Diversity of glass frogs (Centrolenidae: Anura) in tropical rain forest areas in the center of the department of Chocó, Colombia / Diversidad de ranas de cristal (Centrolenidae: Anura) en zonas de bosque pluvial tropical en el centro del departamento del Chocó, Colombia

ABSTRACT The central area of the department of Chocó (Colombia), is composed of a tropical rain forest. Has a large of variety of amphibians that provides an ecosystem service, being the Family Centrolenidae listed as an excellent indicator of the forest condition. The focus of this study was to determine the richness and distribution in the habitats of the family Centrolenidae in two vegetation coverings in a tropical rain forest of the department of Chocó, using the Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method with an effort of 240 per hour. There were 53 individuals registered, distributed in five genera and six species, being the Hyalinobatrachium genus the best represented. The most abundant species was Teratohyla spinosa, being the most dominant for the secondary forest and Hyalinobatrachium collymbiphyllum for the primary forest. Espadarana callistomma and Teratohyla spinosa were the most plastic species in terms of habitat since they were recorded in both coverages. The centrolenids registered showed a preference for high (73.5%) and medium (26.4%) perches, in terms of the substrate leaf (83%) and the branch (17%). Regarding the state of conservation, the species are in the category of LC, DD, and NT; however, it is important to conserve their habitats since some centrolenids are tolerant to intervened ecosystems that have good vegetation and bodies of water with a permanent flow for their development.

RESUMEN La zona centro del departamento del Chocó (Colombia) está compuesta por bosque pluvial tropical, alberga una significativa riqueza de anfibios, que brinda servicios ecosistémicos, siendo la familia Centrolenidae, catalogada como una excelente indicadora de las condiciones del bosque. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la estructura y el uso de hábitat de especies de la familia Centrolenidae en dos coberturas vegetales, en un bosque pluvial tropical, del departamento del Chocó, empleando el método Relevamiento por encuentros visuales (VES), con un esfuerzo de 240h/per. Se registraron 53 individuos, distribuidos en cinco géneros y seis especies, siendo el género Hyalinobatrachium, el mejor representado. La especie más abundante fue Teratohyla spinosa, siendo la más dominante para el bosque secundario e Hyalinobatrachium collymbiphyllum, para el bosque primario. Espadarana callistomma y Teratohyla spinosa fueron las especies más plásticas, en términos de hábitat, ya que se registraron en ambas coberturas. Los centrolénidos registrados mostraron preferencia por las perchas alta (73,5%) y media (26,4%); en términos del sustrato indicaron mayor preferencia por las hojas y ramas, con 83 y 17%, respectivamente. Referente al estado de conservación, las especies se encuentran en la categoría de NT, DD y LC; sin embargo, es importante conservar sus hábitats, puesto que la transformación de los hábitats naturales genera el declive en las poblaciones.

Bat Diversity from the Río La Novia Conservation Concession, Ucayali, Peru / Diversidad de murciélagos de la Concesión para Conservación Río La Novia, Ucayali, Perú

Purús is a Peruvian Amazonian province with little information on its biodiversity, especially on small mammals. This work aims to document the bats diversity in the region by developing intensive inventories at the Río La Novia Conservation Concession, located on the right bank of the La Novia River, Purús, Ucayali Department. We surveyed the study area in the wet and dry seasons of 2015 using mistnets set on the ground and canopy, achieving a total sampling effort of 725 NN (12-m mist nets/night). As result, we recorded 32 bat species that include four new records for Purus province, and two new records for the Ucayali department (Eumops cf. delticus and Molossops temminckii). The seasonal accumulation curves were adjusted to the Clench model; however, the asymptotes were not reached, suggesting that more fieldwork is needed. Non-surprisingly, Phyllostomidae was the most diverse family (24 species). Also, we found that Carollia perspicillata and Artibeus planirostris have the higher relative abundance and that the frugivorous bats were the most abundant trophic guild. Our results suggest that the abundance and composition of bats in the Río La Novia are probably related to seasonal changes, as seen in other primary forests. Considering that Purús maintains one of the few pristine forests in western Amazonia, we suggest that more surveys are needed for a better understanding of bat´s diversity and bat assemblage patterns in tropical forests.

Purús es una de las provincias de la Amazonía peruana con poca información sobre su biodiversidad, principalmente sobre los mamíferos pequeños. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo documentar la diversidad de murciélagos en la región mediante el desarrollo de inventarios intensivos en la Concesión de Conservación Río La Novia, localizada en el margen derecho del río La Novia, Purús, departamento de Ucayali. Realizamos evaluaciones de campo en temporada seca y húmeda del 2015, empleamos redes de neblina en subdosel y sotobosque, logrando un esfuerzo de muestreo total de 725 redes/noche. Como resultado, registramos 32 especies, que incluyen cuatro nuevos registros para Purús, de los cuales dos son nuevas para Ucayali (Eumops cf. delticus y Molossops temminckii). Las curvas de acumulación de especies por temporada se ajustaron al modelo de Clench; sin embargo, no se alcanzó la asíntota en ninguna, sugiriendo que más trabajo de campo es necesario. La familia mejor representada fue Phyllostomidae (24 especies), Además, encontramos que Carollia perspicillata y Artibeus planirostris fueron las especies más abundantes y que el gremio de los frugívoros fue el mejor representado. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la abundancia y composición de murciélagos en el Río La Novia están probablemente relacionados a los cambios estacionales, similar a otros bosques primarios. Debido a que Purús mantiene uno de los pocos bosques prístinos en el oeste de la Amazonía, sugerimos que más estudios son necesarios para conocer la diversidad y los patrones del ensamblaje de murciélagos en bosques tropicales.

Estimación del contenido de biomasa, fijación de carbono y servicios ambientales, en un área de bosque primario en el resguardo indígena piapoco chigüiro-chátare de barrancominas, departamento del guainía (colombia) / Estimated biomass content, carbon sequestration and environmental services,in a forest area in the shelter primary indian piapoco chigüiro-chátare, barrancominas, guainia department (colombia)

En Barrancominas (Guainía, Colombia) las diferentes formas culturales de trabajo y producción de la comunidad Piapoco, incluyen la tumba y quema de bosques a orillas del río, para ampliación de frontera agrícola, establecimiento de cultivos ilícitos y potreros; lo cual contribuye en el aumento de las concentraciones de carbono en la atmósfera que, a la vez, repercute en el cambio climático global. En consecuencia, el presente estudio quiso estimar el contenido de biomasa, fijación de carbono y los servicios ambientales, en un área de bosque primario en el Resguardo Indígena Chigüiro-Chátare, empleando una metodología no destructiva. Se estimó tanto la biomasa aérea, como el contenido de carbono (C) del estrato arbóreo del bosque por hectárea y la tasa de producción de hojarasca de las especies maderables: Mure, Pendare y Arenillo blanco. La biomasa aérea fue estimada a partir de los parámetros medidos en campo como altura y DAP y densidades de la madera de cada especie. Además, se analizó la dominancia de las especies para de esta forma conocer la representatividad del aporte de biomasa aérea y contenido de carbono en el bosque.

In Barrancominas (Guainía) different cultural forms of work and production of the Piapoco community, includes the slash and burn of forest along the river, to extend the farming, establishment of illicit crops and pastures contribute to increase carbon concentrations in the atmosphere which in turn affect global climate change. Thus this study wanted to value the biomass content, carbon fixation and ecosystem services in an area of primary forest in the indigenous community of Chigüiro-Chátare using a nondestructive method or indirect. In this study the aerial biomass was estimated as well as the carbon (C) content of the arboreal stratum of forest per hectare and production rate of dead leaves of three species forestry Mure, Pendare and Arenillo trees. The aerial biomass was estimated from the measured parameters in field such as: height, DAP and wood densities of each species. In addition, the species dominance was analyzed in order to know the representativeness of the biomass contribution and carbon content in the forest.

Comunidades de hongos actinomicetos en tres tipos de vegetación de la Amazonia colombiana: abundancia, morfotipos y el gen 16s ADNr

Communities of Actynomicetes fungy in three vegetation types of the Colombian Amazon: abundance, morphotypes and the 16s rDNA gene. Among soil microorganisms, Actinomycetes play an important role in the sustainability of natural and agricultural systems: decomposition of organic matter; degradation of recalcitrant compounds like lignin; nitrogen fixation; degradation of agricultural chemicals and biological control in plants and animals. We evaluated their diversity in soils under three different vegetation covers (pasture, tropical primary forest and stubble) at two depths in the Southern Colombian Amazon border. We collected five replicates per vegetation type (in each, three samples at 0-20cm and three at 20-30cm; for a total of 30 samples). Abundance and phenotypic diversity were determined by plate counting. Genomic DNA was extracted from the isolates: the 16s rDNA gene was amplified with specific primers, and its genetic diversity was estimated by means of an amplified restriction analysis (ARDRA). Actynomicetes abundance varied with vegetation and depth, possibly reflecting presence of earthworms, macro-fauna and physico-chemical characteristics associated to fertility, as well as organic matter, total bases, and optimal capacity to cationic interchange. Primary forests had the highest diversity. Sixteen morpho-types (six genera) were identified; Streptomyces was the most abundant everywhere. The heterogeneity of ARDRA patterns prevented species identification because of the intra-species variability in sequences of 16s rDNA operons. This community is a biological indicator of landscape alteration and could include new bio-active compounds of pharmaceutical interest. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1119-1139. Epub 2009 December 01.

Los actinomicetos son importantes en la sostenibilidad de sistemas naturales. Su diversidad fue evaluada en suelos de bosque, pastizal y rastrojo, y dos profundidades en el Sur del Trapecio Amazónico Colombiano. Se analizaron suelos de cinco repeticiones por cobertura para un total de 15 unidades. Se tomaron seis muestras en cada unidad y dos profundidades, para un total de 30. Los actinomicetos cultivables se determinaron por recuento en placa, se extrajo ADN, se amplificó el gen ADNr 16s y su diversidad genética se estimó por ARDRA. Hubo diferencias de abundancia entre coberturas y profundidades, relacionadas con la vegetación, presencia de lombrices, macrofauna, altos niveles de materia orgánica, y bases totales. Se obtuvieron valores de diversidad fenotípica similares para las tres coberturas, pero los bosques son más diversos. Se identificaron 16 morfotipos, agrupados en séis géneros, siendo Streptomyces el más abundante. La heterogeneidad de los patrones ARDRA no permitió la asignación de especies, reflejándose variaciones en las secuencias de diferentes operones ADNr 16s en un mismo organismo. Las perturbaciones en la cobertura influyen sobre los actinomicetos, generando cambios en su abundancia y diversidad. Su importancia ecológica permite proponerlos como indicadores biológicos de alteración del paisaje.

Variação temporal de nutrientes na água escorrida pelo caule em floresta primária explorada no nordeste do Pará

The study focused in the nutrient contribution from the stemflow (CE) to the hydrochemical cycling in an exploited primary forest in Benevides, Pará State, Brazil. The nutrient concentration in the stemflow contribution was assessed from December 1993 to April 1995, by using collar type collectors, built of silicon foam, connected to plastic recipients by plastic tubes. The stemflow contribution was monitored in twelve trees, where monthly samples were collected and analyzed for K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, N-NH4 +, N-NO3 - and P-PO4 3- by colorimetry, in continuous flow spectophotometer, total-N by micro Kjeldahl, and pH by potentiometry. The quantity of nutrients brought by stemflow was greater at the beginning of the rainy season, exhibiting strong seasonal variation for K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, N-total, and SO4 2-. The behavior of PO4 3- was the opposite. The amount of nutrients in stemflow decreased in the following order: K+ > Na+ > Ca2+ > t-N > SO4 2- > Mg2+ > PO4 3-. The distribution and intensity of rainfall did not very influence pH in stemflow.

Foi enfocada a contribuição de nutrientes da água escorrida pelo caule (CE), na ciclagem hidroquímica em floresta primária explorada, em Benevides, PA. A concentração de nutrientes na CE foi avaliada de dezembro de 1993 a abril de 1995, mediante coletores tipo colarinho, construídos com espuma de silicone, acoplados por tubos a recipientes plásticos. O monitoramento de CE se restringiu a doze árvores, nas quais foram coletadas mensalmente amostras para análise química de K+, Na+, Ca2+ e Mg2+ por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica, o N-NH4+, N-NO3 - e P-PO4 3- por colorimetria, em espectofotômetro de fluxo contínuo, o N-total por micro Kjeldahl e pH por potenciometria. A quantidade de nutrientes trazidos pela CE foi maior no início da época chuvosa, exibindo marcante variabilidade temporal para K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, N-total, SO4 2-, enquanto que o oposto aconteceu com PO4 3-. A magnitude na concentração dos nutrientes decresceu na seguinte ordem: K+ > Na+ > Ca2+ > N-t > SO4 2- > Mg2+ > PO4 3-. A distribuição e a intensidade de chuva não influenciam marcantemente o pH na CE.

Uma comparação entre diferentes estimativas da condutância superficial numa floresta primária na Amazônia Central

The estimate of the surface conductance for water vapor transfer typical of a primary forest has been carried out, near Manaus, using two different methods based on regression equations which try to associate this conductance to distinct physical variables. The equation proposed by Allen (1986) was established through the correlation with the daily mean net radiation. The estimate proposed by Roberts et al. (1990) tried to correlate the stomatal conductance to the specific humidity deficit and to the solar radiation, using hourly mean data, and in this instance these values have been used to calculate the corresponding daily mean. A comparison of the estimated results using these methods showed the first one (Allen) with estimates always lower than the second one (Roberts), of about 30%(±8) on the average. The deviations of both methods have also been relatively different, and although Roberts has shown higher conductance indices, the deviations were of lesser magnitude than those of Allen, being these values more stable. The lowest differences have been observed during the dry period, mainly in the months of August, September, and October, when they were within the limit determined by the sum of the standard deviations of both of them.

Neste trabalho foi realizada a estimativa da condutância superficial para transferência de vapor d'agua, característica de uma floresta primária próxima a Manaus, à partir de dois diferentes métodos baseados em equações de regressão que procuram associar essa condutância a diferentes variáveis físicas. A equação proposta por Allen (1986) foi estabelecida através da correlação com a radiação líquida média diária, enquanto a estimativa proposta por Roberts et al. (1990) procurou correlacionar a condutância estomática com o déficit de umidade específica e a radiação solar, utilizando dados médios horários e, neste caso, estes valores foram reunidos para representar a média diária correspondente. Uma comparação entre os resultados estimados por tais métodos apresentou o primeiro (Allen) com estimativas sempre inferiores ao segundo (Roberts), da ordem de 30%(±8) na média. Os desvios de ambos também foram relativamente diferentes e, embora tivesse apresentado índices mais elevados de condutância, os desvios do método de Roberts foram de magnitude inferior aos do método de Allen c, portanto, seus valores mostraram-se mais estáveis. As diferenças menores foram observadas no período relativo à estação seca, principalmente nos meses de agosto, setembro e outubro, quando estiveram dentro do limite determinado pela soma dos desvios padrões de ambos.