Study on the effects and mechanism of Guiling Gao on the activity state of rats with damp-heat syndrome / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To investigate the effects of Guiling Gao on body temperature, gastrointestinal motility, gastrointestinal hormones, Th1/Th2 cytokines and water metabolism in rats with damp-heat syndrome.Methods:Totally 60 SD rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, mosapride group, Guiling Gao low dose group (3.4 g/kg), medium dose group (6.8 g/kg) and high dose group (13.6 g/kg) according to random number table method, with 10 rats in each group. Except for the blank group, the other groups adopted the method of "environmental factors + fat and sweet diet + biological factors" to prepare the rat model of damp heat syndrome of febrile diseases. After modeling, they were administered by gavage for 7 days. During the experiment, the general state, body weight and body temperature were observed, the gastric residue rate of rats was calculated by weighing method, the intestinal propulsion rate of rats was calculated by charcoal propulsion method, and the levels of serum motilin (MTL), gastrin (GAS), somatostatin (SS), substance P (SP),IL-4 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were detected by ELISA, and the changes of aquaporin 3 (AQP3) mRNA transcription level were detected by real-time PCR.Results:Compared with the model group, the weight of rats in Guiling Gao high dose group increased after experiment of 22 days ( P<0.05), and body temperature of rats in Guiling Gao medium and high dose group decreased in 19-20 day ( P<0.01); and the gastric emptying rate and the small intestine propulsion rate of small intestine in Guiling Gao medium and high dose group increased significantly ( P<0.01 or P<0.05); the serum MTL, GAS and SP levels increased ( P<0.01 or P<0.05), and SS decreased ( P<0.01 or P<0.05) in the Guiling Gao medium and high dose groups; The levels of IL-4, IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio decreased ( P<0.01); The expression of AQP3 mRNA (1.16 ± 0.25 vs. 0.23 ± 0.01) in the Guiling Gao high dose group was up-regulated ( P<0.01). Conclusions:Guiling Gao can effectively improve the activity state of damp-heat syndrome model rats caused by complex factors. This mechanism may be related to enhancing gastrointestinal movement, increasing gastrointestinal hormone secretion, restoring the dynamic balance of immune system Th1/Th2 and promoting the transport of water from intestinal cavity.

Restricción del crecimiento intrauterino y enfermedades no transmisibles durante las edades pediátricas

Introducción: En la aparición de las enfermedades crónicas durante las edades pediátricas y la adolescencia, la restricción del crecimiento intrauterino se considera un factor clave. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la restricción del crecimiento intrauterino y las enfermedades no trasmisibles durante las edades pediátricas. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa con búsqueda bibliográfica en Pubmed, SciELO, LILACS y Google académico en los últimos cinco años sobre el tema que se trata. Se examinaron artículos originales, de revisión y capítulos de libros. Se utilizaron las palabras clave: retardo del crecimiento fetal, factores de riesgo cardiometabólicoy atención integrada a las enfermedades prevalentes de la infancia. Se descartaron aquellos artículos no pertinentes o que tuvieran deficiencias metodológicas notables. Análisis y síntesis de la información: Se expusieron las definiciones de "pequeño para la edad gestacional" y "restricción del crecimiento intrauterino", se mostró la clasificación más actualizada, se mencionaron las enfermedades que aparecen en la infancia en estos recién nacidos de riesgo y se señalaron sus mecanismos. Conclusiones: El antecedente de restricción del crecimiento intrauterino se relaciona con alteraciones del crecimiento pondoestatural, del neurodesarrollo; el síndrome metabólico; las afecciones cardiovasculares; las enfermedades endocrinas, hepáticas, respiratorias, del sistema inmunológico y renales, los trastornos auditivos y de la visión. Estas afecciones se presentan en etapas tempranas de la vida como la infancia y la adolescencia.

Introduction: In the occurrence of chronic diseases during pediatric ages and adolescence, intrauterine growth restriction is considered a key factor. Objective: To determine the relationship between intrauterine growth restriction and noncommunicable diseases during pediatric ages. Methods: A narrative review was performed with a literature search in Pubmed, SciELO, LILACS and Google Scholar in the last five years on the topic under discussion. Original articles, review articles and book chapters were examined. The keywords used were: fetal growth retardation, cardiometabolic risk factors, integrated care for prevalent childhood diseases. Articles that were not relevant or had notable methodological deficiencies were discarded. Analysis and synthesis of the information: The definitions of "small for gestational age" and "intrauterine growth restriction" were exposed, the most updated classification was shown, the diseases that appear during infancy in these at-risk newborns were mentioned and their mechanisms were pointed out. Conclusions: The history of intrauterine growth restriction is related to alterations of pondoestatural growth, neurodevelopment, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular conditions, endocrine, hepatic, respiratory, immune system, renal, hearing and vision disorders. These conditions surface in early stages of life such as infancy and adolescence.

Prácticas maternas en alimentación complementaria en lactantes en zonas prevalentes de anemia en el norte del Perú

RESUMEN Objetivo: Valorar si las prácticas maternas en alimentación complementaria en lactantes de 4-8 meses de edad, son adecuadas en zonas prevalentes de anemia del norte de Perú. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, en 206 madres de lactantes de 4-8 meses de edad en zonas de alta prevalencia de anemia del Distrito de Mórrope durante el 2018, mediante muestreo polietápico estratificado con la técnica de la entrevista, con cuestionario validado por expertos. Se usaron los programas Office Excel 2013 y SPSS v. 23, se utilizó la prueba Ji-cuadrado, con p( 0,05 como significativo. Resultados: Tenían entre 18 a 35 años de edad 90,7 % de las madres; 49,5 % instrucción primaria; 86,9 % amas de casa y 62,1% convivientes. Eran lactantes de 6 a 8 meses de edad 93,2 % Las madres de menores de 6 meses ofrecieron en mayor frecuencia papilla (75,6 %) y a partir de los 6 meses principalmente puré (59,4 %), alimentos ricos en hierro, como hígado y lentejas y como inhibidores de hierro infusiones como anís y manzanilla. La continuidad de la lactancia solo con leche materna fue 68,2 % en menores de 6 meses y 63,0 % a partir de los 6 meses. Conclusiones: Las prácticas maternas en alimentación complementaria en lactantes de 4-8 meses de edad en zonas prevalentes de anemia, Mórrope 2018, no son adecuadas. Las madres a partir de los 6 meses de edad introducen mayormente infusiones como anís y manzanilla que constituyen inhibidores de la absorción de hierro, lo que puede repercutir en la prevalencia de la anemia.

ABSTRACT Objective: Assess whether maternal practices in complementary feeding of infants aged 4-8 months are adequate in anemia´s prevalent areas in northern Peru. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in 206 mothers of infants aged 4-8 months in areas of high prevalence of anemia in the Mórrope District during 2018, using stratified polystage sampling with the interview technique, and with a questionnaire validated by experts. The Office Excel 2013 and SPSS v. 23 programs were used; also the Ji-square test was used, with p( 0.05 as significant. Results: 90.7% of the mothers were between 18 and 35 years old; 49.5% had primary education; 86.9% were housewives and 62.1% co-inhabitants. Mothers of children under 6 months of age gave more frequently porridge (75.6%) and from 6 months mainly puree (59.4%), foods rich in iron, more often liver and lentils and as iron inhibitors infusions such as anise and chamomile. The continuity of breastfeeding only with breast milk was of 68.2% in children under 6 months and 63.0% from 6 months. Conclusions: Maternal practices in complementary feeding in infants 4-8 months of age in anemia´s prevalent areas of (Mórrope 2018) are not adequate. Mothers mostly introduce from 6 months of age infusions such as anise and chamomile that are inhibitors of iron absorption, which can have an impact on the prevalence of anemia.

Factores de riesgo de enfermedades prevalentes de la infancia en hogares de atención integral

RESUMEN Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud manifiesta que las enfermedades prevalentes de la infancia en el 2016 causaron una mortalidad de 5 millones en menores de 5 años, a causa de neumonía y enfermedad diarreica aguda. Objetivo: Examinar los factores de riesgo modificables de enfermedades prevalentes de la infancia en los hogares comunitarios tradicionales del bienestar en Cúcuta, Colombia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal en el 2018, en 23 hogares del Instituto Colombiano del Bienestar Familiar en Cúcuta; la información se recolectó a partir del instrumento de identificación de factores de riesgo de enfermedades prevalentes de la infancia previo prueba inicial. Resultados: Se atendieron 276 menores, 56,8 % niños. Se identificaron factores de riesgo modificables en los hogares, en 22,0 % de estos, los infantes deben mejorar el lavado de manos; con un porcentaje similar, se demostró que se debe insistir en la limpieza del material didáctico, juguetes, ventiladores y cortinas; en 17,3 % se observaron condiciones regulares en cuanto a la infraestructura; además, 20,0 % de los menores compartían alimentos, se presentó asistencia de infantes con enfermedades en curso y ausencia de protocolos de atención a seguir en tales casos, entre otros. Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo pueden ser intervenidos a través de la estrategia de atención integrada a las enfermedades prevalentes de la infancia desde sus componentes clínico, comunitario y organización local para su prevención, con el interés y comprensión de la responsabilidad compartida para la atención de esta problemática en salud.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The World Health Organization states that prevalent childhood diseases in 2016 caused a mortality of 5 million in children under 5 years old, due to pneumonia and acute diarrheal disease. Objective: Examine modifiable risk factors for prevalent childhood diseases in traditional community welfare homes in Cucuta, Colombia. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018 in 23 households of the Colombian Institute of Family Welfare in Cúcuta; the information was collected from the instrument to identify risk factors for prevalent childhood diseases after initial testing. Results: 276 children were attended, 56.8% of them were boys. Modifiable risk factors were identified in homes; in 22,0% of these, children should improve hand washing; with a similar percentage, it was shown that the cleaning of teaching materials, toys, fans and curtains should be insisted upon; in 17.3% regular infrastructure conditions were observed. In addition, 20,0% of the children shared food, there were children with ongoing diseases and absence of care protocols to follow in such cases, among others. Conclusions: The risk factors can be intervened through the strategy of integrated care for prevalent childhood diseases from its clinical, community and local organization components for its prevention, with the interest and understanding of the shared responsibility for the care of this health problem.

Aplicación de prácticas clave: lactancia materna, alimentación complementaria, micronutrientes, desarrollo mental y social de niños menores de 5 años / Application of key practices: breastfeeding, complementary feeding, micronutrients, mental and social development of children under 5 years of age

Objetivo: evaluar la aplicación de la estrategia AIEPI en la promoción de la lactancia materna exclusiva, alimentación complementaria, uso de micronutrientes y prevención de alteraciones en el desarrollo mental y social de los niños menores de 5 años. Materiales y métodos: estudio cuantitativo descriptivo-correlacional; se utilizó una muestra de 323 padres de familia y/o cuidadores. Resultados: la lactancia materna exclusiva se proporcionó en un 52% y en la alimentación complementaria los alimentos de elección fueron los cereales 77,1%, tubérculos 71,8%, frutas 40% y verduras 43%. Administran cantidades suficientes de micronutrientes 82,4%. El 92,6% brindan caricias y un 83,9% usan el juego como forma de estímulo para sus hijos. Hubo correlación entre la edad del cuidador y la lactancia materna exclusiva (p valor 0,019), de igual forma se correlaciono la edad del cuidador (mayores de 23 años) y la inclusión de la alimentación complementaria como cereales (p valor 0,000) /NOTA: "p" quiere decir muchas. Conclusión: se evidencia que las prácticas relacionadas con el componente uno de la estrategia AIEPI relacionada a la lactancia materna, alimentación complementaria, micronutrientes, desarrollo mental y social de niños menores de 5 años, son aplicadas en un sector de Cartagena; sin embargo, existes resultados que constituyen porcentajes significativos en el aumento del riesgo de aparición de enfermedades como la diarrea e infección respiratoria aguda..Au

Objective: to evaluate the application of the IMCI strategy, in the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding, use of micronutrients and prevention of alterations in the mental and social development of children under 5 years of age. Materials and methods: descriptive-correlational quantitative study, a sample of 323 parents and / or caregivers was used. Results: exclusive breastfeeding was provided in 52% and in complementary feeding the foods of choice were cereals 77.1%, tubers 71.8%, fruits 40% and vegetables 43%. They administer enough micronutrients 82.4%.92.6% provide caresses and 83.9% use the game as a form of encouragement for their children. There was a correlation between the age of the caregiver and exclusive breastfeeding (p value 0.019), in the same way the age of the caregiver (over 23 years) and the inclusion of complementary feeding such as cereals (p value 0.000) were correlated. Conclusion: it is evidenced that the practices related to component one of the IMCI strategy related to breastfeeding, complementary feeding, micronutrients, mental and social development of children under 5 years of age, are applied in a sector of Cartagena; however, there are results that constitute significant percentages in the increased risk of the appearance of diseases such as diarrhea and acute respiratory infection..Au

Factors associated with pneumonia and diarrhea in children and quality of primary health care / Factores asociados a la neumonía y diarreia en niños y la calidad de la atención primaria de la salud / Fatores associados a pneumonias e diarreia em crianças e qualidade da atenção primária à saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate factors associated with the use and quality of Primary Health Care, as well as the occurrence of pneumonia and diarrhea in children under one year. Method: cross-sectional study conducted with 317 caregivers of 56 Family Health teams from Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, from August 2014 to October 2015, using the child version of the Primary Care Assessment Tool, child version. Results: in the logistic adjustment, children received assistance (OR: 0.54; 0.32-0.91) and accessibility to the Primary Health Care Unit (OR: 0.49; 0.31-0.76). identified as possible protective factors for episodes of diarrhea. The variables associated with pneumonia were unsatisfactory access (ORaj: 2.13; 95% CI 1.18-3.82), a likely risk factor, and coordination (ORaj: 0.33, 95% CI 0.12-0,94), as a probable protection factor. Conclusion: primary care attendance resulted in a higher chance of avoiding hospitalization for pneumonia, a condition considered sensitive to care in this care model. Complementing family income and children's accessibility to the health unit were protective factors for episodes of diarrhea. The search to ensure the presence and extension of the Primary Health Care attributes has the potential to positively modify the child's health and, therefore, both should be ensured as rights of this population.

RESUMEN Objetivo: investigar los factores asociados al uso y a la calidad de la Atención Primaria de la Salud, así como la aparición de neumonía y diarrea en niños menores de un año. Método: estudio transversal realizado con 317 cuidadores de 56 equipos de salud familiar de Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, de agosto de 2014 a octubre de 2015, utilizando la herramienta Primary Care Assessment Tool, versión infantil. Resultados: en el ajuste logístico, los niños recibieron asistencia (OR: 0,54; 0,32-0,91) y accesibilidad a la Unidad de la Atención Primaria de la Salud (OR: 0,49; 0,31-0,76), identificados como posibles factores de protección para los episodios de diarrea. Las variables asociadas con la neumonía fueron el acceso insatisfactorio (ORaj: 2,13; IC 95% 1,18-3,82), un factor de riesgo probable y coordinación (ORaj: 0,33, IC95% 0,12-0,94), como factor probable de protección. Conclusión: la asistencia en la atención primaria resultó en mayor probabilidad de no hospitalización por neumonía, una condición que se considera sensible en los cuidados en este modelo de atención. El complemento de los ingresos familiares y la accesibilidad de los niños a la unidad de salud fueron factores protectores para los episodios de diarrea. La búsqueda para garantizar la presencia y extensión de los atributos de la Atención Primaria de la Salud tiene el potencial de modificar positivamente la salud del niño y, por lo tanto, ambos deben garantizarse como derechos de esta población.

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar fatores associados ao uso e à qualidade da Atenção Primária à Saúde, bem como à ocorrência de pneumonia e diarreia em crianças menores de um ano. Método: estudo transversal, realizado com 317 cuidadores de 56 equipes de Saúde da Família de Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, no período de agosto de 2014 a outubro de 2015, utilizando o instrumento Primary Care Assessment Tool, versão criança. Resultados: no ajuste logístico, criança receber auxílio (OR: 0,54; 0,32-0,91) e acessibilidade à unidade de Atenção Primária à Saúde (OR: 0,49; 0,31-0,76), foram identificadas como possíveis fatores de proteção para episódios de diarreia. As variáveis associadas à pneumonia foram acesso não satisfatório (ORaj: 2,13; IC 95% 1,18-3,82), um provável fator de risco, e coordenação (ORaj: 0,33, IC95% 0,12-0,94), como provável fator de proteção. Conclusão: o atendimento na Atenção Primária resultou em maior chance de não hospitalização por pneumonia, condição considerada sensível aos cuidados nesse modelo de atenção. Complementação da renda familiar e acessibilidade da criança à unidade de saúde apresentaram-se como fatores de proteção para episódios de diarreia. A busca por garantir a presença e extensão dos atributos da Atenção Primária à Saúde possui potencial para modificar positivamente a saúde da criança e, portanto, ambas devem ser asseguradas como direitos dessa população.

Biofilm-forming ability of prevalent clonal strains of carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii / 中国感染与化疗杂志

Objective To analyze the homology, biofilm-forming ability, and risk factors of prevalent A, B, C clones(carrying blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-51 genes mostly) of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) relative to carbapenemsusceptible Acinetobacter baumannii (CSAB). Methods A total of 87 prevalent A, B, C clones of CRAB and CSAB strains were collected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used for homologyanalysis of clone A, B, C strains. Biofilm-forming ability of CRAB and CSAB was measured quantitatively via crystal violet staining. Results Clone A was measured to be homologous type of ST238, while clones B and C were ST238 type. In general, CRAB prevalent clones showed weaker biofilm-forming ability than CSAB strains (0.470±0.301 versus 0.913±0.626, P＜0.05). CRAB clones A, B, and C varied in ability of biofilm formation. Clone A had comparative biofilm-forming ability to clone C (P=0.432). Both clone A and C were weaker than clone B in biofilm-forming ability (both P＜0.001). Biofilm-forming ability was not associated with blaOXA-23 or blaOXA-51 genes in CRAB strains (both P＞0.05). Conclusions Prevalent CRAB clone A, B, C are derived from the same origin. We are the first to report the prevalence of ST238 and the homologous types in a hospital. Biofilm-forming ability is negatively correlated with carbapenem resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii, which suggests that clone prevalence is mainly related to antibiotic resistance acquisition and antibiotic selective pressure. Biofilm-forming ability varies with the prevalent CRAB clone. The wide spread of clone B is of concern.

Trends of soil-transmitted nematode infections in Jiangxi Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To analyze the status and trends of soil-transmitted nematode infections in Jiangxi Province from 1989 to 2014,so as to provide the evidence for generating the strategy of soil-transmitted nematode prevention and control. Methods The data of three epidemiological surveys on human parasitic diseases(in 1989,2002 and 2014)were classified and analyzed. The stool examination by Kato-Katz's thick smear method was adopted for the investigation of soil-transmitted nematode infec-tions. Results The total infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes decreased by 91.89％from 77.67％in 1989 to 6.30％in 2014,in which the infection rate of Ascaris lumbricoides decreased by 98.78％from 71.11％to 0.87％,the infection rate of Trich-uris trichiura decreased by 96.80％from 29.67％to 0.95％,and the infection rate of hookworm declined by 73.57％from 17.63％to 4.66％. The infection rates of soil-transmitted nematodes in the female were higher than those in the male in three surveys. In different ecological districts,the infection rates of soil-transmitted nematodes in the female were also higher than those in the male,except in Zhe-Min Ecological District in 2002 and 2014. A declined trend of the infection was showed in all age-groups in the three surveys,but it slowed down by the growth of age,i.e.,the reduction rate was 97.03％in the age group of<10 years while 80.62％in the age group of>70 years. In 2014,the number of persons infected with soil-transmitted nematodes occupied 65.4％of the whole number of persons infected with intestinal parasites. Conclusions The mean infection rates of soil-transmit-ted nematodes decrease obviously in human population in different ecological districts,but the soil-transmitted nematodes are still the main species in intestinal parasite infections. The sequence of dominant species changes from A. lumbricoides,hook-worm and T. trichiura in 1989 to hookworm,T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides in 2014. The rural female and elder people are the key population,while hookworm is the key species for the prevention and control of soil-transmitted nematodes.

FAN Wenhu 's Experience in Treating Dampness Prevalent Diseases with Flexible Use of Wetting Method / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective]Analysis of the famous doctor FAN Wenhu treatment of dampness prevalent diseases experience with a view to the clinical treatment of it to provide reference.[Methods]By consulting the relevant FAN Wenhu's medical information and screening out the treatment of dampness prevalent diseases of his cases to further analyze and sum up his clinical experience in the treatment of it. [Result] It was found out that he was skilled in using wetting treatments for dampness prevalent diseases, which the wet wilt in the upper body used Qingzhen decoction to clear dampness wetting,the vomid malaria used Huopusini powder to regulate qi and dispel wet, the damp-heat invagination used Huopuwuling powder to activate yang to remove dampness. [Conclusion]FAN Wenhu was flexibled to use varieties of dampness methods in the treatment of dampness prevalent disease in order to eliminate wet evil and isolate hot evil.These cases had accurate effect and distinct treatment characteristics,it is worthy of reference.

Investigation and analysis of overseas imported malaria prevalence in Henan Province from 2012 to 2014 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To understand the epidemic characteristics of imported malaria in Henan Province from 2012 to 2014,so as to provide the evidence for proposing the reasonable suggestions for imported malaria prevention and control. Meth?ods The data of imported malaria were collected and the epidemic characteristics were analyzed in Henan Province from 2012 to 2014. Results A total of 569 imported malaria cases were reported in Henan Province from 2012 to 2014,including 445 cas?es of falciparum malaria,48 cases of vivax malaria,61 cases of ovale malaria,14 cases of quartan malaria,and 1 case of mixed infection. All the malaria cases were confirmed in laboratory. During the three years,the time of higher incidence was in Spring Festival,and May and June,and the cases mainly distributed in Luoyang,Zhengzhou,Puyang,Xinxiang,Anyang,Xuchang and Nanyang cities,accounting for 68.54%. Totally 82.43%of the patients were male youth and middle?aged. Of the 569 pa?tients,534(93.85%)returned from Africa and 35(6.15%)returned from Southeast Asian countries. The average time was 6.22 d and the median was 4 d from the onset to diagnosis. Among 569 cases,290(50.97%)were confirmed by different levels of cen?ters for disease prevention and control,and 279(49.03%)were diagnosed by different levels of medical institutions. Conclu?sions The imported malaria cases have been increased obviously in recent 3 years in Henan Province. Therefore,the health ed?ucation for the knowledge about malaria prevention and control,and the technician training should be strengthened.

Enfermedades prevalentes en niños guatemaltecos menores de 5 años / Prevalent diseases in Guatemalan children under 5 years

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 1643 niños menores de 5 años de edad, atendidos en la consulta de Pediatría del Hospital Nacional San Pedro Necta, perteneciente al municipio de San Pedro Necta en el Departamento de Huehuetenango, Guatemala, de junio del 2008 a mayo del 2010, con vistas a caracterizarles y determinar la morbilidad por enfermedades prevalentes en ellos. Los datos se obtuvieron de los registros de consultas y de las historias clínicas; posteriormente fueron operacionalizados como variables clínicas y epidemiológicas, y se hallaron las tasas de morbilidad según grupos etarios y afecciones prevalentes. En la serie predominaron las infecciones respiratorias agudas, causadas principalmente por el catarro común, las enfermedades diarreicas agudas, los pacientes preescolares, el sexo masculino, los contaminantes ambientales y las madres con baja escolarización y edades adolescentes. Las tasas de morbilidad bruta por infecciones respiratorias agudas y de morbilidad específica relativa a las edades de 1 a 4 años, resultaron elevadas.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 1643 children under 5 years, assisted in the Pediatrics Department of the National Hospital San Pedro Necta, belonging to the municipality of San Pedro Necta Huehuetenango Department, Guatemala, was carried out from June, 2008 to May, 2010, with the aim of characterizing them and to determine the morbidity due to prevalent diseases in them. The data were obtained from the department records and from the clinical records; later on they were operacionalized as clinical and epidemiological variables, and the morbidity rates according to age groups and prevalent disorders were found. In the series the acute breathing infections, caused mainly by the common cold, acute diarrheic diseases, preschool patients, male sex, the environmental pollution agents and mothers with low school level and adolescent ages prevailed. The rates of gross morbidity caused by acute breathing infections and of relative specific morbidity from 1 to 4 years were high.

Hearing Impairment at a Glance and Guidelines for Teachers.

'Hearing impairment' is a general term often used by professionals to describe loss of hearing. The term hearing impairment is a generic term indicating a hearing disability which may range from mild to profound. Hearing impairment is considered the most prevalent impairment worldwide. This paper makes a brief list of causes, not only hereditary but also the classroom causes, leading to hearing impairment. Vocabulary development, idiomatic and grammatical English, or the understanding of abstract ideas is examples of areas which may be delayed due to hearing loss. A significant hearing loss may also lead to a need for specific strategies to address social skills development. In case the child goes unidentified at his home, then the responsibility of their earliest detection invariably falls on the shoulders of school teachers. This research paper presents a checklist that enhances the role of a teacher in their early identification. It also attempts to make suggestions which may enable teachers to ensure inclusion of HI students. It mentions a checklist for assistance to HI and their effective inclusion.

Prevalence of coal-burning-fluorosis by factor analysis in Guizhou Province / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To investigate the epidemic situation of coal-burning-fluorosis,and to explore key areas for implementing prevention and control measures in Guizhou Province.Methods Survey data of dental fluorosis of children aged 8-10,anti-fluoride knowledge and health-related behaviors of target students and their families before implementing the comprehensive disease control measures in 2010,were analyzed and evaluated using the method of factor analysis in 23 diseased districts.Results ①The three main factors (F) related to the endemic of coal-burning-fluorosis were economic factor (F 1),knowledge factor (F2) and behavior factor (F3):F1 included the detection rate of 8 to 12 years old children's dental fluorosis,iron stove ownership,corn correct drying rate and chili correct drying rate; F2 included stove correct utilization rate,students awareness and head of the household awareness; F3 included corn food washing rate before cooking and chili food washing rate.②In the economic factor score arrangement,the first three were Zunyi,Xiuwen and Qingzhen.In the F2 score arrangement,the first three were Zunyi,Xishui and Xixiu.In the F3 score arrangement,the first three was Liuzhi,Bijie and Xixiu.③After comprehensive score,Zunyi,Qingzhen,Xishui,Xixiu,Puding and Liuzhi Counties were found to be relatively stronger in control of the epidemic of coal-burning-fluorosis; Xiuwen,Renhuai,Guanling and so on 13 counties were found to be relatively moderate,and Tongzi,Hezhang,Shuicheng and Nayong Counties were found to be relatively weak.Conclusions ①The endemic of coal-burning-fluorosis is related with many factors,and the indexes we selected in this study have a strong correlation and sensitivity,which may be used in evaluating the prevention effect of control measures to coal-buming-fluorosis.②The endemic of coal-burning-fluorosis in Guizhou Province is quite different,and key prevention and control measures can be applied according to a comprehensive factor analysis.

Community pharmacist impacts on self-medication management among Rural dwellers, kwara state central, nigeria.

The role of pharmacist has not only advanced from traditional medication dispensing but also to direct patient care and pharmaceutical interventions aiming at enhancing the populace wellbeing. Objective: The objective of this research was to assess the impact of rural community pharmacist on drug self-medications and disease prevalence among rural settings in the Kwara State Central, Nigeria. . Method: This study was conducted between September, 2011 and February, 2013 in eight rural communities on 730 respondents, following a six-week pilot study on 50 respondents. Respondents aged 30 years and over and regular clients of the community pharmacy were included into the study. Self-medications were assessed using pre-tested and validated questionnaire. Pharmaceutical interventions were carried out on the respondents by the clinical pharmacist at every two months for eighteen months. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were for the computation of the data. Results: Male respondents were one third of the population studied, while female had the highest percentage of 69.9%. Respondents between the age of 40 and 50 years dominated with 42.3% and majority (88.1%) of the rural residents were illiterates. Farming was the core livelihood of the respondents and survived on less than ten thousand naira Nigeria money ($63) per month. Among the combinations of drugs abused by the respondents, the regimen containing combination of (prednisolone, diclofenac and paracetamol) had the highest users. The least used combination was (Ibuprofen, Diclofenac plus Prednisolone). These combinations were taken two times daily by the majority participants. The most common reasons given for self-medications were osteoarthritis (31.1%), poverty (17.4%), general body pain (14.3%), lack of health facilities (4.6%), ignorance (4.3%) among others. The intervention offered by the pharmacist had reduced the mean systolic blood pressure significantly (p<0.05) from 161mmhg to 129 mmhg and diastolic blood pressure from 104mmhg at baseline to 86 mmhg. Post-intervention evaluation revealed the impact of the pharmacist, as the respondents with dyspepsia at baseline significantly (p<0.05) reduced from 220 to 53 participants. Conclusion: Pharmacist interventions on self-medication of drugs greatly enhanced patient healthcare in the rural communities.

Clinical Update on Parasitic Diseases / 대한내과학회지

In Korea, the parasitic infection had recently been decreased to a negligible level, 2.6% in national survey of 2012. The prevalence, however, only reflect the stool examination positive cases, and the larval diseases such as toxocariasis were not included. In this review, the parasitic diseases which have been still prevalent in Korea are listed. Considering that the larval diseases are more harmful than those by adults, these parasites should be paid attention. In addition to larval diseases, some trematodes, cestodes, and protozoan diseases were also included in this review.

Clinical Update on Parasitic Diseases / 대한내과학회지

In Korea, the parasitic infection had recently been decreased to a negligible level, 2.6% in national survey of 2012. The prevalence, however, only reflect the stool examination positive cases, and the larval diseases such as toxocariasis were not included. In this review, the parasitic diseases which have been still prevalent in Korea are listed. Considering that the larval diseases are more harmful than those by adults, these parasites should be paid attention. In addition to larval diseases, some trematodes, cestodes, and protozoan diseases were also included in this review.

Discuss the pathogenesis and treatment strategy of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura from the view of insidious pathogenic factors / 国际中医中药杂志

Discuss the pathogenesis and treatment strategy of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura from the view of insidious pathogenic factors.The invasion,remission and recurrence of ITP implicated the theory model of insidious pathogenic factors,and it applied new thread for syndrome differentiation and treatment.

Parasitosis intestinales en alumnos de la Unidad Educativa Carabobo: Belén, Municipio Carlos Arvelo, Estado Carabobo, Venezuela / Intestinal parasitic infestations among students of Carabobo Educational Unit: Belén, Carlos Arvelo Municipality, Carabobo State, Venezuela

Las Parasitosis Intestinales afectan a las personas,especialmente en áreas tropicales y subtropicales, considerándose un problema de Salud Publica. Objetivo general: Determinar la Prevalencia de Parasitosis Intestinales en alumnos de la Unidad .Educativa Carabobo. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal; población de 498 escolares, muestra no probabilística conformada por 186 alumnos. Resultados: prevalencia global de 82,25% parasitados, la Blastocystis hominis predomino con 55,91%, Áscaris lumbricoides con 30,64%. Las parasitosis sobresalieron en el sexo masculino (44,62%) El 49,46% habitaban en domicilios formales; el 45,75% compartían habitación con menos de 3 personas y 65,59% consumía agua sin tratar. El 46,24 % de los escolares refirió prurito anal y 46,77% bruxismo. Conclusión: la mayoría de los escolares masculinos resultaron parasitados, con alta prevalencia de protozoarios seguida de las helmintiasis, el consumo de agua sin tratar se considero fuente de transmisión de las parasitosis.

Intestinal parasitic diseases, cause damage on inhabitants of tropical and subtropical areas, thus generating a Public Health problem. Assesment of prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among students of Carabobo Educational Unit, was the aim of the present survey. A descriptive and cross-sectional study in a Basic school with 498 students, through a non-probabilistic sample of 186 pupils was performed. The global prevalence of infestation was 82.25%. Among them, Blastocystis hominis was the most common species; 55.91% and Ascaris lumbricoides was present in 30.64 samples. Among male subjects, 44.62% were infected. 49.46% live in formal dwellings; 45.75% shared bedrooms with less than 3 relatives and 65.59% were consumers of non drinkable water. 46.24% of school children refered anal pruritis and 46.77%, teeth chatter A high infection level was assessed within the male student population with a high prevalence of protozoan and helminths Non drinkable water might be the vehicle for intestinal parasitic infections.

Hypertension Prevalence Survey on the Low Insurance Crowd in Urban Districts of Shiyan / 中国慢性病预防与控制

Objective To investigate the prevalent status of hypertensionamong thelow insurance crowd in Shiyan urban districts.Methods According to the demands and diagnosis standard in 'China Hypertension Prevention and Cure Manual,2005',24 840 residents with low insurance in urban districts were examined on their blood pressure,while investigated on history of disease,family history,occupation and awareness on hypertension by face to face interview.Results Of 24 840 residents with low insurance in Shiyan urban districts,5 295 cases(21.30%) were diagnosed as hypertension,and 1,350 hypertensives had family history of hypertension.Of 5 295 hypertensives,there were 371 cases aged below 40 yrs,1 747 aged between 40 and 49 yrs and 3 177 aged above 50.Meanwhile,there were 3 105 cases with grade I hypertension,1 563 with grade II and 627 with grade Ⅲ hypertension.Conclusion The total hypertension prevalent rate among low insurance crowd of Shiyan urban districts was higher and the awareness rate was also lower.It should strengthen education on this crowd.

A Survey on the Prevalence Rate of Hospital Infection and its Influential Factors / 中国慢性病预防与控制

Objective To understand the basic circumstance of the hospital infection,and to improve the knowledge of medical staff on the management of hospital infection.Methods With bedside observation and examination combined with checking clinical case history,462 inpatients were investigated on current rate of hospital infection and its related factors.Results There were 30 inpatients suffering from hospital infection,the current rate of the hospital infection was 6.49 %;among them,the rate of the lower respiratory tract accounted for 33.00%.The current rates of hospital infection in inpatients with antibiotics(16.56%),or with treatment of urinary catheters(18.52%),or with operation(16.30%),with more than one month hospitalization(19.05%) were significantly higher than those of inpatients without antibiotics(1.00%),without treatment of urinary catheters(5.75%),without operation(4.05%) or with less than one month hospitalization(4.55%)(all P