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Workplace violence is something we can discuss it, tolerating it but we can’t prevent it even we can’t accept it that it belongs to us, we are initiating it against people like us only. Nothing can solve violence, neither two wrong can make anything right. Though every sector is afflicted by it but healthcare sector is majorly affected by it because patients family is in great trauma of facing their people’s death and no one have been able to do anything to stop it. Accepting loved ones especially death has always been painful to everyone. But blaming some sector and taking revenge is big NO NO. As we all know prevention is better than cure so via this paper I am trying to address some prevention Strategies that may be helpful to de-escalate this issue on ground level.
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【Objective】 To explore the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on platelets supply management and its countermeasures. 【Methods】 Relevant data on platelets collection, supply, daily inventory and adjustment were collected through the blood information management system of our blood center after the outbreak of the epidemic in Xi′an (from December 9, 2021 to February 2, 2022), and then compared with the data during the corresponding period of last year (from December 9, 2020 to February 2, 2021). 【Results】 In this study, in the first half month of the epidemic, the collection and supply of platelets were slightly higher than the same period of the previous year. After the first-level response to the epidemic was initiated, the collection and issuing of platelets decreased significantly compared with the same period of the previous year. Half a month after the home isolation had been gradually lifted, the collection and issuing of platelets increased significantly as compared with the home isolation period. Otherwise, the collection and issuing of platelets had been increased as compared with the same period of the previous year. 【Conclusion】 After the outbreak of the epidemic, the timely adjustment of platelet collection strategy as well as the launch of emergency plan for platelets collection and supply during the first-level response to the epidemic effectively ensured the supply of clinical platelets in Xi′an during the period of home isolation.
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OBJECTIVE：To provid e reference for pharmaceutical workers to better understand Novel Coronavirus Infection ： Expert Consensus on Guidance and Prevention Strategies for Hospital Pharmacists and the Pharmacy Workforce （hereinafter referred to as “expert consensus ”），and to apply and practice in specific work ，so as to give full play to the role of pharmacists to help fight the epidemic.METHODS ：The background of the formulation and revision of the expert consensus were introduced ，and its main contents and viewpoints were interpreted. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：The text of expert consensus is divided into 8 parts，mainly including disease diagnosis and treatment [SARS-CoV- 2 infection related background ，clinical manifestations and diagnosis， treatment]，hospital pharmacy （prevention and control strategy ，work guidance ），drug and facility support management（key drug/facility/equipment support ，management and use of the drug in special circumstances ），information sources and related resources ，etc.，which comprehensively and detailedly provide information ，guidance and strategies for coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection prevention and control to play the role of pharmacists in hospital pharmacy well ，do well in the protection of staff in different pharmaceutical posts ，drug security work in response to epidemic situation ，and develop pharmaceutical care. So far，the understanding of SARS-CoV- 2 in the pharmaceutical industry is relatively limited. Based on the accumulated experience and progress in epidemic prevention and control ，the expert consensus will be updated and improved continuously ，so as to provide guidance and help for hospital pharmaceutical personnel.
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Objectives To analyze the studies about predicting COVID-19 by math models, to provide evidences and experiences to reduce the hazard of COVID-19. Methods PubMed, CNKI and other databases were searched for studies involving math models of COVID-19, and the studies were compared with each other and the real data. Results A total of 21 publications were included. SIR, SEIR and other models were used to predict the prevalence and evaluate the interventions. The results were predicted by SEIR+CAQ model were the closest to the actual situation. And the control measures have effectively restrained COVID-19. Conclusion Characteristics of COVID-19 and prevention measures should be concerned, when predicting the epidemic trend of COVID-19.
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Objective@#To explore the risk factors of occupational exposure of intern nurses in an infectious disease hospital, and put forward prevention and control strategies.@*Methods@#A retrospective analysis was made of 82 reported cases of occupational exposure of intern nurses in a tertiary infectious disease hospital from 2013 to 2017. The occupational exposure rate, pathogens, occurrence sites and exposure links of the intern nurses were analyzed.@*Results@#The overall occupational exposure rate of internship nurses in 2013-2017 was 6.20% (82/1322) .The pathogens were mainly HBV, 52 cases, accounting for 63.4%. The site of occurrence was mainly finger, 75 cases, accounting for 91.5%. In the occurrence of the process, 35 cases were taken, accounting for 42.7%; 20 cases of arteriovenous puncture, accounting for 24.4%; 17 cases of separation needles and finishing materials, accounting for 20.7%.@*Conclusion@#The incidence of blood-borne occupation of intern nurses is higher, which needs special attention in infectious disease hospitals. To prevent blood-borne occupational exposure of intern nurses, occupational safety education should be strengthened, clinical operation should be standardized and humanized management should be provided.
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Introducción: Las estrategias de prevención comunitaria resultan básicas para alcanzar logros en salud y en especial en las tasas de mortalidad infantil, así como en las de morbilidad y mortalidad por enfermedades transmisibles. Objetivo: Sistematizar los resultados de investigaciones sobre estrategias de prevención de la leptospirosis a través de la participación comunitaria. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión documental, investigación cualitativa y descriptiva, se emplearon métodos teóricos: el histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo. Conclusiones: La sistematización de la bibliografía especializada y las investigaciones realizadas sobre la temática de las estrategias de prevención para la leptospirosis humana con carácter integral participativo ha puesto de manifiesto suficientes elementos de juicio para efectuar apreciaciones en función de planear una estrategia educativa con fines preventivos fundamentada en las mejores experiencias de Cuba y del resto del mundo(AU)
Introduction: Community prevention strategies are basic to achieve positive health outcome, especially in infant mortality rates, as well as regarding morbidity and mortality for due to communicable diseases. Objective: To systematize research outcome on leptospirosis prevention strategies through community involvement. Methods: A documentary review was carried out, for a qualitative and descriptive research, theoretical methods were used: the historical-logical, the analytical-synthetic, and the inductive-deductive. Conclusions: The systematization of the specialized bibliography and the research carried out on the topic of human leptospirosis prevention strategies with a participatory holistic character has revealed enough elements of judgment to make appraisals in order to plan an educational strategy with preventive purposes based on the best experiences of Cuba and the rest of the world(AU)
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Humans , Male , Female , Communicable Disease Control/methods , Communicable Diseases/mortality , Community Participation , Leptospirosis/prevention & controlABSTRACT
El conocimiento actual del mecanismo de carcinogénesis ha impulsado el estudio de diferentes fármacos que podrían influir en el desarrollo del cáncer de mama. Se ha observado beneficio con la inhibición de la actividad estrogénica sobre el tejido mamario en pacientes con riesgo aumentado. Esto constituye una estrategia de prevención primaria, por lo que se ha denominado quimioprevención. La categorización del riesgo se basa en el análisis de factores de riesgo, el estudio de síndromes de cánceres hereditarios y la presencia de lesiones proliferativas con atipía de la mama. Existen modelos matemáticos para estimar el riesgo, pero todavía no han sido validados en nuestra población. Los fármacos aprobados para quimioprevención son dos serms: el tamoxifeno y el raloxifeno. En cuanto a los Inhibidores de la Aromatasa, si bien han demostrado beneficio, aún no han sido aprobados. Lo que se recomienda es establecer medidas de quimioprevención en pacientes con score de alto riesgo según índices matemáticos (en aquellas poblaciones en que han sido validados), en pacientes con lesiones proliferativas con atipía (Carcinoma lobulillar in situ, Hiperplasia ductal atípica, Hiperplasia lobulillar atípica). Hasta la actualidad, existe controversia en cuanto a su empleo en pacientes con antecedentes de cánceres hereditarios, debido a la alta frecuencia de receptores negativos que presentan estos tumores. A pesar de dichas recomendaciones, la indicación y adherencia a la quimioprevención continua siendo baja.
Current knowledge of the mechanism of carcinogenesis has launched the study of different drugs that could influence the development of breast cancer. Benefit has been observed with the inhibition of estrogenic activity on tissue in high risk patients. This constitutes a strategy of primary prevention; so it has been denominated chemoprevention. Risk categorization is based on the analysis of risk factors, the study of risk syndromes hereditary cancers and the presence of proliferative lesions with breast atypia. There are mathematical models for estimating risk, but they have not been yet validated in our population. Approved drugs for chemoprevention are serms: tamoxifen and raloxifene. Although the benefit of Aromatase Inhibitors have been demonstrated, so far they have not been approved. Therefore it is recommended to establish chemoprevention in patients with high risk score according to mathematical indexes (in population that has been validated), in patients with proliferative lesions with atypia (Lobular carcinoma in situ, Atypical ductal hyperplasia, Lobular hyperplasia atypical). Still remains controversy in patients with hereditary cancer, due to the high frequency of negative receptors that present these tumors. Despite of these recommendations, the indication and adherence to chemoprevention continues being low.
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Humans , Female , Breast Neoplasms , Chemoprevention , Aromatase Inhibitors , NeoplasmsABSTRACT
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a chronic suppressive treatment that provides lifelong treatment effectively for patients with HIV,improving the quality of life for patients.Although the overall trend of new infections is declining,the number of new HIV infections per year and the number of deaths related AIDS is still very large,remaining one of the world's biggest public health challenges.In the field of epidemiology,HIV/AIDS distributed in poor areas with limited medical means such as Africa,and men who have sex with men (MSM),sex workers and people who inject drugs (PWID) become the main susceptible population;In the field of prevention,prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) services,treatment as prevention (TasP) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PREP) have achieved initial success,but the coverage is still limited;In the field of treatment,the extent of HIV resistance in multiple countries increases to more than 10％,and the cure of HIV/AIDS research and vaccine development are currently in animal or cellular experiments.Over the past decade,China has established several measures to prevent the HIV epidemic further,and improve the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS patients.At the same time,China is also facing the following challenges:the targeted prevention program,susceptible groups increased (such as MSM,PWID and youth),long-term care of patients with HIV/AIDS,the coverage of PMTCT services,eliminate discrimination process,etc.Therefore,the purpose of this article is to review the epidemic status and control strategies of HIV/AIDS in China and the whole world in recent years.
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Objective To investigate the risk factors of cesarean section operation incision infection ,so as to provide refer‐ence for preventing and controlling cesarean section operation incision infection effectively .Methods A total of 29 cases were se‐lected who hospitalized in our hospital during December 2011 and December 2012 and whose incision of cesarean operation was in‐fected as the observation group .They were retrospectively analyzed .Then another 29 cases were chosen whose incision of cesarean operation was not infected as the control group .The clinical data in two groups were compared and the risk of infected incision were investigated .Results The incision infection occurred in 29 of 589 cases undergoing cesarean section with the infection rate 4 .9% . Univariate analysis showed that ,the maternal BMI in observation group was (25 .9 ± 1 .1)kg /m2 ,uterine scar for 6 cases ,emergency operation for 18 cases ,operation time was(1 .2 ± 0 .6) h ,the hospitalization time was (7 .1 ± 2 .3) d ,6 cases with underlying disease , premature rupture of membranes for 12 cases ,the vagina and anus diagnosis number was(3 .3 ± 0 .6) times ,the comparison with the control group ,the difference was statistically significant (P< 0 .05) .Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed ,BMI (OR =2 .802) ,operation time (OR = 5 .813) ,with basic diseases (OR = 6 .182) ,premature rupture of membranes (OR = 11 .219) were risk factors for cesarean section operation incision infection .Conclusion There are many factors that can influence the surgical incision infections .It is necessary for the high‐risk population to take effective measures to prevent surgical incision infections .
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Life quality of the premature babies after rescuing successfully was gained more attention by perina-tal medical field and society with the more success rate of premature rescue. The brain injury is one of the main factors affecting the long term prognosis of the premature infants. The major risk factors of brain damage include gestational age and birth weight,intrauterine hypoxia and infection,the mode of delivery and whether the resuscitation and later treat-ment skills proper and skilled,and so on. So the key point of preventing the brain injury is avoiding premature delivery and extending the gestational age as much as possible. If the premature delivery could not evitable,the obstetrician should use adrenal cortex hormones before delivery to promote fetal lungs maturition,since the increasing application of cortical hormone prenatally and decreasing using that after birth have been shown good effects on long term prognosis of the nervous system in the preterm infants. It is also confirmed that application of magnesium sulfate prenatally could prevent the premature brain injury. There are still no agreements on the relationship between the delivery modes and the brain injury of extremely low birth weight infants. But prolonging the stage of labor is sure to increase the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage in the premature infants thereby affecting the long term prognosis. After birth,we should imple-ment the correct resuscitation processes by skilled and proper technical methods,in order to decrease the mortality and to improve the long term prognosis.
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Viral hepatitis is a major global public health problem and both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are rapidly spreading in the developing countries including Bangladesh. A molecular characteristic-based epidemiological study was conducted to identify the Molecular Characterization of Hepatitis B and C Viruses in Dhaka City, Bangladesh among all age groups, gender and marital status and to identify the possible risk factors for acquiring the infections. Informed consent was taken from every individual being tested and approval was obtained from institutional ethical review committee. Using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for 1855 blood samples, our study clearly indicated a high prevalence of active HBV and HCV as 8.0% and 3.0% respectively in general public of Savar, Dhaka. Both HBV and HCV prevalence varied significantly in different age groups with respect to gender and marital status. In case of HBV, it was least prevalent for individuals whose age was above 60 years. Contrary in case of HCV, it was least prevalent for individuals whose age was below 11 years and above 60 years. However, middle aged populations, especially 31–40 and 21–30 year individuals were observed at higher risk of hepatitis B and C ailments with 11.28% active HBV prevalence and 5.77% active HCV prevalence with respect to gender, respectively. The findings and further studies of genotype distribution might guide eventually the development, adaptation and evaluation of prevention strategies.
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<b>Introduction</b> : To promote influenza prevention activities, we investigated the current status of prevention strategies for influenza among college students.<br><b>Methods</b> : We handed out a questionnaire regarding prevention strategies for influenza to all students who visited at Oita University's Health Science Center for a medical checkup.<br><b>Results</b> : Of the 2,752 students surveyed, 2,579 (93.7%) responded. Valid responses were obtained from 2,489 students (response rate 96.5%). Analysis of the questionnaire data revealed that the percentage of the students who received influenza vaccine was 21.0%. The proportion of the male students who received vaccine was significantly lower than that of female students (19.1% vs 23.7%). Regarding to the daily prevention habits, 71.7% of the students were able to carry out hand-washing, while less than half of the students carried out gargling, wearing a facemask and avoiding crowds. The proportion of the students who carried out daily prevention habits was significantly lower in non-vaccinated students than in vaccinated groups.<br><b>Conclusion</b> : These results suggest that promotion of educational activities about prevention strategies for influenza at university is needed. Among them, promotion of vaccination for male students and daily prevention habits for non-vaccinated students are important.
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Mesmo sendo uma importante tecnologia de prevenção, estudos nacionais e internacionais indicam que o aconselhamento no campo das DST/aids, apresenta fragilidades e problemas, entre eles, a carência de fundamentação teórica ou inconsistências entre bases teóricas e desdobramentos técnicos. Este estudo pretendeu examinar as contribuições conceituais de um dos quadros teóricos que infl uenciaram a construção de estratégias e técnicas de aconselhamento em DST no Brasil, a Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa (ACP), de Carl Rogers, assim como as limitações de seu uso no âmbito das DST/aids, a partir da análise de documentos produzidos pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, Programa de Aids das Nações Unidas (UNAIDS), e Ministério da Saúde - Brasil, tidos como as principais referências normativas para o aconselhamento. Tratou-se o material documental de forma interpretativa, cotejando-se as construções conceituais rogerianas com os componentes do processo de trabalho recomendado nos documentos, examinando-se sua consistência e coerência internas. Evidenciaram-se incompatibilidades em relação aos objetivos, foco, resultados esperados e postura do profissional. Tais desacordos parecem decorrer de diferenças entre as finalidades originais do aconselhamento baseado na ACP e aquelas demandadas nas estratégias de prevenção às DST/aids. A confluência de diversas finalidades colocadas ao aconselhamento no campo das DST/aids, configuram obstáculos a um uso consistente da ACP. Conclui-se pela pertinência e interesse da abordagem rogeriana no aconselhamento como técnica de apoio para tomada de decisões e manejo de situações cotidianas no campo da prevenção, mas aponta-se a necessidade de rever objetivos e procedimentos padronizados voltados à mudança de comportamento e a vigilância epidemiológica.
Although it figures as an important prevention technology, national and international studies point out that counseling in the STD/AIDS field present frailties and problems, among them the lack of theoretical grounds or inconsistencies among theoretical bases and technical developments. This study aimed to examine the conceptual contribution of one of the theoretical frames that influenced the construction of counseling strategies and techniques in STD in Brazil, the Person-centered therapy (PCT), developed by Carl Rogers, as well as the limits of its employment in the STD/AIDS context, from the analysis of documents produced by the World Health Organization, the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), and Ministry of Health - Brazil, regarded as the main normative references for counseling. The documentary material was approached interpretively, the rogerian conceptual constructions compared with the work process recommended in the documents, examining its consistence and internal coherence. Incompatibilities were evidenced regarding their objectives, focus, expected results and professional attitude. Such disagreements seem to stem from differences among the original aims of PCT-based counseling and those demanded in STD/AIDS prevention strategies. The confl uence of many goals added to counseling in the field of STD/AIDS presented complications to a consistent use of the PCT. The study agrees with the pertinence and interest of the rogerian approach in counseling as a support technique for the decision making and management of everyday situations in the field of prevention, but the need to revise objectives and standardized procedures focused on behavioral change and epidemiological vigilance is also stressed.
Estudios nacionales e internacionales indican que a consejería en ETS/sida presenta fragilidades y problemas tales como la carencia de fundamentación teórica o inconsistencias entre bases teóricas y desdoblamientos técnicos. Este estudio examinó contribuciones de uno de los marcos teóricos que influyeron en la construcción de estrategias de consejería en ETS en Brasil, el Abordaje Centrado en la Persona (ACP), de Carl Rogers. Se analizaron las limitaciones de su uso en el ámbito de las ETS/sida, a partir del análisis de documentos producidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, el Programa de Sida de Naciones Unidas y el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil. El material documental fue tratado desde el punto de vista interpretativo, cotejando las construcciones conceptuales rogerianas con los componentes del proceso de trabajo recomendado en los documentos, examinándose la consistencia y coherencia internas. Fueron evidenciadas incompatibilidades en relación a: objetivos, foco, resultados esperados y postura del profesional. Tales desacuerdos parecen ser consecuencia de diferencias entre las finalidades originales de la consejería basada en la ACP y aquellas requeridas en las estrategias de prevención de ETS/sida. La confluencia de diversas finalidades confiadas a la consejería en el campo de las ETS/sida configura obstáculos para un uso consciente de la ACP. Se señala la pertinencia del abordaje rogeriano en la consejería como técnica de apoyo en la toma de decisiones y el manejo de situaciones cotidianas, pero se apunta a la necesidad de rever objetivos y procedimientos estandarizados y orientados al cambio de comportamiento y a la vigilancia epidemiológica.
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La prevención de los trastornos alimentarios es considerada por los psicólogos de la salud como una tarea prioritaria a cubrir. De acuerdo con esta idea se propuso analizar y evaluar la eficacia de dos programas de intervención basados en distintas estrategias. La muestra no probabilística estuvo formada por 58 estudiantes, con edad promedio de 13.43, (DE=1.14). Las participantes se asignaron al azar a dos distintos programas de prevención selectiva: Psicoeducación (n=28; x̅ de edad=13.46, DE=1.17) y Realidad Virtual Reforzada (n=30; x̅ de edad=13.40, DE=1.13). Los resultados muestran que no se detectaron diferencias entre los programas. Al evaluar el efecto de los dos programas por separado (prestest-postest) se obtuvieron resultados positivos y estadísticamente significativos (p < .001) en variables asociadas con imagen corporal y conductas alimentarias de riesgo. Además se observó una disminución importante en el porcentaje de participantes que se ubicaban en riesgo (significancia clínica) como producto de los programas. Estos hallazgos son alentadores debido a la importancia implicada en la disminución de factores de riesgo y el efecto que tiene en la salud de las adolescentes.
The prevention of eating disorders is considered, mainly by psychologists of health, a priority task to cover. In accord to this idea it was decided to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of two intervention programs based in different strategies. The nonrandom sample consisted of n=58 students with a mean age of x̅ =13.43 (SD=1.14), which were randomly assigned to two different selective prevention programs: Psychoeducation (n = 28; age of x̅ =13.46, SD=1.17) and Virtual reality Reinforced (n=30; age of x̅ =13.40, SD=1.13). The results showed no differences between programs. However, when each was evaluated (pretest / postest) results were positive and statistically significant (p < .001) in those variables associated with body image and disordered eating. In addition there was a significant decrease in the percentage of participants who were placed at risk (clinical significance) as a result of the preventive programs. These findings are encouraging because of the importance involved in reducing risk factors and the effect it has on the health of adolescents.
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Este trabajo surge ante la necesidad de lograr mejores condiciones de salud en países en vías de desarrollo. Considerando la alta morbilidad y mortalidad por problemas de salud que podrían ser erradicados, debido a que su solución se fundamenta mucho más en el conocimiento, la educación y el compromiso de la población en medidas de prevención, que en contar con recursos económicos altos o en la preparación técnica y estructural adecuada. Sin querer desmerecer estos dos últimos puntos, que también requieren ser trabajados; proponemos una solución en la raíz. Se plantea una estrategia de prevención de problemas de salud a través de instrucción del niño escolar. Confiando en su potencial de entender, aplicar y finalmente transmitir a su familia, mensajes y actitudes saludables. Se realizó un ensayo comunitario con 106 niños escolares, y 53 de sus padres. Consistió en aplicar una primera encuesta en ambos grupos, para luego realizar una capacitación de los niños y una posterior encuesta en ambos grupos. Se calificó sobre 100: la mediana en el grupo de los niños se desplazó de 12 puntos IC 95% (10,78-13,22) en la pre-encuesta a 38 puntos IC 95% (33,25-42,75) en la post-encuesta. En el grupo de padres se desplazó de 16 IC 95% (12,55-19,45) a 40 IC 95% (34,39 - 45-6). Los padres cuyos hijos tuvieron una diferencia de puntaje entre pre y post-encuesta de 25 o más puntos mostraron 3 veces mayor posibilidad de tener el mismo incremento o superior que aquellos padres de los que sus hijos tuvieron baja captación, es decir menor a 25 puntos de diferencia. (X2= 23, p = <0,001). La asociación de diferencia entre padres e hijos muestra una curva de relación directamente proporcional.
This paper tries to fulfill the requirement to achieve best health conditions in development countries: considering high mortality by result of health problems, which infact we are able to erradícate. The solution to these health problems are founded in knowledge, education, and the commitment of the people with the preventing tasks in front of to have high economic resources, adequate infrastructure and technical skills. Without left out the two last issues, which require our attention in these paper we look for the answers at root points of the problems. Proposing a strategy in order to prevent the health problems and teaching it lo children in primary schools. We are trusting in the following skills of children: understanding, application and transmission to their families of messages and healthy behavior. We made a communitarian essay with 106 children in primary school, and their 53 parents. We applied a pre-inquiry in both groups (children and parents), followed by a children training and a post-inquiry again in both groups. The qualification was under 100 points: For the children group the average has been moved from 12 points IC 95% (10,78 - 13,22) in pre-inquiry to 38 points IC 95% (33,25 - 42,75) in the post-inquiry: For the parents, the average has been moved from 16 points IC 95% (12,55-19,45) to 40 points IC 95% (34,39 - 45-6). The parents of child with a difference of 25 or more points between the pre-inquiry and post-inquiry have three times possibilities to get the same or better increment against the parents of children with a low picking-up of explanations Chi2= 23, gdl=1 p = <0,00l. The association is directly proportional.