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Pseudogenes were initially thought to have no function and were called by aliases, such as "junk genes." With the emergence of large-scale genomics projects and more and more experimental studies, pseudogenes have been shown to play an important role in the occurrence and development of solid tumors, especially playing an important regulatory role in the occurrence and develepment of liver cancer, such as regulating the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, and immunity of liver cancer cells. Recent studies showed that pseudogenes can act as regulators of oncogenes and tumor suppressors in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and can thus serve as prognostic markers and even therapeutic targets for this cancer type. In this review, we systematically summarize the mechanisms and functions of different pseudogenes in HCC and present their future prospects as therapeutic targets.
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@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> Lupus nephritis is very common complications in SLE, with clinical symptoms of renal involvement occurring in 30%-70% of patients. Outcomes in children with proliferative lupus nephritis (PLN) show 9-15% progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) at 5 years.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVES:</strong> This study compared the outcome of children and adolescent patients with lupus nephritis treated with 9 month versus 6 month induction of cyclophosphamide therapy. Renal frequency and adverse effects of IV cyclophosphamide during and after induction therapy were described and determined.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>DESIGN:</strong> Retrospective Cohort Study</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>SETTING:</strong> Tertiary Hospital</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODS:</strong> Retrospective cohort study comparing 6 and 9 month protocol of IV cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis were conducted in a government tertiary pediatric hospital in the Philippines. A total of 39 patients with lupus nephritis were gathered, 23 patients underwent 6 months and 16 patients underwent 9 months protocol.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> The comparison of two protocols in the administration of intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVCY) did not show significant difference between the two in terms of changes in GFR levels, but some evidence of a greater percent increase from baseline with the 6 months protocol post treatment were observed. Among 39 subjects, creatinine, albumin and urinalysis profile did not also differ between the two groups and levels within each group changed insignificantly over time up to 24 months. Proportion of subjects with renal flare ups, adverse effects and who expired during the study period were also essentially similar between the two groups.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> IV Cyclophosphamide seems efficacious if given at the very beginning of the flare and at the start after patient was diagnosed with lupus nephritis. No statistically difference between the duration of the protocol. Renal flare ups and adverse effects of cyclophosphamide such as nausea, vomiting and headache were observed similarly between two protocols. Diligent follow up is needed for further studies and specificity of the results.</p>
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Humans , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic , Cyclophosphamide , Lupus Nephritis , Pediatrics , Induction Chemotherapy , Lupus Erythematosus, SystemicABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the protective effects and molecular mechanism of peroxisome proliferate-activated receptor α(PPARα) activation on acute myocardial damage induced by isoproterenol (Iso) in rats. Methods Thirty male Wistar rats, weighting 160～180 g, were randomly divided into control group, Iso group, fenafibrate(FF) group(each n=10) according to physique quantity. Acute myocardial injury caused by Iso abdomen cavity injection induced ischemia was established and the protective effects of peroxisome proliferate-activated receptor α activation were accessed by the level of ereatine kinase(CK), lactic dehydrogenase(LDH) in serum as well as the activities of myoperoxidase(MPO) in myocardium, and the protein expressions of PPABα in myocardium by Western blot. Results The level of serum CK in control group, lso group and FF group, was (62.41±9.47),(101.71±11.05),(75.64±11.73)kU/L, respectively(F= 34.34, P<0.01). Whereas the level of serum CK in Iso group and FF group was higher than that in control group(P<0.01 or<0.05), the level of serum CK in FF group was lower than that in Iso group(P<0.01). The levels of LDH in these three groups were (5912.20±204.44), (6365.78±137.10), (6089.76±169.60) U/L, respectively(F= 17.54, P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the levels of LDH in Iso and Fir groups were significantly increased(P<0.01 or<0.05). But the level of LDH in FIr group was decreased compared with that in Iso group(P<0.01). The activities of myocardial MPO in these three groups were (1.95±0.10),(3.89±0.17),(2.49±0.19)U/g, espectively(F=391.68,P< 0.01). The activities of myocardial MPO in Iso and FF groups were higher than that in the control group (all P< 0.01), while the activities of myocardial MPO in FIr group were lower than that in lso group(P<0.01). The protein expressions of PPARα in myocardium of these three groups were 251.57±10.95,191.97±10.74,215.08±9.61, respectively(F=82.69, P<0.01). Conclusion PPARα activation by its actor FF can exert protective effects on the acute myocardial ischemia injury induced by lso in rats through inhibiting the release of inflammatory cell factors.
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Objective To detect the levels of transforming growth factor-?_1(TGF-?_1) in plasma,serum and urinary of children with Immunoglobulin A glomerulonephritis(IgAGN) and mesangial proliferate glomerulonephritis(MsPGN) and explore the different effects of TGF-?_1 in the two diseases.Methods The plasma,serum and urinary TGF-?_1 levels were measured in 24 children with IgAGN,and 30 children with MsPGN and 30 healthy controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results The TGF-?_1 levels in plasma,serum and urinary samples of IgAGN group were increased.The TGF-?_1 levels of IgAGN were significantly higher than those of MsPGN and heathy controls(P(0.05)).Conclusion It is showed that TGF-?_1 plays a diffenent role in IgAGN and MsPGN.
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Objective:To study the conditions of in vitro proliferation and differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells(MSC) for its application in transplantation.Methods:MSC were obtained by flushing the shaft with DMEM using a sterile syringe,dissociated by density gradient centrifuge,and cultured in the medium containing DMEM and 10% fatal bovine serum(FBS).Then we added neural growth factors into the medium and observed their influence on MSC proliferation,differentiation and survival by phase contrast microscopy.Immunocytochemistry was used to identify cell types.Results:MSC cultured in medium containing DMEM/ 10% FBS/ neural growth factors proliferated quickly.The neuron-like cells appeared at 7-9 d with the expression of neurone specific enolase(NSE) at(52?9.2)% and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) at(15?7)%,and could survive more than 7 days;In contrast,cells induced by ?-mercaptoethanol(BME) died gradually after 24 hours.Conclusion:MSC can not only proliferate and differentiate into neuron-like cells effectively in the medium containing neural growth factors but also survive longer.
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Objective To study the changes of detrusor microvessel density and apoptosis related factor PCNA and Bax in different phase of partial bladder outlet obstruction. Methods Forty Wistar rats were divided into control(n =10), sham-operation(n =10) , two-week obstruction( n = 10) and five-week obstruction group(n = 10). The expression of detrusor microvessel density and apoptosis related factors PCNA and Bax were evaluated with immunohistochemistry method. Results The average weight of bladder was (125.5?10. 1) ,(128.5?8.9) ,(380.0?12.4) ,(400.0?12.5) mg in control, sham-operation, two-week obstruction and five-week obstruction group, respectively. The difference between control, sham-operation group and obstruction group was significant (P 0. 05 ) . The expression of microvessel density was 2. 1?1.3,13.3?2.3,36.4?4. 1 and 37.3?5.6 in control, sham-operation, two-week obstruction and five-week obstruction group, respectively. The difference between control, sham-operation group and obstruction group was significant ( P 0. 05 ). The expression of PCNA was (38. 2?17. 2)% , (39. 4?11.4)% , (64. 1?11. 5)% and (46. 2?9. 6)% in control, sham-operation, two-week obstruction and five-week obstruction group, respectively. The difference between control, sham-operation group and obstruction group was significant (P
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OBJECTIVE:To observe the clinical efficacy of Compound jianghuang decoction in preventing nonproliferate diabetic retinopathy(NPDR) from developing into proliferate diabetic retinopathy(PDR).METHODS:The clinical data of 123 patients(208 eyes) with NPDR receiving Compound jianghuang decoction(n = 64 cases,treatment group) or low dose of enteric - coated aspirin(n = 59,control group) in addition to hypoglycemic drugs administered in both groups to control blood sugar level were analyzed retrospectively.The clinical efficacy in the two groups was observed by fundus examination and fundus fluorescein angiography.RESULTS:The proportion of developing into PDR in the treatment group was significantly lower than in the control group.CONCLUSION:Compound jianghuang decoction is effective in suppressing retinal neovascularization and preventing NPDR from developing into PDR.
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AIM To explore the effect of berberine in inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis of gastric cancer cell MGC 803.METHODS The MGC 803 cell morphology and cell counting were studied by Trypan blue, MTT, Methyl green pyronin stain assay, the MGC 803 cell DNA changes were investigated by flow cytometry and agarose gel electrophoresis.RESULTS Berberine could significantly inhibit the growth of MGC 803. After 48 hours of treatment with different concentration berberine (8, 4, 2, 1 mg?L -1 ), the inhibitive rate of MGC 803 were 86 7%, 65 9%, 20 0%, 0%, respectively. Meanwhile, MGC 803 showed typical apoptosis features: cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation and formation of apoptotic bodies. A typical subdiploid peak before G 0/G 1 phase was observed by flow cytometry. The Trypan blue stain achromatophilia rates of death cells, which with well membranes, were between 60%～82%. Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis, which showed that the chromosomes of MGC 803 were broken by berberine before the structures of membrane were damaged, while DNA broke into long fragments rather than small fragments, supported that the activation effect of berberine on nuclease was mild.CONCLUSION Berberine could significantly inhibit proliferation of gastric cancer cell MGC 803 and induced apoptosis, and the cytotoxicity of berberine on MGC 803 was weak.