ABSTRACT
The rapid development of terahertz technology promotes the realization of various terahertz imaging systems. Terahertz technology features terahertz waves as good non-invasive illumination sources due to their high spectral resolution, penetration and safety. The terahertz imaging technique (TIT) has gradually been extended from the biomedical field to the field of Chinese medicine (CM), and it has become a powerful tool for seeking scientific evidence for CM theories with the use of modern science and technology. This paper reviews the current application of TITs in the field of CM research, and most importantly offers novel proposals for the application of TITs in CM research from the perspective of CM syndrome objectification and acupuncture research and cites existing reports as reference to the feasibility of these new proposals.
Subject(s)
Acupuncture , Acupuncture Therapy , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Moxibustion , Terahertz ImagingABSTRACT
El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, al considerarse una problemática contemporánea que genera alto impacto en la salud pública asociado al costo de la atención, suscita interés sobre Pedroza Molina, D. Y., Taborda Mazo, D. P. y Varela Chacón, J. (2020). La presente revisión bibliográfica, realizada desde el enfoque cualitativo-hermenéutico, plantea el análisis de las conceptualizaciones sobre el consumo de SPA desarrolladas en el ámbito de la terapia familiar, la identificación de la incidencia de las relaciones familiares en el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y, por último, la descripción de propuestas de intervención desde la terapia familiar para familias en las que hay miembros consumidores de SPA. Dentro de los hallazgos se encuentra evidencia de las conceptualizaciones, implicaciones de la familia y propuestas de intervención en la revisión realizada, a partir de lo cual es posible señalar que, si bien no hay un consenso frente a la denominación del consumo desde esta disciplina ya que se usan indistintamente lo términos consumidor, drogodependiente, toxicómano, adicto, drogadicto, se halla que independientemente de la escuela o modelo teórico existe acuerdo al conceptualizar el consumo como síntoma que emerge para garantizar la homeostasis familiar en un sistema sufriente. De igual forma, la familia tiene una alta incidencia dentro de la etiología de la situación de consumo y el proceso que genera la mantención del mismo, por lo que es claro que su implicación debe ser alta en el tratamiento y la recuperación. Se concluye que desde la terapia familiar existen diversas propuestas de intervención para abordar el tema de la adicción a SPA, que han mostrado ser efectivas y que la familia al estar involucrada en la génesis, mantenimiento y recuperación de la adicción, debe ser un foco central de la intervención.
Consumption of psychoactive substances, being considered a contemporary problem, which generates a high impact on public health associated with the cost of care, arouses interest in Pedroza Molina, Taborda Mazo & Varela Chacón (2020). This bibliographic review, carried out from a qualitative-hermeneutical approach, proposes the analysis of the conceptualizations about the consumption of PAS (Psychoactive Substances) developed in the field of family therapy, the identification of the incidence of family relationships in the consumption of psychoactive substances and, finally, the description of intervention proposals from family therapy for families in which there are members who consume PAS. Among the findings, there is evidence of the conceptualizations, implications of the family and intervention proposals in the review carried out, from which, it is possible to point out that although there is no consensus regarding the denomination of consumption from this discipline, given that the terms consumer, drug addict, addict, drug addict are used interchangeably, it was found that regardless of the school or theoretical model, there is a consensus when conceptualizing consumption as a symptom that emerges to guarantee family homeostasis in a suffering system. Similarly, the family has a high incidence within the etiology of the consumption situation and the process that generates its development, so it is clear that their involvement must be significant during treatment and recovery. It is concluded that from a family therapy perspective there are various intervention proposals to address the issue of PAS addiction, which have been shown to be effective and that the family, being involved in the genesis, development and recovery of addiction, should be a central focus of the intervention.
Subject(s)
Humans , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Family Relations/psychology , Family Therapy , Drug Users/psychologyABSTRACT
Objetivamos com este artigo analisar o desenvolvimento de propostas críticas que se apresen-tam enquanto referência para a área da Educação Física. Em específico,a Proposta Crítico-Emancipatória, a partir das considerações feitas por seu próprio autor: Elenor Kunz. Para isso, realizamos um diálogo mediado por temas centrais, tais como: momento histórico de elabora-ção da proposta; percurso de sua existência; interação com políticas educacionais; experiên-cias desenvolvidas; revisões realizadas; atualidade; e perspectivas. Consideramos essencial analisar a realidade existente para que possamos levantar novas problemáticas e traçar novos objetivos para o campo de conhecimento da Educação Física.
The aim with this articleis to analyze the development ofcritical proposals that are presented as reference for the area of Physical Education. In particular, the proposed critical-emancipatory, from the considerations made by your own author. For this reason, we dialog mediat by central themes, such as: historic moment of drafting the proposal; path of their ex-istence; interaction with educational policies; experiences developed; reviews performed; Timeliness; and prospects. We believe essential to analyze the existing reality, so we can raise new issues and draw new objectives for the field of knowledge of Physical Education.
Nuestro objetivo con este artículo es analizar el desarrollo de propuestas críticas que se pre-sentan como referencia en el área de la Educación Física. Específicamente la propuesta críti-co-emancipadora, partiendo de las consideraciones de su propio autor. Para ello, realizamos diálogos mediados por temas centrales, como: momento histórico de elaboración de la pro-puesta, trayectoria de su existencia, interactuación con políticas educacionales, experiencias desarrolladas, revisiones ya hechas, actualidad y perspectivas. Consideramos esencial analizar la realidad existente, para que se puedan poner de relieve nuevas problemáticas y trazar nue-vos objetivos para el campo de conocimiento de la Educación Física.
ABSTRACT
Mental health is key to public health, as building and developing a mental health service system is legally required in the Mental Health Law of China. The authors probed deep, by means of questionnaire, field survey and group interview, into the characteristics and setbacks of the resources available, organizational framework and operations of the system in China. As found in the study, given a framework in place, this system is plagued by insufficient human resources, weak infrastructure, unreasonable input and compensation mechanism, as well as poor management at community level. These problems are common nationwide. On this basis and with reference to experiences of developed countries, policy proposals are raised in terms of integrated system building, capacity building and assurance mechanism, for framework building and supportive policies of other cities in China.
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Resumen El presente artículo busca ofrecer una mirada comprehensiva a las recientes propuestas en materia de gobernanza digital en Costa Rica, específicamente respecto a la rectoría del sector. Esto se hará mediante un repaso documental, así como siguiendo un método de seguimiento de proceso; luego, el artículo presentará la experiencia nacional con respecto de aquellas de los principales referentes internacionales en la materia. Se concluirá con una serie de recomendaciones a partir de las mejores prácticas observadas en instituciones exitosas en el campo de gobierno digital aplicables al caso costarricense, dado el bajo nivel de éxito que ha tenido la institucionalización del gobierno digital en el país.
Abstract This article aims to provide a comprehensive look at recent proposals of digital governance in Costa Rica, from its institutional design, specifically regarding the ruling entity of the sector. This will be achieved through a documentary review, as well as following a process-tracing method. Then, the article will focus on presenting the national experience with respect of that of the international benchmarks on the subject. Conclusively, it will provide a series of recommendations from the best practices observed in successful institutions in the field of digital Government, applicable to the Costa Rican case given its low success level regarding the country's institutionalization of a Digital Government.
Subject(s)
Costa Rica , Digital Divide , Information Technology Management , e-Government , Computer SecurityABSTRACT
Presentamos definiciones y propuestas en relación a la anatomía del hígado basados en los resultados de estudiar 286 hígados humanos de ambos sexos, diferentes razas y edades que van desde fetos hasta octogenarios, mediante disección, inyección acrílica, radiología y reconstrucciones tomográficas tridimensionales. Definimos: 1) Segmento portal, 2) Pedículo portal, pedículo segmentario, 3) Fisuras portales, 4) Porta hepática o hilio hepático inferior, 5) Grupos de las venas hepáticas de retorno, 6) Trayecto de la vena hepática izquierda y 7) Conductos biliares aberrantes. Proponemos: 1) Segmento V único formante de la división medial derecha, 2) Siete ramas portales segmentarias terminales para siete segmentos, 3) Irrigación arterial segmentaria, 4) Formación de los conductos biliares, 5) Cambiar la denominación de fisura portal principal por fisura portal intermedia, 6) Incluir dentro del concepto "Fisura umbilical" a la fisura del ligamento redondo y la fisura del ligamento venoso, 7) Fisuras portales horizontales, 8) Venas que drenan en la Cava inferior, 9) No denominar Porción posterior del hígado (A05.8.01.043) al lóbulo caudado.
We present definitions and proposals in relation to the anatomy of the liver based on our investigation using dissection, acrylic injection, tomographic and radiological studies of 286 human livers of sexes, different races and ages ranging from fetuses to octogenarians. We define: 1) Portal segment, 2) Portal pedicle, segmental pedicle, 3) Portal fissures, 4) Porta Hepatis or Lower hepatic hilum, 5) Groups of hepatic return veins, 6) Left hepatic vein pathway and 7) Aberrant bile duct. We propose: 1) Segment V only formant of the right medial division, 2) Seven terminal segmental portal branches, 3) Segmental arterial irrigation, 4) Formation of bile ducts, 5) Change the denomination of main portal fissure by intermediate portal fissure , 6) Include within the concept "umbilical fissure" the fissure of the round ligament and fissure of the venous ligament, 7) Horizontal portal fissures, 8) Veins that drain in the inferior vena Cava, 9) Do not call the posterior portion of the liver (A05.8.01.043) to the caudate lobe.
Subject(s)
Humans , Liver/anatomy & histology , Terminology as TopicABSTRACT
The paper presented the implementation of the healthcare reform policy and initial success of Xinyu TCM Hospital in its reform pilot work of public hospital reform in Xinyu city ,Jiangxi province. The authors also analyzed problems and causes of the hospital in business development and cost control during the reform ,proposing to carry out TCM development policy ,enhance government investment ,streamline TCM service pricing ,and innovate TCM supporting model. In addition ,they also proposed TCM hospitals to enhance management ,and reform their mechanism to resolve such problems as high operating costs ,and poor talent development and lack of feature disciplines .
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Una revisión a las investigaciones culminadas sobre la familia en Colombia (1990-2014), seleccionadas bajo el criterio de posibilidades para el campo educativo, es lo que presento en este artículo. Mi propósito es analizar las tendencias en tales estudios y dejar algunas líneas de posibilidad en materia de propuestas para el trabajo con familias. El artículo surge de la investigación cualitativa "La familia rural y sus formas de diálogo en la construcción de paz", que tuvo un enfoque fenomenológico-hermenéutico. Dentro de los resultados encontré que tales estudios coinciden en: concebir a la familia como agrupación cambiante, diversa, permeable a los contextos, perdurable en medio de los cambios; emplear unas metodologías descriptivas y disciplinares que han determinado sus niveles de impacto sobre la población estudiada; y plantear propuestas para la familia, muchas veces indirectas (académicas), pocas veces directas (no académicas).
A review of the investigations culminated on the family in Colombia (1990-2014), selected at the discretion of possibilities for education, is presented in this article. Its purpose is to analyze trends in such studies and leave some lines of possibility regarding proposals for work with families. The article comes from qualitative research "Rural family and forms of dialogue in building peace" held a phenomenological-hermeneutical approach. Within the results it was found that such studies coincide in conceiving the family as a changing group, diverse, permeable to contexts, enduring in the midst of changes; employ descriptive and disciplinary methodologies that have determined their levels of impact on the population studied; and propose proposals for the family, often indirect (academic), rarely direct (non-academic).
Uma revisão das pesquisas sobre a família,na Colômbia (1990-2014), selecionadas pelo critério de possibilidades para a Educação, é apresentada neste artigo. Sua finalidade é analisar tendências em tais estudos e deixar algumas linhas de possibilidades em propostas de trabalho com as famílias. O artigo vem da pesquisa qualitativa "Família rural e formas de diálogo na construção da paz", realizada a partir de uma abordagem fenomenológicohermenêutica. Entre os resultados, descobrimos que tais estudos concordam em conceber a família como agrupamentos cambiantes, diversos, de contextos permeáveis, e permanentes frente aos meios de mudanças; usar uma metodologia descritiva e disciplinare que determinaram seus níveis de impacto sobre a população estudada; e apresentar propostas para as famílias, muitas vezes indiretas (acadêmico), raramente diretas (não-acadêmico).
Subject(s)
Family , Qualitative Research , EducationABSTRACT
Capcity building for scientific research ability cultivation is an important component of 8-year curriculum of clinical medical education .Research skills has increasingly become one of the important factors to evaluate medi-cal school and hospital .We summarized cultivation characters of the accredited schools , which has experimented 8-year clinical medical education program .And put forward suggestions for scientific research ability cultivation ,in or-der to provided reference for reformation of 8-year clinical medical education .
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A discussion is made on the risk perception,lawful practice,team building, infrastructure,partnership,and operational mechanism of aviation medical rescue by hospitals,along with proposals for stakeholders and authorities for reference.
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The National Natural Science Foundation of China is one of the most important fund channels for basic research in Peking University Cancer Hospital (hereinafter referred to as our hospital).Peer review was used for application review.In this article,the feedback opinions of applications from 2010 to 2014 for our hospital were categorized,summarized and analyzed.The common reasons of failure and corresponding measures were put forward to provide references for the applicants and scientific research managers for formulating relevant plicies.
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Con el objetivo de evaluar las propuestas metodológicas diseñadas para los trabajos de curso de esta disciplina Farmacología en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba durante el curso académico 2013-2014 se desarrolló el presente trabajo en tres etapas: diseño de las propuestas, implementación y evaluación de la satisfacción y resultados de estas. Las propuestas quedaron conformadas por tres ejercicios prácticos, dos para la asignatura Farmacología I y uno para Farmacología II. Estudiantes y profesores refirieron que los trabajos permitieron llevar a la práctica e integrar los conocimientos de la asignatura así como adquirir conocimientos sobre metodología de la investigación. Se consideraron los resultados de las evaluaciones a través informes semestrales de las asignaturas, se evidenció predominio de estudiantes con calificaciones entre 4 y 5. Se concluye que las propuestas diseñadas son satisfactorias para estudiantes y profesores, y las calificaciones avalan la calidad de los trabajos realizados.
With the objective of evaluating the methodological proposals designed for the final papers of pharmacology discipline in the University of Medical Sciences of Santiago de Cuba in the 2013-2014 academic year, the present paper was made in three phases: design of proposals, implementation and evaluation of results of and satisfaction with such proposals. These proposals were finally shaped into three practical exercises; two for the pharmacology I subject and one for the pharmacology II subject. Both students and professors state that these final papers allowed putting into practice and integrating the knowledge of the subject as well as acquiring more knowledge about the research methodology. The results of evaluations included in the six-monthly reports of the subjects were taken into consideration in which most of students got grades of 4 and 5. It was concluded that the designed proposals are satisfactory for students and professors whereas the qualifications endorse the quality of the submitted final papers.
Subject(s)
Educational Measurement/methods , Faculty, Medical , Pharmacology/education , Students, MedicalABSTRACT
RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar como o conteúdo da dança é tratado nas Propostas Curriculares Estaduais (PCE) de Educação Física no Ensino Fundamental procurando delinear como o conteúdo é abordado nesses documentos. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se uma análise documental em 17 PCE. Os dados foram analisados a partir de categorias temáticas, sendo elas: a indicação ou não da dança como um conteúdo da Educação Física, e a identificação do referencial teórico; quais os termos empregados para designar a dança; a existência ou não de propostas de organização curricular e classificação dos subtemas da dança; e se as dimensões dos conteúdos (conceitual, procedimental e atitudinal) foram ou não apresentadas. Os resultados apontaram que a dança é um conteúdo relevante para as PCE, já que todas propuseram esse tema em suas diretrizes.Todavia, os objetivos, o referencial teórico e as dimensões dos conteúdos apresentaram divergências entre si.
ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze how the State Curriculum Proposals (SCP) for Physical Education approach the dance content in elementary school, trying to outline how this content is covered in these documents. In order to achieve this goal, it was developed a document review in 17 (SCP). Data was analyzed based on the perspective of thematic categories, which are: the indication or not of dance as a content of Physical Education and the identification of its theoretical framework; which are the terms used to describe dance; the existence or not of curricular organization proposals and classification of dance subtopics; and whereas the dimension of the contents (conceptual, procedural and attitudinal) were presented or not. The results suggested that dance is a relevant content to the SCP, since all of them proposed this theme on their guidelines. However, the objectives, the theoretical framework and the content dimensions presented some divergences between one another.
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Este artículo forma parte de una investigación cualitativa sobre el mapa de situación del trabajo social judicial. Una profesión con treinta años de vida en España y que se encuentra en revisión como todas las disciplinas y discursos en tiempos de crisis. Los relatos de los profesionales han dibujado una cartografía del trabajo social judicial dentro del equipo psicosocial que a su vez se sitúa dentro de los juzgados de familia.
This article is part of a qualitative investigation about the situation of the justice social work. Such work has existed for thirty years in Spain, and it is being reviewed as every discipline and discourse in times of crisis. The professionals´ reports sketched a map of the justice social work inside the psychosocial team that, in turn, is inside the family courts.
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Objective:To analyze the direct-to-patient( DTP)model in the field of pharmacy retail. Methods:The meaning and features of the model were analyzed,the advantages and challenges of the model were summarized,and some countermeasure sugges-tions for the model application in the pharmacy retail field were provided. Results:The DTP model can promote the development of drug retail enterprises. However,there are still some challenges needing continue exploration in practice. Conclusion:In order to pro-mote the application and development of the DTP model,drug retail enterprises demand the policy adjustment by government,increased investment,enhancement of centralized development and implementation of new business forms.
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Throughout its history, one of the most fascinating topics of psychiatry has been that of the causes and consequences of mental disorders. The desire to strengthen the reliability of diagnosis in this area has led to significant advances in two important fields: psychopathological description and the formulation of an integral diagnosis. Classifications allow the definition of categories and in the case of the two most read taxonomies in the field of mental health, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), these provide the most commonly used criteria for diagnosis. The revised fourth edition of the DSM is now insufficient to cover the ever greater clinical challenges and research. For over ten years, work has been carried out on the structure of DSM-V (the fifth edition), but despite the planning, organization, prediction, and the contributions of guest experts, it is feared that all the requirements of modern psychiatry will not be met. The first edition of DSM was published in the 1950s. It was based on the terminology developed by William Meninger. This version of the manual and the following, published several years later, reflected the psychodynamic psychiatry which prevailed at the time. The third edition was published in 1980 and its revised edition seven years later. The emphasis here was on descriptive and syndromatic considerations. The fourth edition appeared several years later. The most striking change in this edition was the inclusion of variables resulting from empirical studies. A later edition was published in the year 2000. The first attempts to put together DSM-V started in 1999. From 1999 until 2007 work was done on the planning of the investigation and technical documentation of DSM-V and the inclusion of the so called investigation schedules. The second phase of the project, known as «the refinement of the research program for DSM-V¼, was carried out between 2004 and 2007. A pilot test was undertaken between January and May 2010, among different segments of the population and different settings, to evaluate the revisions proposed by the working teams. Between March and April 2011, as a result of the field tests, the proposed criteria for diagnosis were reviewed. The dimensional measurements and the criteria for diagnosis will be reviewed again during the rest of 2011. The year 2012 will see the preparation of the final version of the text, and finally, in May 2013, DSM-V will be presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association in San Francisco, California. Several external and independent authors have offered numerous proposals on topics related to psychopathology in general to the working groups formed for the preparation of DSM-V. Only some of these are mentioned below. One of the first factors to be taken into consideration in the revision of the manual is the need to distinguish between empirical questions or approaches and those of a more conceptual or philosophical nature, which should, by no means, be excluded. Another point to be evaluated is the advisability of defining phases according to the development of the condition, which would ideally create a schema focused on prevention. One of the expectations of psychiatry is that eventually laboratory criteria of diagnosis could be established, which could be measurable and would lead to clear statistics of psychiatric pathologies. As far as somatomorphic disorders are concerned, many practitioners agree that the current terminology and the systems of classification are inaccurate. One proposal is that this category should be eliminated altogether and that diagnoses should be made using an additional multidimensional description. One of the most interesting features of DSM is that it has had to accommodate changes brought about by new technologies. These advances go hand in hand with a new series of pathologies which need to be classified, as is the addiction to Internet. Undoubtedly, one of the greatest dilemmas facing DSM is how to classify eating disorders, as many people feel that the rather simplistic distinction between nervous anorexia and bulimia is not altogether convincing. There are two interesting proposals to consider in DSM-V: one is known as night eater syndrome and obesity, as in this case there is a compulsive consumption of food and an inability to limit this intake, in spite of a desire to do so. With regard to the compulsive, obsessive disorder, most experts believe that it is necessary to see the disorder as a spectrum, but defining criteria. Undeniably, a grave current problem which makes no distinctions is suicide. Different researchers recommend that suicidal behavior be considered and documented as a separate diagnosis in a sixth axis of the multiaxis schema. Another important aspect concerns the giving of quality attention to patients. This has led to the proposal to expand DSM-V to include indicators for situations which could eventually be a cause for treatment. The proposal is to structure something different from what can be found in axis I V. In the case of paraphilias, it is deemed necessary that DSM-V should deal not only with the strictly descriptive aspect, but also with the semantic and linguistic. The importance of post-traumatic stress has been described, but there exists the doubt whether it is necessary to experience an adverse incident for this to be triggered. There has been a suggestion that the term «pre-traumatic¼ stress disorder be included in DSM-V to diagnose this condition. In the case of anxiety disorders, some authors advise the creation of a category known as «disorders caused by stress and fear¼, which would allow linking the diagnostic classification with etiology and thus define a «true¼ anxiety nosology. It would be advisable that the DSM-V included a category for «seasonal affective disorder¼ as such, and not simply as a variant in the «specification of the seasonal pattern¼ of depression. In the field of substance consumption, it has been argued that it is necessary to establish a classification which is not only categoric but also dimensional so as to improve its taxonomic usefulness. The organization of mental disorders in DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 (tenth edition) is complex and this has led to exploring the feasibility of developing a meta-structural system of classification based on risk and clinical factors. For disorders originated in infancy, childhood and adolescence, it has been suggested that the disorder known as «temperament disorder by disphoria¼ be included in the forthcoming taxonomy, as well as the use of the terms insensitive/emotionless for behavioral disorders, among others. In the case of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the current criteria are considered insufficient and it has been suggested that the starting age for this disorder be increased from 7 to 12 years of age. It is suggested that autism be considered autistic spectrum, thus eliminating the other disorders covered in this section, including Asperger syndrome. The question as to whether this taxonomic-diagnostic system, to be implemented world-wide, will be both valid and reliable enough to cover all variations and particular characteristics of different cultures, ethnic groups, social groups and geographical regions in Mexico is another matter of concern, due to the lack of tools available for daily clinical work, except for the International Classification of Diseases of the World Health Organization. There are, at present, a number of doubts and queries which will need to be laid open and evaluated in all seriousness in order to obtain concrete and integral answers, given that the manual will continue to be used for clinical purposes in different parts of the world. The challenge will be to find the best way to apply diagnostic criteria, avoiding omissions and oversimplifications and taking into account the cultural and social context worked in.
Un tema de gran interés a lo largo de la historia de la psiquiatría, ha sido el relacionado a los sistemas diagnósticos. El Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM por sus siglas en inglés) y la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE), integran los criterios diagnósticos comúnmente utilizados en la práctica psiquiátrica. El DSM en su cuarta edición revisada, es ya insuficiente para el trabajo clínico actual, por lo que se ha estado trabajando en la configuración de lo que será el DSM-V (quinta edición); no obstante, aún y con toda la planeación, se teme que no se logren cubrir todas las necesidades de la psiquiatría moderna. La primera edición del DSM fue publicada en la década de 1950; esta versión del manual, y la subsiguiente, reflejaban la psiquiatría psicodinámica de esa época. En la década de 1980 se publicó la tercera edición y su versión revisada, en las que predominaban las consideraciones descriptivas y sindromáticas. Años después fue publicada la cuarta versión y una revisión posterior de este manual en el año 2000. Los primeros esfuerzos para iniciar el proceso de integración del DSM-V se iniciaron desde 1999. Desde ese año, hasta el 2007, se planificó la investigación y la documentación técnica por medio de un programa de investigación. Del año 2004 al 2007 se llevó a cabo la segunda fase del proyecto denominada «perfeccionamiento del programa de investigación para el DSM-V¼. De enero a mayo del 2010 se efectuó una prueba piloto con diferentes poblaciones y las revisiones propuestas por los grupos de trabajo. En el 2011 se revisarán los criterios diagnósticos propuestos y las medidas dimensionales. En el año 2012 se preparará el proyecto de texto final, y en mayo del 2013 se planea presentar el DSM-V en la Reunión Anual de la Asociación Psiquiátrica Americana, en San Francisco, California. Han sido numerosas las propuestas de autores externos e independientes para el desarrollo del DSM-V, como es el caso de la conveniencia de definir estadios de acuerdo a la progresión de la enfermedad o bien establecer criterios diagnósticos de laboratorio, e incluso favorecer una estadificación clara de las patologías psiquiátricas. En cuanto a los trastornos somatomorfos, muchos clínicos están de acuerdo en eliminar esta entidad y elaborar los diagnósticos con una descripción multidimensional adicional. Algunos expertos proponen integrar un diagnóstico denominado «adicción al Internet¼. Diferentes investigadores recomiendan que el comportamiento suicida sea considerado como un diagnóstico separado y documentado en un sexto eje del esquema multiaxial. Hay dos propuestas interesantes para el DSM-V, una es el síndrome del comedor nocturno y la otra la obesidad, al existir en estos casos un consumo compulsivo de alimentos y una dificultad para restringirlos, lo que podría tener implicaciones adictivas. En el caso de las parafilias se plantea la necesidad de que se trabaje en el aspecto descriptivo, semántico y lingüístico. Se ha descrito la importancia del estrés postraumático, pero se sugiere también un trastorno de estrés «pre-traumático¼ como diagnóstico en el DSM-V. En los trastornos de inicio en la infancia, niñez y adolescencia, se ha planteado incluir en la próxima taxonomía el denominado «trastorno por disregulación del temperamento con disforia¼. En lo referente al trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) se considera que los criterios actuales son insuficientes, y se propone incrementar la edad de inicio del trastorno. Para el autismo se sugiere considerarlo como espectro autista, eliminando el trastorno de Asperger. Finalmente en opinión de los autores de este trabajo, existe por el momento una diversidad de cuestionamientos que deberá valorarse con seriedad, toda vez que el manual evidentemente seguirá siendo de uso clínico continuo en diferentes latitudes. El desafío será establecer la mejor forma de aplicar los criterios diagnósticos tomando en cuenta el contexto cultural y social en el que se trabaja, lo que, por lo revisado, sigue siendo un punto pendiente para los encargados de revisar la próxima versión del manual.
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The issues concerning the disability evaluating system in Korea are controversial to say the least. Evaluating systems are so complicated that they continually cause confusion to medical examiners even though they must evaluate patient's medical status accurately, objectively and reasonably to provide adequate compensation for patients. However, controlling associations or educating curricula for disability evaluation are not in place. This study investigates the impending problems of disability evaluation in Korea and discussed what should be done to improve the situations. Social environments, evaluating standards, examiners' capability and education are reviewed in an effort to present an adequate proposals to Korean medical examiners.
Subject(s)
Humans , Compensation and Redress , Coroners and Medical Examiners , Curriculum , Disability Evaluation , Hypogonadism , Korea , Mitochondrial Diseases , Ophthalmoplegia , Social EnvironmentABSTRACT
This paper analyzes shortcomings and insufficiencies in the moral and political instruction for college students,introduces good examples and novel concepts in the book of "55 Proposals for a Successful College Life",and points out a series of enlightenment for the improvement of the moral and political instruction by extending the function of role models of advanced individuals among college students,adapting multiple forms of instruction,stressing the combination of cross-subjects,and making the instruction content and forms closer to students' realistic conditions by.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To put forward proposals for improving essential medicines system in China.METHODS: The problems existing in the essential medicine system in China and the successful experience of some other countries were analyzed.RESULTS & CONCLUSION: Considering the current medical economy level and the capacity on research & development(R&D) of drugs,China should draw inspiration from WHO and other developed countries about their successful experiences on essential drugs to improve the screening methods for essential medicines list,assign legal status for essential medicines and build up system of production,procurement and distribution of essential medicines according to the basic national situation of our country and finally establish the essential medicine system suitable to our country's condition.