Science and Technology Ethics Governance, How to Put Ethics First? / 中国医学伦理学

Science and technology ethics governance, how to put ethics first? The purpose of "technological innovation, ethics first" is to build an ethical soft landing mechanism for scientific and technological innovation. Researchers of science and technology ethics should start from the practice of international and domestic science and technology ethics governance, and explore the realistic way of science and technology ethics governance on the basis of understanding and thinking about the innovative culture, value orientation and operation mechanism. First of all, it should be noted that seeking technical, management and institutional solutions in the current ethical governance of science and technology may not be perfect and thorough, but operable management measures can be explored and continuously improved under the framework of mainstream scientific and technological innovation. Secondly, the co-governance of science and technology ethics needs to further explore the corresponding group co-governance epistemology facing pluralistic co-governance. Finally, the ethical governance of science and technology should pay attention to the principle of proportionality, and avoid both lax and being too strict.

La hermenéutica constitucional y la cultura de derechos humanos en tiempos de pandemia COVID-19 / The Constitutional hermeneutics and the human rights culture in epoch of the covid-19 pandemic / A hermenêutica constitucional e a cultura dos direitos humanos em tempos de pandemia COVID-19

RESUMEN La crisis del COVID-19, sus implicaciones socio jurídicas, se abordan mediante su incidencia en los derechos humanos, consecuencia del Estado de emergencia dictado en Colombia en el año 2020, para el resguardo del derecho a la salud, pero generando a su vez una situación de conflictos entre diversos tipos de derechos. El trabajo constituye una reflexión sustentada en una investigación bibliográfica mediante la indagación documental sobre decisiones del poder ejecutivo y de la corte constitucional que ejercen su control, referentes a la regulación jurídica de la pandemia del COVID-19 en Colombia, además de la normativa constitucional y legal y la doctrina referida a la temática. El objetivo es demostrar como la hermenéutica constitucional, mediante los principios de proporcionalidad, ponderación y el contenido esencial, es capaz de fomentar una mayor cultura de los derechos humanos, debido a que estos lineamientos interpretativos pueden ser comprendidos por la ciudadanía mediante una labor que abarque la educación, con el concurso no solo de abogados sino también de maestros, sociólogos, ONG, entre otros.

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 crisis, its socio-legal implications, are addressed through its impact on human rights, as a consequence of the State of Emergency issued in Colombia in 2020, to protect the right to health, but generating in turn a situation of conflicts between different types of rights. The work constitutes a reflection based on a bibliographical investigation through documentary research on decisions of the executive power and the constitutional court that exercise their control, referring to the legal regulation of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia, in addition to the constitutional regulations and legal and the doctrine referred to the subject. The objective is to demonstrate how constitutional hermeneutics, through the principles of proportionality, weighting and essential content, is capable of promoting a greater culture of human rights, because these interpretative guidelines can be understood by citizens through work that encompasses education, with the participation not only of lawyers but also of teachers, sociologists, NGO, among others.

RESUMО A crise da COVID-19 e suas implicações sócio-legais são abordadas através de seu impacto nos direitos humanos, conseqüência do Estado de Emergência ditado na Colômbia no ano 2020, para salvaguardar o direito à saúde, mas ao mesmo tempo gerando uma situação de conflito entre diferentes tipos de direitos. O trabalho constitui uma reflexão baseada em uma pesquisa bibliográfica através de pesquisa documental sobre decisões do poder executivo e do tribunal constitucional que exercem seu controle, referindo-se à regulamentação legal da pandemia da COVID-19 na Colômbia, além da regulamentação constitucional e legal e da doutrina sobre o assunto. O objetivo é demonstrar como a hermenêutica constitucional, através dos princípios de proporcionalidade, ponderação e conteúdo essencial, é capaz de promover uma maior cultura de direitos humanos, visto que estas diretrizes interpretativas podem ser compreendidas pelos cidadãos através da educação, com a ajuda não só de advogados, mas também de professores, sociólogos, ONGs, entre outros.

Absolute bioavailability,dose proportionality,and tissue distribution of rotundic acid in rats based on validated LC-QqQ-MS/MS method / 药物分析学报

Rotundic acid(RA),an ursane-type pentacyclic triterpene acid isolated from the dried barks of Ilex rotunda Thunb.(Aquifoliaceae),possesses diverse bioactivities.To further study its pharmacokinetics,a simple and sensitive liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(LC-QqQ-MS/MS)method was developed and validated to quantify RA concentration in rat plasma and tissue using etofesalamide as an internal standard(IS).Plasma and tissue samples were subjected to one-step protein precipitation.Chromatographic separation was achieved on a ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18 col-umn(4.6 mm×50 mm,5 μm)under gradient conditions with eluents of methanol:acetonitrile(1∶1,V/V)and 5mM ammonium formate:methanol(9∶1,V/V)at 0.5mL/min.Multiple reaction monitoring transitions were performed at m/z 487.30 → 437.30 for RA and m/z 256.10 → 227.10 for IS in the negative mode.The developed LC-QqQ-MS/MS method exhibited good linearity(2-500 ng/mL)and was fully validated in accordance with U.S.Food and Drug Administration bioanalytical guidelines.Dose proportionality and bioavailability in rats were determined by comparing pharmacokinetic data after single oral(10,20,and 40 mg/kg)and intravenous(10 mg/kg)administration of RA.Tissue distribution was studied following oral administration at 20 mg/kg.The results showed that the absolute bioavailability of RA after administration at different doses ranged from 16.1％to 19.4％.RA showed good dose proportionality over a dose range of 10-40 mg/kg.RA was rapidly absorbed in a dose-dependent manner and highly distributed in the liver.In conclusion,this study is the first to systematically elucidate the absorption and distribution characteristics of RA in rats,which can provide additional information for further development and evaluation of RA in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies.

¿Es proporcionado suspender la nutrición e hidratación artificial en pacientes con pronóstico incierto? Perspectiva nutricional y bioética

para llevar a cabo esta investigación, se revisó la literatura sobre el caso de Terri Schiavo, paciente que se encontraba en estado vegetativo persistente y quien falleció luego de dos semanas, después de que se le suspendiera su alimentación e hidratación; se validó su diagnóstico y se indagó si fue una paciente terminal, así como también se verificó la evidencia disponible, en relación con la hidratación y nutrición artificial en este tipo de pacientes, para determinar la concordancia de estas medidas. Esta información fue analizada desde la perspectiva nutricional y bioética; en la búsqueda bibliográfica se consultaron las bases de datos Scopus, Scielo y PubMed, con los criterios de búsqueda nutrición e hidratación artificial en pacientes terminales y de pronóstico incierto. Estos hallazgos fueron analizados con el modelo de proporcionalidad terapéutica de Calipari. Por lo anterior, se determinó que la nutrición e hidratación artificial configuraban tratamientos de carácter obligatorio u optativo para Terri. Sin embargo, pese a que no existe información concluyente sobre la nutrición e hidratación artificial en pacientes terminales, ni de pronóstico incierto, se recomienda la evaluación caso a caso de parte del equipo médico, para determinar la proporcionalidad de estos procedimientos en conjunto con el paciente y su familia. Cabe resaltar que son necesarios más estudios para proporcionar mejor evidencia que permita contar con elementos objetivos para una mejor toma de decisiones.

to carry out this research, the literature was reviewed on the case of Terri Schiavo, a patient who was in a persistent vegetative state and who died after two weeks, after her nutrition and hydration were suspended; her diagnosis was validated, and it was investigated whether she was a terminal patient, as well as the available evidence, was verified, in relation to artificial hydration and nutrition in this type of patients to determine the concordance of these measures. This information was analyzed from the nutritional and bioethical perspective; in the bibliographic search, the Scopus, Scielo, and PubMed databases were consulted with the search criteria nutrition and artificial hydration in terminal patients and patients with uncertain prognosis; these findings were analyzed with Calipari's therapeutic proportionality model. Therefore, it was determined that artificial nutrition and hydration are mandatory or optional treatments for Terri. However, there is no conclusive information on artificial nutrition and hydration in terminally ill patients, nor is the prognosis uncertain, and a case-by-case evaluation by the medical team is recommended to determine the proportionality of artificial nutrition and hydration, together with the patient and family. It should be emphasized that more studies are needed to provide better evidence to provide objective elements for better decision-making.

Para realizar esta pesquisa, foi revisada a literatura sobre o caso de Terri Schiavo, paciente que se encontrava em estado vegetativo persistente e que faleceu após duas semanas depois de sua alimentação e hidratação terem sido suspensas. Foi avaliado seu diagnóstico e questionado se foi uma paciente terminal, bem como verificada a evidência disponível quanto à hidratação e à nutrição artificiais nesse tipo de pacientes para determinar a concordância dessas medidas. Essa informação foi analisada sob a perspectiva nutricional e bioética; na busca bibliográfica, foram consultadas as bases de dados Scopus, SciELO e PubMed, com os critérios de busca "nutrição e hidratação artificiais em pacientes terminais e de prognóstico incerto". Esses achados foram analisados com o modelo de proporcionalidade terapêutica de Calipari. Assim, foi determinado que a nutrição e a hidratação artificiais configuram tratamentos de caráter obrigatório ou opcional para Terri. Contudo, não existe informação conclusiva sobre a nutrição e a hidratação artificiais em pacientes terminais, nem em pacientes com prognóstico incerto. É recomendada a avaliação por parte da equipe médica caso a caso para determinar a adequação da nutrição e da hidratação artificiais em conjunto com o paciente e sua família. Cabe ressaltar que mais estudos são necessários para proporcionar melhor evidência que permita contar com elementos objetivos para uma melhor tomada de decisões.

Crecimiento y maduración biológica asociados al desempeño físico del joven atleta / Biological growth and maturation associated with physical performance of the young athlete

El análisis de la interfase entre función orgánica y física tiene una raíz histórica de larga data por parte de los especialistas en morfología humana en el campo de la salud y ciencias del deporte. En la actualidad cuando en décadas recientes se ha incrementado el descenso de la edad de los participantes en los eventos de alta competencia, se hace necesario explorar las particularidades sobre la dinámica del crecimiento y la maduración biológica que podrían condicionar el desempeño atlético. Desde esta perspectiva, la presente revisión se enfoca en la maduración biológica y su posible impacto en las diferencias inter individuales, las cuales están correlacionadas con los cambios que se experimentan en la velocidad del crecimiento. Así mismo se destaca la importancia del momento cuando se alcanza el punto máximo de velocidad lineal, la relevancia de la proporcionalidad corporal asociada a especialidades deportivas e inclusive diferencias encontradas de acuerdo a la posición de juego. Se reporta por otra parte, la importancia de los componentes cardiovasculares y fisiológicos asociados al estado de maduración que marcan su huella en el desempeño atlético. Así mismo se pone de relieve el rol potencial de la participación en deportes de alta competencia asociado a riesgos y beneficios en el crecimiento y maduración del joven atleta. Finalmente y dada la complejidad del tema, se sugiere la intervención de un equipo multidisciplinario en capacidad de analizar el impacto del crecimiento, maduración y entrenamiento en el desempeño del joven atleta(AU)

Relationship between organic morphology and athletic performance has been the concern long time ago for health and sport science. However in recent decades due to the young participation in organized sport, the swift has turned to highlight the kinetics of growth and the potential role of sport participation that influence growth and maturation. The aim of this brief article, review biological maturation (sexual, skeletal and somatic), inter-individual differences, the adolescent growth spurt, peak height velocity , as well as, cardiovascular and physiological related items, allowing for variation changes in size, body composition and proportionality that could influence performance. Keys findings for the review are consistent in showing the relevance of these factors along the process of growth and maturation. Some of the observations reported the potential role of sport participation that influence growth and maturation in terms of risk and or benefic. Attention has been given to the need of understanding the impact of growth, maturation along with training in performance. Finally it is suggested that this issue has to be focuses from an auxological approach given its complexity and to avoid the decline in youth participation. On the other hand, the need for the official support for the welfare of children involved in sport participation is requested(AU)

Limitación de tratamiento de soporte vital en una Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo pediátrica chilena: 2004-2014 / Limitation of Vital Support in a Chilean Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: 2004-2014

Resumen Objetivo: Describir las frecuencias y características del proceso de Limitación de Tratamiento de So porte Vital (LTSV) en pacientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (UCI) entre 2004 2014. Pacientes y Método: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional descriptivo a partir de dos registros de la UCI del Hospital Roberto del Río: 1) ficha clínica individual de seguimiento y 2) ficha de registro de indicadores de calidad incluida LTSV, ambos actualizados diariamente al iniciar la visita clínica. Desde estos registros se analizaron los casos con dilemas bioéticos en los que se propuso LTSV du rante su hospitalización en UCI ("LTSV intra-UCI"). Se menciona la población rechazada de ingresar a UCI ("LTSV pre-UCI") y los fallecidos con LTSV en cama básica. Resultados: De 7.821 ingresos a UCI en el 1,51% (118 pacientes) se establece una LTSV: ONI (Orden de No Innovación) en 78,8% de los casos, retiro de medidas terapéuticas en 14,4% y suspensión de ventilación mecánica en 6,8%. En 23,7% el diagnóstico de base fue neurológico u oncológico, para cada uno. La condición fisiopatológica predominante para una LTSV fue neurológica (39%). El tiempo de estadía en UCI triplica el promedio de estada de los egresos totales de UCI, pero es de amplia variabilidad. Conclusiones: Es factible realizar una LTSV en UCI cuando el equipo incorpora esta perspectiva al trabajo diario junto a la familia. Hay una amplia variabilidad individual en las características del proceso de LTSV, propio del ámbito de la ética clínica.

Abstract Objective: Describe the frequency and characteristics of PICU patients who undergo a process of withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment (LTSV), between 2004 y 2014. Patients and Method: A retrospective, observational descriptive study, using two documents for quality assessment in the PICU of Hospital Roberto del Río: 1) daily individual patient tracking log and 2) daily record of quality indicators, including LTSV, both updated daily at the morning visit. All PICU patients with an ethical dilemma during their PICU stay in which a LTSV was proposed were included. We men tion patients rejected for admission in the ICU and those who died in basic units of the hospital with LTSV. Results: In 118 patients of 7821 PICU admissions (1,5%) we determined a LTSV: ONR (Non Resuscitation Order) for all of them, ONI (Non Innovation Order) in 78,8%, withdrawal of some therapeutics in 14,4% and withdrawal of active mechanical ventilation in 6,8%. The basic diagnosis was 23,7% for each neurologic and oncologic diseases. The predominant pathophysiologic condition leading to a LTSV was severe chronic neurologic damage (39%). The length of stay was threefold the mean PICU stay, with a large variability due to expectable individual factors when ethic decisions are involved. Conclusion: LTSV is feasible when the team is involved and this perspective is part of daily clinical analysis. The wide individual variability in the LTSV process is expectable in ethical decisions.

Pharmacokinetic study of gallocatechin-7-gallate from Pithecellobium clypearia Benth. in rats

The pharmacokinetic profile of gallocatechin-7-gallate (J10688) was studied in rats after intravenous administration. Male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats received 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg (i.v.) of J10688 and plasma drug concentrations were determined by a high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. The pharmacokinetic software Data Analysis System (Version 3.0) was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters. For different i.v. doses of J10688, the mean peak plasma concentration (C 0) values ranged from 11.26 to 50.82 mg/L, and mean area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-t ) values ranged from 1.75 to 11.80 (mg·h/L). J10688 lacked dose-dependent pharmacokinetic properties within doses between 1 and 10 mg/kg, based on the power model. The method developed in this study was sensitive, precise, and stable. The pharmacokinetic properties of J10688 in SD rats were shown to have rapid distribution and clearance values. These pharmacokinetic results may contribute to an improved understanding of the pharmacological actions of J10688.

Pharmacokinetics of single dose intravenous infusion of mildranate in healthy volunteers / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the pharmacokinetics of mildranate after a single dose intravenous infusion of 250, 500 and 1000 mg in healthy subjects, and to assess the dose proportionality of mildranate over the potential therapeutic dose range of 250-1000 mg. METHODS: In a randomized three-way crossover study, twelve healthy subjects were given a single dose intravenous infusion of mildranate of 250, 500, and 1000 mg. Plasma concentrations were determined at selected time points for 24 h. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS software. RESULTS: The elimination half-life of mildranate after iv of 250, 500, and 1000 mg was about 5-6 h, and the peak plasma concentration (ρmax) increased linearly from (11.70±1.49) to (43.60±6.91) μg·mL-1 with increasing dosages. Moreover, the area under the plasma concentration vs time curve (AUC) increased linearly within the dose range of 250-1000 mg. The urinary excretion rate were (30.19±7.63)%, (39.64±5.02)% and (58.10±10.21)%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Mildranate exhibits a linear pharmacokinetic profile in the dose range of 250-1000 mg. Dose-dependent parameters(ρmax and AUC) increase in an approximately dose-proportional manner. There are significant differences in tmax and urinary excretion rate in the different dose groups. The differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters (tmax, ρmax, t1/2, AUC0-t, CL, Vd, MRT0-t, and urinary excretion rate) between genders are not statistically significant, but the difference in urinary excretion rate at 500 mg was statistically significant.

Valoración del crecimiento físico por medio de la proporcionalidad corporal en escolares peruanos que viven a moderada altitud / Assessment of physical growth through body proportionality in Peruvian children living at moderately elevated altitudes

La estrategia del Phantom es un instrumento para medir la proporcionalidad corporal que permite comparar el crecimiento de los segmentos y dimensiones corporales. El objetivo del presente estudio radica en valorar el crecimiento físico por medio de la proporcionalidad corporal de escolares de 6 a 12 años que viven a moderada altitud. El estudio es de tipo descriptivo Transversal. Participaron de la investigación 482 damas y 473 varones de 6 a 12 años de condición socioeconómica media. Los escolares fueron seleccionados de forma probabilística estratificada de un total de 6659 alumnos. Se evaluó las medidas antropométricas de peso (kg), estatura (m), cinco pliegues cutáneos (mm), cuatro circunferencias corporales y cuatro diámetros óseos. El análisis de la proporcionalidad se efectuó por medio del modelo teórico del Phantom propuesto por Ross y Wilson (1974). Los resultados del Z-escore del Phantom para ambos géneros muestran valores negativos de forma general para el peso corporal (-3,7 a -1,7), pliegues cutáneos (0,5 a -1,5) y circunferencias corporales (-0,9 a -1,3). A su vez, los diámetros óseos evidencian valores positivos en todas las edades y en ambos géneros (1,0 a 3,2). Los resultados sugieren que los escolares de moderada altitud se caracterizan por presentar un lento crecimiento respecto al peso corporal, pliegues cutáneos y circunferencias corporales y en relación a los diámetros óseos muestran una tendencia a la robustez.

The strategy of our approach involves the use of an instrument for measuring body proportionality for the purpose of comparing growth of segments to body dimensions. The objective of this descriptive transversal study is to assess physical growth through body proportionality of school children, aged 6 to 12 years, living at moderately elevated altitudes. Study participants included 482 females and 473 males ranging in ages from 6 to 12 years and possessing middle socioeconomic status. The students were selected from a stratified probability segment of 6,659 students. In all, we evaluated: anthropometric measurements of weight (kg), height (m), five skinfolds (mm), four body perimeters and four body-bone diameters. Proportionality analyses were performed using the Phantom theoretical model proposed by Ross and Wilson (1974). The results of the Phantom Z-scores for both genders show generally negative values for body weight (-3.7 to -1.7), skinfold thickness (0.5 to -1.5), and body circumference (-0.9 to -1.3). In turn, bone diameters show positive values in all ages as well as in both genders (1.0 to 3.2). The results suggest that school children living at moderately elevated altitudes are characterized by slow growth correlated to body weight; on the other hand, skinfold thicknesses and body circumferences in relation to bone diameters exhibit a tendency to robustness.

Características morfológicas y maduración en mujeres kayakistas jóvenes de aguas tranquilas y slalom / Morphological characteristics and maturity status of young female sprint and slalom kayakers

El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir y comparar las características antropométricas, maduración, somatotipo y proporcionalidad de mujeres kayakistas de aguas tranquilas y slalom. Cincuenta palistas de 13 a 14 años de edad (26 de aguas tranquilas y 24 de slalom), fueron valoradas usando una batería de 29 medidas antropométricas. Se calculó el porcentaje de grasa, el somatotipo, los valores Z utilizando la estrategia Phantom de proporcionalidad y la maduración expresada como los años hasta/desde la edad de máxima velocidad de crecimiento en altura. Las palistas de aguas tranquilas se caracterizaron por una mayor talla y talla sentado que las de slalom, lo que podría interpretarse como un mayor desarrollo madurativo de las primeras. Los valores de proporcionalidad fueron similares en la mayoría de las variables analizadas. Ambos grupos de kayakistas presentaron un somatotipo medio clasificado como mesomorfo endomorfo, siendo las palistas de slalom las que presentaron un somatotipo más heterogéneo. La información aportada en este estudio puede ser utilizada como guía en el proceso de detección de talentos en mujeres kayakistas de aguas tranquilas y slalom...

The aim of this study was to describe and compare the kinanthropometric characteristics, maturity status, somatotype and proportionality between young female sprint and slalom kayakers. Fifty young female kayakers (26 sprint; 24 slalom), aged 13 and 14 years old, were assessed using a battery of 29 anthropometric dimensions. Body fat, somatotypes, Phantom Z-scores and maturity status expressed as the time to/from the age of peak height velocity were calculated. Sprint kayakers were taller and had a higher sitting height than slalom kayakers, these differences could be explained by the greater maturity status in the sprint paddlers group. Proportionality values were similar in most of the variables analysed. Mean somatotypes were best described as mesomorphy endomorph in both groups, while slalom kayakers exhibited a higher heterogeneity. The data provided in this study could be used as a guideline for talent identification in sprint and slalom female kayakers...

Bioequivalence and Dose Proportionality of Olmesartan Medoxomil Formulations

BACKGROUND: Olmesartan medoxomil is an angiotensin II receptor blocker commonly used in hypertension. First objective of this study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two olmesartan formulations, Olmesartan 20 mg and 40 mg tablet (Yuhan, Pharmaceutical Corp. Seoul, Korea) as test drugs and Olmetec(R) 20 mg and 40 mg tablet (Daewoong, Pharmaceutical Corp. Seoul, Korea) as reference drugs. Second objective of this study was to evaluate the dose-proportionality of two formulations. METHODS: Two studies (20 mg, 40 mg) were conducted as a randomized, open-label, 2-period, crossover design. Each subject received one 20 mg or 40 mg tablet of the reference or test formulation of olmesartan medoxomil in each study. Blood samples were obtained during the 48-hour period after the dose in each treatment period. Wash-out period was 1 week in each study. Concentrations of olmesartan medoxomil in plasma were analyzed using a liquid chromatography system with tandem mass-spectrometric detection (LC/MS/MS). The primary pharmacokinetic parameters were Cmax (maximum concentration) and AUCt (area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last sampling time). RESULTS: A total number of 40 healthy male volunteers participated in the study and 37 volunteers completed both treatment periods in 20 mg trial. All 40 participants completed both treatment periods in 40 mg trial. The 90 % CIs for the geometric mean ratios of the pharmacokinetic parameters (test:reference drug) were 0.93 ~ 1.04 for AUCt and 0.97 ~ 1.08 for Cmax in 20 mg trial. The 90 CIs were 0.94 ~ 1.02 for AUCt and 1.00 ~ 1.11 for Cmax in 40 mg trial. All parameters of two studies satisfy the range of bioequivalence criterion. CONCLUSION: The obtained results indicated that pharmacokinetic exposure to Olmesartan 20 mg and 40 mg tablet was bioequivalent to that of Olmetec(R) 20 mg and 40 mg tablet, respectively.

Perfil antropométrico del canoísta joven de aguas tranquilas / Anthropometric profile of young male sprint canoeist

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron describir las características antropométricas de hombres canoístas de categoría cadete y comparar su somatotipo y proporcionalidad con palistas olímpicos. Treinta y tres canoístas de 15 a 16 años de edad, fueron valorados usando una batería de 41 medidas antropométricas. Se calculó la composición corporal, el somatotipo y los valores Z utilizando la estrategia Phantom de proporcionalidad. El somatotipo medio de los canoístas obtuvo la clasificación de mesomorfo balanceado. De la comparación con los palistas de categoría olímpica, destacó la menor mesomorfia así como los valores inferiores de proporcionalidad en los perímetros y diámetros del tronco de las extremidades superiores de los canoístas cadetes. La información aportada en este estudio puede ser utilizada como guía en el proceso de detección de talentos en canoístas jóvenes de aguas tranquilas.

The aim of this study was to describe kinanthropometric characteristics of young male sprint canoeists and to compare their somatotype and proportionality with Olympic paddlers. Thirty three young sprint canoeists, aged 15 and 16 years old, were assessed using a battery of 41 anthropometric dimensions. Body composition, somatotypes and Phantom Z-scores were calculated. Mean somatotype of male canoeists was best described as balanced mesomorphy. Young canoeists had lower ratings of mesomorphy and lower proportional dimensions in upper body girths and breadths than Olympic paddlers. The data provided in this study could be used as a guideline for talent identification in sprint canoeing.

Iconografía del dimorfismo sexual en dimensiones corporales y proporcionalidad, según estado nutricional en niños: el Hatillo, Caracas / Iconometrography of sexual dimorphism and proportionality according to nutritional status of children: el Hatillo, Caracas

Uno de los propósitos fundamentales de la medición antropométrica consiste en analizar el comportamiento de factores de riesgo, asociados al entorno socio-ambiental. Se efectúo un análisis comparativo de indicadores antropométricos en cuanto a su dispersión relativa y proporcionalidad, en un grupo de niños y adolescentes venezolanos periurbanos, destacándose diferencias según sexo y estado nutricional. Se utilizó el enfoque iconográfico propuesto por Ross en 1994, que se fundamenta en los conceptos de proporcionalidad, puntuaciones Hull y valores de contraste. Se evaluaron 191 niños y adolescentes escolarizados, de uno y otro sexo entre 6 y 14 años en El Hatillo, Estado Miranda en 2007. Para diagnosticar el estado nutricional se utilizó la combinación de indicadores peso-edad, talla-edad e Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y los valores de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en los dos primeros indicadores y la nacional para IMC. El déficit nutricional alcanzó 23,9%, el exceso 17,1%, encontrándose que los niños menores de 10 años fue el más afectado. En los varones se observó mayor vulnerabilidad, reflejándose las afecciones mas pronunciadas en la configuración corporal descrita por la contextura, especialmente en el diámetro del fémur. En los niños con déficit nutricional se encontró alterada la talla sentado. Estos resultados evidencian la importancia de considerar en los estudios epidemiológicos, además de la talla, otras dimensiones de la composición corporal, que coadyuven al logro de una visión integral de patologías complejas, como las derivadas de una ingesta alimentaria inadecuada, síndrome inequívoco del deterioro en la calidad de vida(AU)

Anthropometric measurements provide information regarding the effect of surrounding environment on the appearance of risk factors. This study analyzes sexual dimorphism, nutritional status and body composition of a group of Venezuelan children and adolescents, 6 to 14 years old from the El Hatillo community. An iconometrographic approach based on proportionality, Hull score and contrasted values, was used on all sample by age, gender and nutritional status. This last was assessed by the combination of weight for height, height for age and body mass index, using OMS and national reference values. Results revealed 23.9% and 17.1% with deficit and overweight.. Deficit was more marked on children less than 10 years, the male group on the other hand, showed the most important alteration on those frames variables, in particular at the femur width and sitting height. The weight of evidence at present study suggests that nutritional status assessment, requires body composition analysis in order to obtain a holistic picture of the situation in which, pathologies related to availability of food and life quality conditions are powerful determinants(AU)

Aplicación clínica de los parámetros estéticos en odontología restauradora

El mantenimiento y el restablecimiento de la salud, función y estética son los objetivos principales de la odontología general. En los últimos años el aumento del interés por la estética en la sociedad se ha transformado en el principal motivo en la búsqueda de atención odontológica para una mejora de la apariencia dental y facial que permita alcanzar al paciente confianza, autoestima y respeto. Esto exige por parte del profesional conocimiento y experiencia en la aplicación de principios y referencias estéticas como guías para resolver los diferentes problemas que se presentan en la odontología restauradora actual. Este trabajo analiza los parámetros estéticos aplicados en odontología restauradora.

The maintenance and the reestablishment of the health, aesthetic and function are the primary targets of the general odontology. In the last years the increase of the interest by the aesthetic in the society has been transformed into the main reason in the search of attention for an improvement of the dental and face appearance that allows reaching to the patient confidence, self-esteem and respect. It demands on the part of the professional knowledge and experience in the application of references and aesthetic principles as it guides to solve the different problems that appear in restorative dentistry. This work analyzes the aesthetic references used in restorative dentistry.