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Male patients with prolactinomas usually present with typical hyperprolactinemia symptoms, including sexual dysfunction and infertility. However, clinical factors related to sexual dysfunction and surgical outcomes in these patients remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the outcomes of male patients with prolactinomas after transsphenoidal surgery and the risk factors affecting sexual dysfunction. This study was conducted on 58 male patients who underwent transsphenoidal surgery for prolactinomas between May 2014 and December 2020 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. We evaluated the sexual function of patients before and after surgery through International Index of Erectile Function-5 scores, libido, and frequency of morning erection. Of the 58 patients, 48 (82.8%) patients had sexual intercourse preoperatively. Among those 48 patients, 41 (85.4%) patients presented with erectile dysfunction. The preoperative International Index of Erectile Function-5 scores in patients with macroprolactinomas were significantly higher than those in patients with giant prolactinomas (17.63 ± 0.91 vs 13.28 ± 1.43; P = 0.01). Postoperatively, the incidence of erectile dysfunction was 47.9%, which was significantly lower than that preoperatively (85.4%; P = 0.01). Twenty-eight (68.3%) patients demonstrated an improvement in erectile dysfunction. Tumor size and invasiveness were significantly correlated with the improvement of erectile dysfunction. Preoperative testosterone <2.3 ng ml-1 was an independent predictor of improvement in erectile dysfunction. In conclusion, our results indicated that tumor size and invasiveness were important factors affecting the improvement of sexual dysfunction in male patients with prolactinoma. The preoperative testosterone level was an independent predictor related to the improvement of erectile dysfunction.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Prolactinoma/surgery , Erectile Dysfunction/etiology , Retrospective Studies , Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological/complications , Testosterone , Pituitary Neoplasms/pathologyABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Prolactinomas are the most common pituitary adenomas (approximately 40% of cases), and they represent an important cause of hypogonadism and infertility in both sexes. The magnitude of prolactin (PRL) elevation can be useful in determining the etiology of hyperprolactinemia. Indeed, PRL levels > 250 ng/mL are highly suggestive of the presence of a prolactinoma. In contrast, most patients with stalk dysfunction, drug-induced hyperprolactinemia or systemic diseases present with PRL levels < 100 ng/mL. However, exceptions to these rules are not rare. On the other hand, among patients with macroprolactinomas (MACs), artificially low PRL levels may result from the so-called "hook effect". Patients harboring cystic MACs may also present with a mild PRL elevation. The screening for macroprolactin is mostly indicated for asymptomatic patients and those with apparent idiopathic hyperprolactinemia. Dopamine agonists (DAs) are the treatment of choice for prolactinomas, particularly cabergoline, which is more effective and better tolerated than bromocriptine. After 2 years of successful treatment, DA withdrawal should be considered in all cases of microprolactinomas and in selected cases of MACs. In this publication, the goal of the Neuroendocrinology Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM) is to provide a review of the diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas, emphasizing controversial issues regarding these topics. This review is based on data published in the literature and the authors' experience.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pituitary Neoplasms/diagnosis , Pituitary Neoplasms/therapy , Hyperprolactinemia/diagnosis , Hyperprolactinemia/therapy , Prolactinoma/diagnosis , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Prolactin/blood , Brazil , Prolactinoma/therapy , Bromocriptine/therapeutic use , Dopamine Agonists/therapeutic use , Ergolines/therapeutic use , Cabergoline , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Introducción y Objetivos: La angiogénesis es un proceso fundamental en el desarrollo tumoral. Sin embargo, se han encontrado discrepancias en el patrón angiogénico de los tumores hipofisarios. Nos propusimos estudiar la expresión de VEGF y FGF2 y su importancia en la vascularización de los adenomas hipofisarios, cuantificar los vasos con los marcadores CD31 y CD34 y determinar el índice de proliferación con PCNA y Ki67. Materiales y Métodos: Se estudiaron 76 macroadenomas hipofisarios que fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente. Los adenomas se clasificaron según su secreción hormonal. A partir de cortes histológicos se realizó inmunohistoquímica para los marcadores de endotelio CD31 y CD34; y Ki-67 para estudio de proliferación celular. Por western blot se midieron VEGF, CD31 y PCNA. Se efectuaron comparaciones con glándulas normales. Resultados: El nivel de expresión de VEGF, hallado en todas las muestras analizadas, resultó mayor en los prolactinomas resistentes respecto a los demás tipos de adenomas hipofisarios. Esta proteína localizó en las células endoteliales de los vasos como así también en citoplasmas y núcleos de células tumorales. El 56 % de las muestras resultaron positivas para FGF2, mostrando localización citoplasmática y en matriz extracelular. Obtuvimos una fuerte correlación positiva entre VEGF y CD31 en las muestras tumorales, sin encontrar correlación lineal entre PCNA y VEGF, ni Ki-67 y VEGF en las muestras estudiadas. El área vascular resultó mayor en los tejidos normales que en los tumores utilizando CD34 como marcador de vasos. Conclusión: La importancia del estudio de la angiogénesis en los adenomas hipofisarios radica en la necesidad de hallar marcadores moleculares que predigan el comportamiento tumoral. Pudimos demostrar la expresión de los factores angiogénicos VEGF y FGF2 en estos adenomas, y la existencia de correlación lineal entre VEGF y CD31. Nuestros resultados son indicativos de existencia de angiogénesis en los adenomas hipofisarios por lo que su bloqueo podría plantearse como una estrategia alternativa para los casos resistentes a las terapias convencionales.
Introduction and objectives: Angiogenesis is an essential process in tumor development. Nevertheless, discrepancies in the angiogenic pattern of pituitary tumors, in terms of hormonal phenotype, size or invasiveness have been found. Our aim was to study the expression of VEGF and FGF2 growth factors, and their importance in the vascularization of pituitary adenomas. We also quantified blood vessels with the endothelial cell markers CD31 and CD34 determining the vascular area, and the proliferation rate through PCNA and Ki67 index. Materials and Methods: We studied 76 pituitary macroadenomas that were surgically resected in the period between 2006 and 2010 from a total of 276 patients with this pathology. Adenomas were classified into prolactinomas (PRL), somatotropinomas (GH), corticotropinomas (ACTH), non-functioning (NF) and plurihormonal (Ph) according to their hormonal secretion. Samples were collected in formalin, embedded in paraffin, and immunohistochemistry was performed from histological sections for endothelial markers CD31 and CD34; and for Ki-67 to study cell proliferation. VEGF, CD31 and PCNA were measured by Western blot. We compared results with normal glands (N=6). Results: VEGF expression levels, found in all of the samples analyzed, were higher in resistant prolactinomas than in other pituitary adenomas. This protein was detected in endothelial cells of blood vessels and in tumor cells cytoplasms and nuclei. Fifty-six percent of samples were positive for FGF2, the other potent angiogenic factor studied, showing cytoplasmatic and extracellular matrix localization. We obtained a strong positive correlation between VEGF and CD31 in tumor samples, but we did not find lineal correlation between PCNA and VEGF, or between Ki-67 and VEGF in the samples studied. The vascular area was higher in normal tissues than in tumors when CD34 was used as endothelial cell marker. Conclussion: The importance of studying angiogenesis in pituitary adenomas lies in the need to find molecular markers that can predict tumor behavior. We could demonstrate the expression of VEGF and FGF2, two potent angiogenic factors, and the existence of linear correlation between VEGF and CD31. Our results are indicative of the existence of angiogenesis in pituitary adenomas; therefore the blockage of angiogenesis might be proposed as an alternative strategy for cases of resistance to standard therapy.
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Introducción: La terapia de elección de los prolactinomas son los agonistas dopaminérgicos, cuyo principal exponente es la bromocriptina, sin embargo, hay pacientes que no responden o presentan severos efectos secundarios (resistentes o intolerantes a bromocriptina, respectivamente). El objetivo en este estudio fue valorar la respuesta al uso de cabergolina en pacientes con prolactinomas, intolerantes o resistentes a bromocriptina Material y métodos: Se estudiaron 27 pacientes (25 mujeres y dos varones) en quienes se realizó determinación basal de prolactina y cada mes hasta completar tres meses, registrando los datos asociados a hiperprolactinemia y los efectos secundarios. La dosis inicial fue de 0.25 mg los lunes y jueves durante la primera semana, y 0.5 mg a partir de la segunda. El análisis estadístico incluyó la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis y Anova. Resultados: 22 pacientes presentaron microadenomas y cinco macroadenomas. En los intolerantes (n = 11) el valor inicial de prolactina de 61.45 ± 19.82 disminuyó al tercer mes a 4.94 ± 1.79 (p < 0.024). En los resistentes (n = 16), el valor basal fue 119.53 ± 11.52; 15 pacientes redujeron significativamente a 12.95 ± 3.66 (p < 0.005) al tercer mes de tratamiento. En ambos, los signos atribuibles a la hiperprolactinemia mejoraron significativamente, con poca incidencia de efectos secundarios. Conclusiones: La cabergolina es útil en la mayoría de los pacientes considerados intolerantes o resistentes a la bromocriptina.
BACKGROUND: Dopaminergic agonists are the treatment of choice for prolactinomas with bromocriptine (BCE) being the primary agent used. There is a group of patients who are not responders to such therapy or have severe side effects (resistant or intolerant to BCE, respectively). We undertook this study to evaluate the response to the administration of cabergoline (CBG) in patients intolerant or resistant to BCE. METHODS: Twenty seven patients (25 females and 2 males) were recruited with prolactin-pituitary tumors, obtaining basal serum prolactin (PRL) samples and again each month up to 3 months. We recorded signs associated with hyperprolactinemia and secondary effects of CBG. The initial dose was 0.25 mg twice weekly during the first week, with an increase to 0.5 mg twice weekly from the second week until the conclusion of the study. Statistical analysis included Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis and ANOVA tests. RESULTS: Twenty two patients had microadenomas and five had macroadenomas. In the intolerant group (n= 11), the initial PRL value (61.45 +/- 19.82) decreased by the third month to 4.94 +/- 1.79 (p<0.024). In the resistant group (n= 16), basal PRL values were 119.53 +/- 11.52. In 15 of these patients, the PRL value significantly decreased to 12.95 +/- 3.66 ng/ml (p<0.005) by the third month of treatment. In both groups the signs related to hyperprolactinemia significantly improved, with a low incidence of secondary effects due to CBG. CONCLUSIONS: CBG is useful in most patients considered as intolerant or resistant to BCE.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Dopamine Agonists/therapeutic use , Ergolines/therapeutic use , Hyperprolactinemia/drug therapy , Pituitary Neoplasms/drug therapy , Prolactinoma/drug therapy , Bromocriptine/adverse effects , Bromocriptine/therapeutic use , Drug Tolerance , Hyperprolactinemia/etiology , Pituitary Neoplasms/complications , Prolactinoma/complicationsABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of 4-hydroxytamoxifen on the expression of pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) in GH3 prolactinoma cells. Methods RT-PCR and Western blotting were employed to detect the expressions of PTTG mRNA and protein in human GH3 prolaetinoma cells. Different concentrations of estradiol (E2) or 4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHTam) were addedl into the hormone-depleted medium, and the viable cell number and expression levels of PTTG mRNA and protein were measured. Results The growth of OH3 prolaetinoma cells was significantly inhibited in hormone-depleted medium. E2 at a concentration of 1×10<'-8> mol/L obviously promoted the cell growth, the effect of which was inhibited by the application of OHTam (1×10<'-6> mol/L) to cause slowed cell growth. The expressions of PTTG at both the mRNA and protein levels were detected in detected in untreated GH3 prolactinoma cells, and OHTam at the concentration of 1×10<'-6> mol/L significantly inhibited their expressions. Conclusion The growth of GH3 cells is estrogen-dependant and can be inhibited by estrogen antagonist OHTam, which also results in reduced expression of PTTG gene in the cells.
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Objective To explore the relationship between invasive growth and expression of ER、PTTG、bFGF in human prolactinomas.Methods Fourty-six prolactinomas specimens were collected and divided into invasive group and non-invasive group.Expressions of ER、PTTG、bFGF were examined by immunocytochemical method.Total RNA was extracted from specimens and ER-mRNA and PTTG-mRNA were detected by RT-PCR.Results IA of protein expression of ER、bFGF、PTTG in invasive prolactinomas was seperately 5385.1?1348.6、9874.2?2143.7、7938.5?1436.5;The optical density ratio of ER-mRNA and PTTG-mRNA was 0.71 and 0.83,difference between invasive group and non-vasive group was significant.Conclusions ER、PTTG、bFGF in human prolactinomas closely correlated with invasiveness of prolactinomas,and may play important function in prolactinomas.
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Objective To investigate the relationships between the expressions of estrogen receptor (ER), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in prolactinomas and tumor invasiveness. Methods The expressions of ER and PCNA proteins were examined by immunocytochemical method, including 24 invasive prolactinomas (invasive group) and 32 non-invasive prolactinomas (non-invasive group). The expression of ER-mRNA was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain raction (RT-PCR) technique. Results There were 23 cases of positive protein expression of ER in invasive group, the integral optical density (IOD) was 4935.12?1246.56, significantly lower than non-invasive group ( P