinical skills and is complemented by the utilization of the new ICL-SP methodology instead of the traditional formaldehyde preservation.

Las habilidades anatómicas y clínicas se enseñan por separado a los estudiantes de terapia física y ocupacional. El formaldehído es el químico principal que se usa para embalsamar a los donantes, lo que crea un desafío para integrar las habilidades clínicas en el plan de estudios de anatomía. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la integración de habilidades clínicas en la educación anatómica utilizando Imperial College London-Soft Preservation (ICL-SP) y embalsamamiento de formaldehído a través de la evaluación del aprendizaje y la confianza percibidos por los estudiantes. Se invitó a los estudiantes a completar una encuesta después de diseccionar un ICL-SP y donantes embalsamados formolizados y realizar pruebas clínicas. Fue más fácil diseccionar e identificar estructuras neurovasculares en donantes ICL-SP en comparación con los fijados en formaldehído. Las pruebas clínicas, como la medición del rango de movimiento y las pruebas de ligamentos, también fueron más realistas en los donantes de ICL-SP. La integración de habilidades clínicas en el plan de estudios anatómico aumentó la comprensión percibida por los estudiantes de anatomía asociada (p < 0,001), dio una mejor comprensión de cómo la anatomía es importante para sus profesiones (p < 0,001) y aumentó la motivación para aprender anatomía (p < 0,001). La integración de las habilidades clínicas en la educación anatómica puede facilitar el aprendizaje de los estudiantes con mayor confianza en el desempeño de las habilidades clínicas y se complementa con la utilización de la nueva metodología ICL-SP en lugar de la conservación tradicional con formaldehído.

Preservação óssea alveolar pós exodontia: objetivos, opções técnicas, vantagens e desvantagens / Alveolar bone preservation after tooth extraction: objectives, technical options, advantages and disadvantages

A extração do elemento dentário promove uma série de eventos biológicos que resultam no colapso da estrutura alveolar, ocasionando a perda óssea volumétrica na região de extração. Preservar esse alvéolo dentário é imprescindível para uma boa reabilitação dentária do paciente. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão de literatura abordando os objetivos, opções técnicas, vantagens e desvantagens da preservação óssea alveolar pós extração. Materiais e métodos: Foi feita uma revisão de literatura utilizando as bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), PubMed e Google acadêmico, usando os descritores "extração dentária", "perda do osso alveolar", "regeneração óssea". Foram incluídos 34 artigos. Resultados: A preservação alveolar pós extração começa desde a realização de uma técnica cirúrgica menos invasiva até a colocação de enxertos do tipo autógenos, alógenos, xenógenos, aloplásticos e biomateriais promotores de cicatrização e reparação tecidual. Conclusão: Existe na literatura atual uma vasta gama de textos científicos que abordam técnicas de preservação alveolar pós exodontia, com distintas respostas teciduais. Todavia, nenhum biomaterial listado nesta revisão contém todas as características que proporcionam regeneração completa do osso alveolar após exodontia(AU)

The extraction of the dental element promotes a series of biological events that results in the collapse of the alveolar structure, causing volumetric bone loss in the region of extraction. Preserving this dental alveolus is essential for a good dental rehabilitation of the patient. Objective: To conduct a literature review addressing the objectives, technical options, advantages and disadvantages of post-extraction alveolar bone preservation. Materials and methods: A literature review was carried out using the Virtual Health Library (VHL), PubMed and academic Google databases, using the descriptors "tooth extraction", "alveolar bone loss", "bone regeneration". 34 articles were included. Results: Post-extraction alveolar preservation starts from the performance of a less invasive surgical technique to the placement of autogenous, allogeneic, xenogeneic, alloplastic and biomaterials that promote healing and tissue repair. Conclusion: There´s is a wide range of scientific texts in the current literature that address post-extraction alveolar preservation techniques with different tissue responses. However, none of the biomaterials listed in this review contain all the characteristics that provide complete regeneration of alveolar bone after extraction(AU)

Methodological Proposal for the Adequate Use of the Osteotechnics Technique / Propuesta Metodológica para el uso Adecuado de la Técnica Osteotécnica

SUMMARY: Osteotechnics is one of the different anatomical preservation techniques and can be defined as the technique designed to prepare, clean, obtain and preserve bone structures that can be used in the teaching, museographic or research field. The osteotechnical technique procedure consists of the following phases: debulk and disjoint, maceration, cooking, cleaning, degreasing, bleaching, and labeling to obtain bone material. Seven phases will be explained in detail, as well as the materials, instruments, quantities of the substances used, and the time required to obtain human bone material. We consider that this article can serve as a guide, given that all the experimentation was carried out with human biological material. This methodological proposal could be consolidated and established based on the experience acquired during the creation of the contemporary skeletal collection of the department of innovation in human biological material (DIMBIH). Therefore, the purpose of our proposal is to provide tools that facilitate the work of those who carry out this work and fundamentally to avoid irreversible or irreparable damage to the osteological material, since it is of great value and difficult to acquire for disciplines as anatomy, veterinary, physical and forensic anthropology, medicine, dentistry and biology.

La osteotecnia es una de las técnicas diferentes de conservación anatómica y puede definirse como la técnica destinada a preparar, limpiar, obtener y conservar estructuras óseas que pueden ser utilizadas en el ámbito docente, museográfico o de investigación. El procedimiento de la técnica osteotécnica consta de las siguientes fases: descarnado y desarticulado, maceración, cocción, limpieza, desengrase, blanqueo y marcaje para la obtención de material óseo. Se explicarán en detalle siete fases, así como los materiales, instrumentos, cantidades de las sustancias utilizadas y el tiempo necesario para obtener material óseo humano. Consideramos que este artículo puede servir de guía, dado que toda la experimentación se realizó con material biológico humano. Esta propuesta metodológica pudo consolidarse y establecerse a partir de la experiencia adquirida durante la creación de la colección esquelética contemporánea del Departamento de Innovación en Material Biológico Humano (DIMBIH). Por lo tanto, el propósito de nuestra propuesta es brindar herramientas que faciliten el trabajo de quienes realizan este trabajo y fundamentalmente evitar daños irreversibles o irreparables en el material osteológico, ya que es de gran valor y difícil adquisición para las disciplinas como la anatomía, veterinaria, antropología física y forense, medicina, odontología y biología.

Anti-fungal efficacy of combination of amphotericin B with colistin and gentamicin in McCarey-Kaufman corneal preservation medium

Purpose: To curtail the potential of donor corneal tissue disseminating fungi to the recipient抯 eye, we evaluated the addition of amphotericin B to McCarey?Kaufman (M?K)梒orneal storage medium supplemented with colistin. Methods: Amphotericin B was examined for its ability to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus using a microbroth dilution test and checkerboard assay in combination with only gentamicin and a combination of colistin, gentamicin, and amphotericin B. The safety on epithelium and endothelium was evaluated by 3?(4,5?dimethylthiazol?2?yl)?2, 5?diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: The minimal inhibitory concentration of gentamicin was found to be >256 ?g/ml against both C. albicans and A. flavus, whereas that of amphotericin B was found to be in a range of 0.25�5 and 1�?g/ml for C. albicans and A. flavus, respectively. According to the checkerboard assay, 80% (4/5) of C. albicans isolates and 100% (5/5) of A. flavus isolates responded synergistically to the combination of amphotericin B and gentamicin, but only 20% (1/5) of C. albicans isolates showed an additive effect. None of the tested isolates displayed antagonism. The combined effect of the three drugs also did not display any antagonistic effect. Additionally, the MTT assay reveals no toxic effect of the antimicrobials used on corneal epithelial and endothelial cells. Conclusion: In vitro experiments demonstrate that amphotericin B is not toxic to either epithelium or endothelium and is a promising additive to the M?K medium supplemented with colistin.

Estudio exploratorio de las motivaciones para la criopreservación de ovocitos en forma electiva / An exploratory study of motivations for elective oocyte cryopreservation

Introducción La vitrificación de óvulos es un avance científico que ha cambiado la perspectiva reproductiva de la sociedad humana. Este procedimiento se ha ofrecido como alternativa a la postergación voluntaria del embarazo, confiriéndole a la mujer una nueva perspectiva en su autonomía reproductiva. El número de mujeres que consultan y luego optan por congelar ovocitos ha aumentado en forma casi exponencial en Chile y en todo el mundo. En nuestro país, hay poco conocimiento acerca de la motivación, experiencia y resultados de la criopreservación electiva de ovocitos en Chile. El objetivo fue conocer la motivación, experiencia y el deseo reproductivo futuro de este grupo de mujeres sometidas a esta técnica. Métodos Estudio descriptivo transversal, basado en un cuestionario enviado por correo electrónico en el que participaron mujeres que se habían sometido previamente a criopreservación electiva de ovocitos entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2019 en Clínica Alemana, Santiago de Chile. Resultados De 342 mujeres que habían completado un ciclo de criopreservación electiva de ovocitos, 193 aceptaron participar y de estas, 98 (51%) de las mujeres contestaron la encuesta en forma satisfactoria. Se establecieron criterios de exclusión a aquellas mujeres que se habían sometido a este procedimiento por indicación médica como la endometriosis, el cáncer y la baja reserva ovárica. El motivo más frecuente para realizarse el procedimiento fue la edad (44%). En relación al procedimiento; el 94% no se arrepiente de haberlo realizado y 74% de las mujeres cree que utilizará sus ovocitos en algún momento de su vida. Por último, desde que se realizaron la criopreservación de ovocitos a la fecha, el 11% de las mujeres encuestadas ha usado sus ovocitos vitrificados y 27% ha logrado embarazarse con estos. Conclusión Las mujeres que se someten a criopreservación electiva de ovocitos por razones sociales, son principalmente mujeres sin pareja que tiene como motivación principal su edad reproductiva y la gran mayoría de ellas no se arrepienten de haberlo realizado.

Introduction Oocyte vitrification is a scientific advance that has changed the reproductive perspective of human society. This procedure has been offered as an alternative to the voluntary postponement of pregnancy, giving women a new perspective on their reproductive autonomy. The number of women who consult and then choose to freeze oocytes has increased almost exponentially in Chile and throughout the world. There is little knowledge about the motivation, experience, and results of elective oocyte cryopreservation in Chile. The objective was to know the motivation, experience, and future reproductive desire of the women who underwent this technique. Methods Cross-sectional descriptive study based on a questionnaire sent by e-mail in which females who had previously undergone elective oocyte cryopreservation between January 2011 and December 2019 at Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile, participated. Results Of 342 women who had completed a cycle of elective oocyte cryopreservation, 193 agreed to participate, and of these, 98 (51%) answered the survey satisfactorily. Women who underwent this procedure for medical indication, including endometriosis, cancer, and low ovarian reserve, were excluded. The most frequent reason for the procedure was age (44%). Concerning the procedure: 94% do not regret having it done, and 74% of the women believe that they will use their oocytes at some point in their lives. Finally, from the time of oocyte cryopreservation to date, 11% of the surveyed women have used their vitrified oocytes, and 27% have become pregnant. Conclusions Women who undergo elective oocyte cryopreservation for social reasons are mainly women without a partner whose main motivation is their reproductive age. The vast majority do not regret doing so.

MOHS SURGERY: NARRATIVE REVIEW

Technique widely used in dermatology for the treatment of skin cancer. The historical perspective highlights the evolution of Mohs surgery since its development by Dr. Frederic Mohs in the 1930s, emphasizing its focus on basal cell carcinoma and subsequent renements in instrumentation, anesthesia, and tissue processing methods. Mohs surgery, which involves stepwise removal of cancerous tissue layers with immediate microscopic examination to ensure complete tumor removal while preserving healthy tissue. The advantages of Mohs surgery include high cure rates, tissue preservation, real-time margin assessment, and precise mapping. However, the procedure is time-consuming, requires specialized training, and may have higher costs compared to alternative treatments. Perioperative management considerations, including preoperative assessment, anesthesia techniques, surgical procedure, wound care, and follow-up, are discussed to ensure optimal outcomes and patient satisfaction. Understanding the historical context, surgical technique, advantages, and disadvantages of Mohs surgery is crucial for healthcare professionals involved in the management of skin cancer patients.

Injúria microbiana e a qualidade microbiológica dos alimentos / Microbial injury and the microbiological quality of food

Introdução: a contaminação microbiológica dos alimentos se apresenta como um grande problema para a indústria, agências reguladoras e consumidores. Os métodos de conservação utilizados como garantia da inocuidade dos alimentos bem como de extensão da vida de prateleira garantem uma redução significativa do número de células viáveis e/esporos. Entretanto, em virtude da aplicação de técnicas como calor, frio, redução da atividade de água e adição de conservantes, parte da população microbiana pode apresentar células com danos letais bem como danos reversíveis, tornando-se injuriadas. Objetivo: realizar uma revisão bibliográfica acerca da ocorrência de injúrias microbianas decorrentes da aplicação de métodos de conservação em alimentos. Metodologia: consulta das bases de dados Pubmed e Scielo, com seleção de artigos publicados entre os anos de 2000 e 2019. Revisão de literatura: os microrganismos se tornam injuriados após sobreviverem a condições estressantes e perderem parte de suas características funcionais, o que justifica um maior período para multiplicação nos alimentos, assim como em meios de cultura tradicionais. Cabe ressaltar que, caso estes microrganismos sejam expostos à ambientes favoráveis, é possível a recuperação dos danos sofridos. Uma vez regenerados, estes agentes representam um perigo potencial, visto a capacidade de se multiplicarem novamente no alimento, oferecendo riscos aos consumidores e acelerando a deterioração de produtos alimentícios. Conclusão: diante da ocorrência de injúrias microbianas, percebe-se a necessidade de incorporação de procedimentos adequados para recuperação de danos celulares aos métodos oficiais empregados para detecção e enumeração de microrganismos, a fim de garantir a qualidade e inocuidade de alimentos.

Introduction: Microbiological contamination of food is a major problem for industry, regulatory agencies and consumers. Preservation methods used to guarantee the safety of food as well as extending the shelf life ensure a significant reduction in the number of viable cells and/or spores. However, due to the application of techniques such as heat, cold, reduction of water activity and addition of preservatives, part of the microbial population may present cells with lethal damage as well as reversible damage, becoming injured. Objective: to carry out a literature review about the occurrence of microbial injuries resulting from the application of preservation methods in food. Methodology: pubmed and Scielo databases were consulted, with a selection of articles published between 2000 and 2019. Literature review: microorganisms become injured after surviving stressful conditions and losing part of their functional characteristics, which justifies a longer period for multiplication in food, as well as in traditional culture media. It should be noted that, if these microorganisms are exposed to favourable environments, it is possible to recover from the damage suffered. Once regenerated, these agents represent a potential hazard, given their ability to multiply again in food, posing risks to consumers and accelerating the deterioration of food products. Conclusion: in view of the occurrence of microbial injuries, it is necessary to incorporate adequate cell damage recovery procedures to the official methods used for detection and enumeration of microorganisms, in order to guarantee the quality and safety of food.

Results of Use of Ringer Solution and Preservation Solution as Kidney Washing Solution in Living Donor Renal Transplantation / Resultados del uso de la solución Ringer y la solución de conservación como solución de lavado de riñón en el trasplante renal de donante vivo

ABSTRACT Background and Aims: Preservation solutions used as kidney washing solutions in transplantation are necessary for the longer preservation of the kidney. The study aims to compare different kidney-washing solutions used in living renal transplantation. Methods and Results: Forty-nine patients who underwent renal transplantation from live donors were included in the retrospective study. The Ringer's solution flushed the renal graft in 37 patients (Group 1), and the preservation solution was in 12 patients (Group 2). Group 1, and Group 2 patients were included in the study. There were 22 (59.5%) males in Group 1 and 9 (75%) males in Group 2. Twenty-seven (73%) patients using Ringer's and 7 (58.3%) patients on preservation solution had comorbidities. There was no significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 in warm ischemia time, cold ischemia time, and HLA mismatch levels (p> 0.05). The preoperative creatinine value was significantly higher in the preservation solution group (p = 0.003). There was no significant difference between the two groups in values of creatinine levels on the postoperative (p> 0.05). Conclusion: In living renal transplantation, an inexpensive Ringer's solution, may be used instead of the expensive preservation solution to wash the graft.

RESUMEN Antecedentes y Objetivos: Las soluciones de conservación utilizadas como soluciones de lavado de riñón en trasplantes son necesarias para una conservación más prolongada del riñón. El estudio tiene como objetivo comparar diferentes soluciones de lavado de riñón utilizadas en el trasplante renal vivo. Métodos y Resultados: Cuarenta y nueve pacientes sometidos a trasplante renal de donante vivo incluidos en el estudio retrospectivo. La solución de Ringer se utilizó para lavar el injerto renal en 37 pacientes (Grupo1) y la solución de conservación se utilizó en 12 pacientes (Grupo2). Se incluyeron en el estudio pacientes del Grupo 1 y del Grupo 2. Había 22 (59,5%) hombres en el Grupo 1 y 9 (75%) hombres en el Grupo 2. Veintisiete (73%) pacientes que usaban Ringer y 7 (58,3%) pacientes que usaban solución de conservación tenían comorbilidades. No hubo diferencias significativas entre el Grupo 1 y el Grupo 2 con respecto a la isquemia caliente, los tiempos de isquemia fría y los niveles de desajuste (p> 0,05). El valor de creatinina preoperatorio fue significativamente mayor en la solución de conservación (p = 0,003). No hubo diferencia significativa entre los dos grupos en términos de niveles de creatinina en el postoperatorio (p> 0.05). Conclusión: En el trasplante renal vivo, se puede utilizar una solución económica de Ringer en lugar de la costosa solución de conservación para lavar el injerto.

Research progresses in the radiotherapy effect on ovarian function and its protection / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

The survival rate of cancer patients was improved due to the development of cancer treatment techniques, and thus the fertility protection for young female cancer patients has attracted increasing attention. Radiotherapy, as one of the comprehensive cancer treatment, could cause ovarian damage in adolescent and child-bearing women, which leads to fertility decline and a series of side effects. Radiation can cause ovarian damage not only by acting on biological macromolecules directly, but also by increasing oxidative stress between oocytes and ovarian granulosa cells indirectly. At present, the fertility preservation of female cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy mainly includes physical protection, drug protection and biological protection. Recently, the development of new technologies for the preservation of fertility in female cancer patients has also brought new hope, including factors such as protective effects, patient age, and the selection of specific cancer treatment measures, which are the main considerations in the selection process of fertility preservation measures. This article reviews the research progress on radiation-induced ovarian damage, with a focus on the introduction of the fertility preservation measures and new technologies for young female tumor patients receiving radiotherapy.

Sexual function-preserving 450 nm blue laser vaporization in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a report of 20 cases / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To explore the effects of sexual function-preserving 450 nm blue laser vaporization of the prostate on the postoperative sexual function of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and to evaluate the clinical efficacy, safety and feasibility of this procedure. 【Methods】 The clinical data of 20 BPH patients treated in our department during Jan. and Mar.2023 were analyzed. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Quality of Life Scale (QoL) score, maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), residual urine volume (PVR) and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) data were compared before and after the operation. The operation time, postoperative catheter indwelling time, and hospital stay were recorded. The ejaculation status 2 months after operation was followed up. 【Results】 All 20 patients completed the operation successfully. The operation time was (13.41±4.30) min, catheter indwelling time (1.2±0.4) d, and hospital stay (3.0±0.6) d. The IPSS, QoL, PVR and Qmax data 1 month after operation were significantly improved compared with those before operation (P0.05). 【Conclusion】 The modified 450 nm blue laser vaporization of the prostate can improve the urination symptoms of BPH patients while retaining sexual function. It is a safe and feasible technique for BPH patients who have sexual needs, and provides an alternative surgical approach for those looking to preserve sexual function.

Urinary continence-related structures and intraoperative protective techniques in radical prostatectomy / 现代泌尿外科杂志

Radical prostatectomy (RP) is the standard treatment for patients with early-stage of prostate cancer,but often causes urinary incontinence and other complications, which harm patients’ quality of life. The protection and reconstruction of urinary continence-related structures during the operation are significant approaches to reduce the incidence of urinary incontinence and restore urinary continence. This article reviewed the surgical approaches of radical prostatectomy, anatomy of urinary continence-related structures (bladder neck, functional urethra, supporting structures, nerves and vessels) and the protective skills,hoping to provide reference for the treatment of early-stage prostate cancer.

Clinical features and optimal treatment of primary urethral carcinoma / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To explore the clinical features and treatment outcomes of female urethral carcinoma so as to improve the awareness and prognosis of this rare malignant disease. 【Methods】 Clinical data of 8 cases of female urethral carcinoma treated during Jan. 2012 to Dec.2022 at the Department of Urology of Peking University People’s Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The patients underwent urodynamic tests, cystourethroscopy and pathological biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. Traditional radical surgery was performed in 5 cases, and radical surgery for lower urethral cancer with bladder preservation was performed in 3 cases. 【Results】 The patients aged 36 to 68 years, with a mean of 53.75 years. Urinary obstruction, lower urinary tract symptoms and urethral masses were common manifestations. Urodynamic tests indicated bladder outlet obstruction. After surgical treatment, radical surgery for lower urethral cancer with bladder preservation showed advantages over traditional radical surgery in terms of intraoperative bleeding, operation time and postoperative hospital stay. 【Conclusion】 Female primary urethral carcinoma is rare but invasive. Early diagnosis and radical surgery are crucial for improving the prognosis. Radical surgery for lower urethral cancer with bladder preservation has better treatment outcomes and postoperative quality of life compared to traditional radical surgery. For such patients, symptoms should be closely monitored and timely diagnosis and treatment should be performed.

Analysis on the Ethical Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Preservation Thought from the Perspective of Healthy China: Taking Master Lyu’s Spring and Autumn Annals as an Example / 中国医学伦理学

"Healthy China 2030" states that health is a necessary requirement for all-round human development and a basic condition for economic and social development. Achieving national health and longevity is an important symbol of national prosperity and rejuvenation, and also the common aspiration of the people of all ethnic groups in China. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) health preservation has been fully integrated into the construction of "Healthy China", and the development of TCM health preservation culture and thought has a profound historical origin. Starting from the development of TCM health preservation culture thought and ethical principles, this paper analyzed the TCM health preservation thought contained in Master Lyu’s Spring and Autumn Annals, and further discussed and summarized the ethical principles contained in them, with a view to comprehensively and systematically promoting the development of TCM health preservation culture and providing a theoretical basis for people to use health preservation ethical principles to achieve physical fitness, disease prevention and longevity.

Ethical Considerations on Social Egg Freezing for Single Women / 中国医学伦理学

Since the occurrence of the first case of "egg freezing for single women" in China, it has aroused different discussions and thoughts from all walks of life. Through the ethical analysis of the four principles of bioethics, this paper found a reasonable ethical basis for single women’s egg freezing. From the perspective of favorable principle, egg freezing could temporarily preserve women’s fertility, which is conducive to women’s better realization of their own personal value and social values. From the perspective of no harm principle, no harm is relative, and the harm brought by egg freezing technology is within the acceptable and permissible range. From the perspective of justice principle, whether there is gender discriminatory in that men could freeze their sperm but women have many restrictions on egg freezing. From the principle of respect for autonomy, whether to choose egg freezing is a manifestation of women’s autonomy rights, which should be respected. This paper tried to propose corresponding solutions to the ethical and legal issues caused by the permission of egg freezing from the legal perspective, the medical ethics committee’s responsibilities, and the ethical level.